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Zhuang Y, Wu J, Dong B, Wang F, Hu D, Zhang Y, Bo Y, Peng L. Evidences for the influence from key chemical structures of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on their environmental behaviors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134383. [PMID: 38669930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This study carried out the atmospheric and precipitation observation in Beijing for nearly one year, and firstly simultaneously observed the pollution characteristics of PFASs and their main isomers, focusing on their gas-particle partitioning mechanism and dry and wet deposition characteristics. After deducting PFASs in the aqueous phase of particulate matter, the gas-particle partitioning coefficients (-7.04 to -5.49) were about 3-4 units smaller than before (-2.77 to -1.51), and all were smaller than 0, which indicated that each PFAS and isomer were more distributed in the gas phase. Dry deposition was dominant in the atmospheric deposition of each PFAS and isomer with relative contribution of 66 ± 17%, but the relative contribution of dry deposition was significantly different. It was found that the gas-particle partitioning coefficient can be influenced by key chemical structures such as carbon chain length, functional group type, and isomer structure. Furthermore, the gas-particle partitioning can influence the dry and wet deposition of PFASs. Specifically, PFASs with longer carbon chains, carboxylic acid functional group (compared to sulfonic acid functional group) or PFOA branched chain structures had larger gas-particle partitioning coefficients and can be more distributed in the hydrophobic phase of particulate matter, and their relative contributions of dry deposition were smaller.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Zhuang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China; Institute of Transport Energy and Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, PR China; School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, PR China.
| | - Bingqi Dong
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Fan Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Dongmei Hu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Yu Bo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regional Climate and Environment for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Lin Peng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China; Institute of Transport Energy and Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, PR China; School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, PR China.
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2
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Zhou Y, Wang C, Dong H, Wang X. Escalating global pollution of trifluoroacetic acid. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024:S2095-9273(24)00338-4. [PMID: 38897874 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huike Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Schröder T, Müller V, Preihs M, Borovička J, Gonzalez de Vega R, Kindness A, Feldmann J. Fluorine mass balance analysis in wild boar organs from the Bohemian Forest National Park. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171187. [PMID: 38408678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Wild boars have been reported as bioindicators for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in a variety of studies. However, data about PFAS levels in wild boars from sites with limited industrial and general human activity is scarce. In this study, wild boar (Sus scrofa) organs from the Bohemian Forest National Park (Czech Republic) were used as bioindicators for PFAS pollution. In this work, 29 livers and 24 kidneys from 30 wild boars (0.5-5 years) were investigated using a fluorine mass balance approach. For this, the samples were measured using high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS), targeting 30 PFAS, including legacy and replacement PFAS, direct total oxidisable precursor assay (dTOPA) and combustion ion chromatography (CIC). Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) from C7 to C14 and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were detected in >50 % of samples. In the livers, PFCAs dominated the profile with median concentrations of 230 μg/kg for perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and 75 μg/kg perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). PFOA and PFNA concentrations in the livers were one order of magnitude higher than in livers from wild boars caught in rural NE Germany considered as background concentration. PFOS in liver contributed only 30 % to the Σc(PFASTarget) with a median concentration of 170 μg/kg. Kidneys and livers contain an average of 2460 μg F/kg and 6800 μg F/kg extractable organic fluorine (EOF) respectively. Σc(PFASTarget) add up to a maximum of 10 % of the extractable organic fluorine. After oxidisation of the samples, PFOA, PFNA and Σc(PFASdTOPA) increased in livers, but could not explain the EOF. The elevated concentration of PFOA and PFNA may indicate differences in biomagnification for different habitats or an unidentified PFAS source in proximity to the national park.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Schröder
- TESLA-Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Viktoria Müller
- TESLA-Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Preihs
- TESLA-Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jan Borovička
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, CZ-16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Raquel Gonzalez de Vega
- TESLA-Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew Kindness
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom; University of KwaZulu Natal, School of Chemistry & Physics, Private Bag X54001, Westville Campus, ZA-4000 Durban, South Africa
| | - Jörg Feldmann
- TESLA-Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Wang Y, Liu L, Qiao X, Sun M, Guo J, Zhao B, Zhang J. Atmospheric fate and impacts of HFO-1234yf from mobile air conditioners in East Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170137. [PMID: 38242457 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) is being used as refrigerant to replace HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), a potent greenhouse gas, in mobile air conditioners. However, the environmental impacts of HFO-1234yf, which is quickly and almost completely transformed to the persistent and phytotoxic trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), is of great concern. Here, we used the nested-grid chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem, to assess the fate and environmental impacts of HFO-1234yf emissions from mobile air conditioners in East Asia. With total emissions of 30.3 Gg yr-1, the annual mean concentrations of HFO-1234yf in China, Japan, and South Korea were 4.00, 3.23, and 5.54 pptv (parts per trillion volume), respectively, and the annual deposition fluxes (dry plus wet) of TFA in these regions were 0.35, 0.48, and 0.53 kg km-2 yr-1, dominated by wet deposition. About 14 %, 13 % and 11 % of HFO-1234yf emissions were deposited as TFA in China, Japan and South Korea, respectively, i.e. a large portion of TFA was deposited in areas outside of the emission boundary regions. The TFA characteristics in Japan and South Korea was significantly influenced by emission from China, which contributions ranged from 43 % to 94 % for the TFA concentrations and 44 % to 98 % for the TFA depositions across the four seasons. This suggests that the influence of neighboring emission sources cannot be ignored when assessing the impact of HFO-1234yf emissions in individual countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xueqi Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mei Sun
- Beijing Ecological Environment Assessment and Complaints Center, Beijing 100161, China
| | - Junyu Guo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bu Zhao
- School for Environment and Sustainability and Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Zheng G, Eick SM, Salamova A. Elevated Levels of Ultrashort- and Short-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Acids in US Homes and People. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15782-15793. [PMID: 37818968 PMCID: PMC10603771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) make up a large group of fluorinated organic compounds extensively used in consumer products and industrial applications. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), the two perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) with 8 carbons in their structure, have been phased out on a global scale because of their high environmental persistence and toxicity. As a result, shorter-chain PFAAs with less than 8 carbons in their structure are being used as their replacements and are now widely detected in the environment, raising concerns about their effects on human health. In this study, 47 PFAAs and their precursors were measured in paired samples of dust and drinking water collected from residential homes in Indiana, United States, and in blood and urine samples collected from the residents of these homes. Ultrashort- (with 2 or 3 carbons [C2-C3]) and short-chain (with 4-7 carbons [C4-C7]) PFAAs were the most abundant in all four matrices and constituted on average 69-100% of the total PFAA concentrations. Specifically, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, C2) and perfluoropropanoic acid (PFPrA, C3) were the predominant PFAAs in most of the samples. Significant positive correlations (n = 81; r = 0.23-0.42; p < 0.05) were found between TFA, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA, C4), and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA, C7) concentrations in dust or water and those in serum, suggesting dust ingestion and/or drinking water consumption as important exposure pathways for these compounds. This study demonstrates that ultrashort- and short-chain PFAAs are now abundant in the indoor environment and in humans and warrants further research on potential adverse health effects of these exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomao Zheng
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Stephanie M. Eick
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department
of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Wang Y, Liu L, Qiao X, Sun M, Guo J, Zhang J, Zhao B. Projections of National-Gridded Emissions of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:8650-8659. [PMID: 37235871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) are being used as substitutes for potent greenhouse gas hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). However, the use and environmental impacts of HFOs are of great concern due to the rapid degradation of HFOs to produce persistent and phytotoxic trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Here, we provide a comprehensive projection of HFO emissions in China during 2024-2060 for the first time. Under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, China's HFO emissions are estimated to increase from 1.7 (1.3-2.3) to 148.8 (111.4-185.4) kt in 2024-2060 with cumulative emissions of 2.8 (2.0-3.5) Gt, and cumulative reduced HFCs emissions are evaluated to be 5.4 Gt CO2-equivalent. High HFO emissions would be distributed mainly in the North China Plain and the eastern and coastal areas. HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) contributes most of HFO emissions with a cumulative emission of 1.7 Gt in 2024-2060, while the cumulative increment of TFA deposition from HFO-1234yf emissions would reach 0.4-1.0 Gt. The long-term national-gridded HFO emission inventories can provide scientific support for evaluating the environmental risks of HFOs and developing HFC phase-out pathways for addressing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xueqi Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junyu Guo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bu Zhao
- School for Environment and Sustainability and Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Guckert M, Rupp J, Nürenberg G, Nödler K, Koschorreck J, Berger U, Drost W, Siebert U, Wibbelt G, Reemtsma T. Differences in the internal PFAS patterns of herbivores, omnivores and carnivores - lessons learned from target screening and the total oxidizable precursor assay. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162361. [PMID: 36842595 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of anthropogenic chemicals, which are not (fully) biodegradable and accumulate in different environmental compartments worldwide. A comprehensive, quantitative analysis - consisting of target analysis (66 different analytes, including e. g. ultrashort-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), precursor compounds and novel substitutes) and the Total Oxidisable Precursor (TOP) assay (including trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) - were conducted to analyse the PFAS concentrations and patterns in 12 mammalian and two bird species from different areas of Germany and Denmark. The PFAS contamination was investigated in dependance of the trophic class (herbivores, omnivores, carnivores), ecological habitat (terrestrial, (semi-) aquatic) and body tissue (liver, musculature). PFAS concentrations were highest in carnivores, followed by omnivores and herbivores, with ∑PFAS concentration ranging from 1274 μg/kg (Eurasian otter liver) to 22 μg/kg (roe deer liver). TFA dominated in the herbivorous species, whereas perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and the long-chain PFCAs covered the majority of the PFAS contamination in carnivorous species. Besides trophic class, ecological habitat also affected the PFAS levels in the different species, with terrestrial herbivores and omnivores showing higher PFAS concentration than their aquatic counterparts, whereas for carnivores this relationship was reversed. The TOP assay analysis indicated similar trends, with the PFCA formation pattern differing significantly between the trophic classes. TFA was formed predominantly in herbivorous and omnivorous species, whereas in carnivorous species a broad spectrum of PFCAs (chain-length C2-C14) was formed. Musculature tissue of six species exhibited significantly lower PFAS concentrations than the respective liver tissue, but with similar PFAS patterns. The comprehensive approach applied in the present study showed, that primarily the trophic class is decisive for the PFAS concentration, as herbivores, omnivores and carnivores clearly differed in their PFAS concentrations and patterns. Additionally, the TOP assay gave novel insights in the PFCA formation potential in biota samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Guckert
- TZW: DVGW Water Technology Center, Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jana Rupp
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gudrun Nürenberg
- TZW: DVGW Water Technology Center, Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karsten Nödler
- TZW: DVGW Water Technology Center, Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06813 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Urs Berger
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wiebke Drost
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06813 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstr. 6, 25761 Buesum, Germany
| | - Gudrun Wibbelt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04301 Leipzig, Germany
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Madronich S, Sulzberger B, Longstreth JD, Schikowski T, Andersen MPS, Solomon KR, Wilson SR. Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1129-1176. [PMID: 37310641 PMCID: PMC10262938 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation drives the net production of tropospheric ozone (O3) and a large fraction of particulate matter (PM) including sulfate, nitrate, and secondary organic aerosols. Ground-level O3 and PM are detrimental to human health, leading to several million premature deaths per year globally, and have adverse effects on plants and the yields of crops. The Montreal Protocol has prevented large increases in UV radiation that would have had major impacts on air quality. Future scenarios in which stratospheric O3 returns to 1980 values or even exceeds them (the so-called super-recovery) will tend to ameliorate urban ground-level O3 slightly but worsen it in rural areas. Furthermore, recovery of stratospheric O3 is expected to increase the amount of O3 transported into the troposphere by meteorological processes that are sensitive to climate change. UV radiation also generates hydroxyl radicals (OH) that control the amounts of many environmentally important chemicals in the atmosphere including some greenhouse gases, e.g., methane (CH4), and some short-lived ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). Recent modeling studies have shown that the increases in UV radiation associated with the depletion of stratospheric ozone over 1980-2020 have contributed a small increase (~ 3%) to the globally averaged concentrations of OH. Replacements for ODSs include chemicals that react with OH radicals, hence preventing the transport of these chemicals to the stratosphere. Some of these chemicals, e.g., hydrofluorocarbons that are currently being phased out, and hydrofluoroolefins now used increasingly, decompose into products whose fate in the environment warrants further investigation. One such product, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), has no obvious pathway of degradation and might accumulate in some water bodies, but is unlikely to cause adverse effects out to 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA.
- USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
| | - B Sulzberger
- Academic Guest after retirement from Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - J D Longstreth
- The Institute for Global Risk Research, LLC, Bethesda, USA
| | - T Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - M P Sulbæk Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Northridge, USA
| | - K R Solomon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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Cahill TM. Increases in Trifluoroacetate Concentrations in Surface Waters over Two Decades. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9428-9434. [PMID: 35736541 PMCID: PMC9261931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Trifluoroacetate (TFA) is a persistent perfluorinated alkanoic acid anion that has many anthropogenic sources, with fluorocarbon refrigerants being a major one. After an initial burst of research in the late 1990s and early 2000s, research on this ubiquitous pollutant declined as atmospheric emissions of the precursor compounds grew rapidly. Thus, there is little contemporaneous information about the concentrations of TFA in the environment and how they have changed over time. This research determined the change in TFA concentrations in streams by resampling a transect that was originally sampled in 1998. The transect was designed to determine the regional distribution of TFA both upwind and downwind of major metropolitan areas in Northern California as well as a set of globally remote sites in Alaska. The results showed that TFA concentrations increased by an average of 6-fold over the intervening 23 years, which resulted in a median concentration of 180 ng/L (range 21.3-2790). The highest concentrations were found in streams immediately downwind of the San Francisco Bay Area, while substantially lower concentrations were found in the upwind, regionally remote, and globally remote sites. The C3 to C5 perfluorinated alkanoic acids were also investigated, but they were rarely detected with this methodology.
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10
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Wang B, Yao Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Sun H. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Outdoor and Indoor Dust from Mainland China: Contributions of Unknown Precursors and Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6036-6045. [PMID: 33769795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were analyzed in outdoor (n = 101) and indoor dust (n = 43, 38 paired with outdoors) samples across mainland China. From 2013 to 2017, the median concentration of ∑PFASs in outdoor dust tripled from 63 to 164 ng/g with an elevated contribution of trifluoroacetic acid and 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol. In 2017, the indoor dust levels of ∑PFASs were in the range 185-913 ng/g, which were generally higher than the outdoor dust levels (105-321 ng/g). Emerging PFASs were found at high median levels of 5.7-97 ng/g in both indoor and outdoor dust samples. As first revealed by the total oxidized precursors assay, unknown perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA)-precursors contributed 37-67 mol % to the PFAS profiles in indoor dust samples. A great proportion of C8 PFAA-precursors were precursors for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, while C6 and C4 PFAA-precursors were mostly fluorotelomer based. Furthermore, daily perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) equivalent intakes of PFAAs (C4-C12) mixtures via indoor dust were first estimated at 1.3-1.5 ng/kg b.w./d for toddlers at high scenarios, which exceeds the derived daily threshold of 0.63 ng/kg b.w./d. from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). On this basis, an underestimation of 56%-69% likely remains without considering potential risks due to the biotransformation of unknown PFAA-precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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11
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Neuwald IJ, Hübner D, Wiegand HL, Valkov V, Borchers U, Nödler K, Scheurer M, Hale SE, Arp HPH, Zahn D. Ultra-Short-Chain PFASs in the Sources of German Drinking Water: Prevalent, Overlooked, Difficult to Remove, and Unregulated. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6380-6390. [PMID: 35507024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been a focal point of environmental chemistry and chemical regulation in recent years, culminating in a shift from individual PFAS regulation toward a PFAS group regulatory approach in Europe. PFASs are a highly diverse group of substances, and knowledge about this group is still scarce beyond the well-studied, legacy long-chain, and short-chain perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluorosulfonates (PFSAs). Herein, quantitative and semiquantitative data for 43 legacy short-chain and ultra-short-chain PFASs (≤2 perfluorocarbon atoms for PFCAs, ≤3 for PFSAs and other PFASs) in 46 water samples collected from 13 different sources of German drinking water are presented. The PFASs considered include novel compounds like hexafluoroisopropanol, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate. The ultra-short-chain PFASs trifluoroacetate, perfluoropropanoate, and trifluoromethanesulfonate were ubiquitous and present at the highest concentrations (98% of sum target PFAS concentrations). "PFAS total" parameters like the adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF) and total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay were found to provide only an incomplete picture of PFAS contamination in these water samples by not capturing these highly prevalent ultra-short-chain PFASs. These ultra-short-chain PFASs represent a major challenge for drinking water production and show that regulation in the form of preventive measures is required to manage them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle J Neuwald
- Hochschule Fresenius gemGmbH, Limburger Straße 2, Idstein 65510, Germany
| | - Daniel Hübner
- Hochschule Fresenius gemGmbH, Limburger Straße 2, Idstein 65510, Germany
| | - Hanna L Wiegand
- IWW Zentrum Wasser, Moritzstraße 26, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45476, Germany
| | - Vassil Valkov
- IWW Zentrum Wasser, Moritzstraße 26, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45476, Germany
| | - Ulrich Borchers
- IWW Zentrum Wasser, Moritzstraße 26, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45476, Germany
| | - Karsten Nödler
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruher Straße 84, Karlsruhe 76139, Germany
| | - Marco Scheurer
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruher Straße 84, Karlsruhe 76139, Germany
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Postboks 3930 Ulleval Stadion, Oslo 0806, Norway
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Postboks 3930 Ulleval Stadion, Oslo 0806, Norway
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Daniel Zahn
- Hochschule Fresenius gemGmbH, Limburger Straße 2, Idstein 65510, Germany
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12
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Björnsdotter MK, Yeung LWY, Kärrman A, Jogsten IE. Mass Balance of Perfluoroalkyl Acids, Including Trifluoroacetic Acid, in a Freshwater Lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:251-259. [PMID: 34927432 PMCID: PMC8733927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are highly persistent chemicals that are ubiquitously found in the environment. The atmospheric degradation of precursor compounds has been identified as a source of PFAAs and might be an important pathway for contamination. Lake Vättern is one of Sweden's largest lakes and is an important source for drinking water. In addition to contamination via atmospheric deposition, the lake is subject to several potential contamination sources via surface water inflow. The relevance of different sources is not well understood. A mass balance of selected PFAAs was assembled based on measured concentrations in atmospheric deposition, surface water from streams that constitute the main inflow and outflow, and surface water in the lake. The largest input was seen for trifluoroacetic acid (150 kg/year), perfluoropropanoic acid (1.6 kg/year), perfluorobutanoic acid (4.0 kg/year), and perfluoro-octanoic acid (1.5 kg/year). Both atmospheric deposition and surface water inflow was found to be important input pathways. There was a positive correlation between the input of most perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids via atmospheric deposition and global radiation and between the input via surface water inflow and catchment area. These findings highlight the importance of atmospheric oxidation of volatile precursor compounds for contamination in surface waters.
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13
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Joudan S, De Silva AO, Young CJ. Insufficient evidence for the existence of natural trifluoroacetic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1641-1649. [PMID: 34693963 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00306b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a persistent and mobile pollutant that is present ubiquitously in the environment. As a result of a few studies reporting its presence in pre-industrial samples and a purported unaccounted source, TFA is often claimed to exist naturally. Here, we examine the evidence for natural TFA by: (i) critically evaluating measurements of TFA in pre-industrial samples; (ii) examining the likelihood of TFA formation by hypothesized mechanisms; (iii) exploring other potential TFA sources to the deep ocean; and (iv) examining global budgets of TFA. We conclude that the presence of TFA in the deep ocean and lack of closed TFA budget is not sufficient evidence that TFA occurs naturally, especially without a reasonable mechanism of formation. We argue the paradigm of natural TFA should no longer be carried forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Joudan
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cora J Young
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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14
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Garnett J, Halsall C, Vader A, Joerss H, Ebinghaus R, Leeson A, Wynn PM. High Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Arctic Seawater Driven by Early Thawing Sea Ice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11049-11059. [PMID: 34308632 PMCID: PMC8383270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances are synthetic chemicals that are widely present in the global environment including the Arctic. However, little is known about how these chemicals (particularly perfluoroalkyl acids, PFAA) enter the Arctic marine system and cycle between seawater and sea ice compartments. To evaluate this, we analyzed sea ice, snow, melt ponds, and near-surface seawater at two ice-covered stations located north of the Barents Sea (81 °N) with the aim of investigating PFAA dynamics in the late-season ice pack. Sea ice showed high concentrations of PFAA particularly at the surface with snow-ice (the uppermost sea ice layer strongly influenced by snow) comprising 26-62% of the total PFAA burden. Low salinities (<2.5 ppt) and low δ18OH20 values (<1‰ in snow and upper ice layers) in sea ice revealed the strong influence of meteoric water on sea ice, thus indicating a significant atmospheric source of PFAA with subsequent transfer down the sea ice column in meltwater. Importantly, the under-ice seawater (0.5 m depth) displayed some of the highest concentrations notably for the long-chain PFAA (e.g., PFOA 928 ± 617 pg L-1), which were ≈3-fold higher than those of deeper water (5 m depth) and ≈2-fold higher than those recently measured in surface waters of the North Sea infuenced by industrial inputs of PFAAs. The evidence provided here suggests that meltwater arising early in the melt season from snow and other surface ice floe components drives the higher PFAA concentrations observed in under-ice seawater, which could in turn influence the timing and extent of PFAA exposure for organisms at the base of the marine food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Garnett
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K.
| | - Crispin Halsall
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K.
| | - Anna Vader
- Department
of Arctic Biology, The University Centre
in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen N-9170, Norway
| | - Hanna Joerss
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße
1, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße
1, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Amber Leeson
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K.
| | - Peter M. Wynn
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K.
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15
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Kiefer K, Du L, Singer H, Hollender J. Identification of LC-HRMS nontarget signals in groundwater after source related prioritization. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 196:116994. [PMID: 33773453 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is a major drinking water resource but its quality with regard to organic micropollutants (MPs) is insufficiently assessed. Therefore, we aimed to investigate Swiss groundwater more comprehensively using liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). First, samples from 60 sites were classified as having high or low urban or agricultural influence based on 498 target compounds associated with either urban or agricultural sources. Second, all LC-HRMS signals were related to their potential origin (urban, urban and agricultural, agricultural, or not classifiable) based on their occurrence and intensity in the classified samples. A considerable fraction of estimated concentrations associated with urban and/or agricultural sources could not be explained by the 139 detected targets. The most intense nontarget signals were automatically annotated with structure proposals using MetFrag and SIRIUS4/CSI:FingerID with a list of >988,000 compounds. Additionally, suspect screening was performed for 1162 compounds with predicted high groundwater mobility from primarily urban sources. Finally, 12 nontargets and 11 suspects were identified unequivocally (Level 1), while 17 further compounds were tentatively identified (Level 2a/3). amongst these were 13 pollutants thus far not reported in groundwater, such as: the industrial chemicals 2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonic acid (19 detections, up to 100 ng L-1), phenylphosponic acid (10 detections, up to 50 ng L-1), triisopropanolamine borate (2 detections, up to 40 ng L-1), O-des[2-aminoethyl]-O-carboxymethyl dehydroamlodipine, a transformation product (TP) of the blood pressure regulator amlodipine (17 detections), and the TP SYN542490 of the herbicide metolachlor (Level 3, 33 detections, estimated concentrations up to 100-500 ng L-1). One monitoring site was far more contaminated than other sites based on estimated total concentrations of potential MPs, which was supported by the elucidation of site-specific nontarget signals such as the carcinogen chlorendic acid, and various naphthalenedisulfonic acids. Many compounds remained unknown, but overall, source related prioritisation proved an effective approach to support identification of compounds in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kiefer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Letian Du
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Singer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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16
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Lesmeister L, Lange FT, Breuer J, Biegel-Engler A, Giese E, Scheurer M. Extending the knowledge about PFAS bioaccumulation factors for agricultural plants - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:142640. [PMID: 33077210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A main source of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) residues in agricultural plants is their uptake from contaminated soil. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) can be an important tool to derive recommendations for cultivation or handling of crops prior consumption. This review compiles >4500 soil-to-plant BAFs for 45 PFASs from 24 studies involving 27 genera of agricultural crops. Grasses (Poaceae) provided most BAFs with the highest number of values for perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid. Influencing factors on PFAS transfer like compound-specific properties (hydrophobicity, chain length, functional group, etc.), plant species, compartments, and other boundary conditions are critically discussed. Throughout the literature, BAFs were higher for vegetative plant compartments than for reproductive and storage organs. Decreasing BAFs per additional perfluorinated carbon were clearly apparent for aboveground parts (up to 1.16 in grains) but not always for roots (partly down to zero). Combining all BAFs per single perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (C4-C14) and sulfonic acid (C4-C10), median log BAFs decreased by -0.25(±0.029) and -0.24(±0.013) per fluorinated carbon, respectively. For the first time, the plant uptake of ultra-short-chain (≤ C3) perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) was reviewed and showed a ubiquitous occurrence of trifluoroacetic acid in plants independent from the presence of other PFAAs. Based on identified knowledge gaps, it is suggested to focus on the uptake of precursors to PFAAs, PFAAs ≤C3, and additional emerging PFASs such as GenX or fluorinated ethers in future research. Studies regarding the uptake of PFASs by sugar cane, which accounts for about one fifth of the global crop production, are completely lacking and are also recommended. Furthermore, aqueous soil leachates should be tested as an alternative to the solvent extraction of soils as a base for BAF calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lesmeister
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Thomas Lange
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jörn Breuer
- Landwirtschaftliches Technologiezentrum Augustenberg (LTZ), Neßlerstr. 25, 76227 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Evelyn Giese
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Marco Scheurer
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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17
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Scheurer M, Nödler K. Ultrashort-chain perfluoroalkyl substance trifluoroacetate (TFA) in beer and tea - An unintended aqueous extraction. Food Chem 2021; 351:129304. [PMID: 33657499 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Trifluoroacetate (TFA) is an ultrashort-chain perfluoroalkyl substance, which is ubiquitously present in the aqueous environment. Due to its high mobility, it accumulates in plant material. The study presented here shows for the first time that TFA is a widely spread contaminant in beer and tea / herbal infusions. In 104beer samples from 23countries, TFA was detected up to 51 µg/L with a median concentration of 6.1 µg/L. An indicative brewing test and a correlation approach with potassium (K) indicate that the main source of TFA in beer is most likely the applied malt. It could be proven that the impact of the applied water is negligible in terms of TFA, which was supported by the analysis of numerous tap water samples from different countries. The unintended extraction of TFA was also demonstrated for tea / herbal infusions with a median concentration of 2.4 µg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scheurer
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Karsten Nödler
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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18
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Neale RE, Barnes PW, Robson TM, Neale PJ, Williamson CE, Zepp RG, Wilson SR, Madronich S, Andrady AL, Heikkilä AM, Bernhard GH, Bais AF, Aucamp PJ, Banaszak AT, Bornman JF, Bruckman LS, Byrne SN, Foereid B, Häder DP, Hollestein LM, Hou WC, Hylander S, Jansen MAK, Klekociuk AR, Liley JB, Longstreth J, Lucas RM, Martinez-Abaigar J, McNeill K, Olsen CM, Pandey KK, Rhodes LE, Robinson SA, Rose KC, Schikowski T, Solomon KR, Sulzberger B, Ukpebor JE, Wang QW, Wängberg SÅ, White CC, Yazar S, Young AR, Young PJ, Zhu L, Zhu M. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1-67. [PMID: 33721243 PMCID: PMC7816068 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-020-00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595-828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Neale
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P W Barnes
- Biological Sciences and Environmental Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - T M Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Sciences Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Maryland, USA
| | - C E Williamson
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - R G Zepp
- ORD/CEMM, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - S Madronich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A L Andrady
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - A M Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - A F Bais
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A T Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, México
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - L S Bruckman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S N Byrne
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Applied Medical Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - B Foereid
- Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - D-P Häder
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - L M Hollestein
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W-C Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - S Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems-EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - M A K Jansen
- School of BEES, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - A R Klekociuk
- Antarctic Climate Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Australia
| | - J B Liley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand
| | - J Longstreth
- The Institute for Global Risk Research, LLC, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre of Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - J Martinez-Abaigar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | | | - C M Olsen
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - K K Pandey
- Department of Wood Properties and Uses, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India
| | - L E Rhodes
- Photobiology Unit, Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S A Robinson
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, Global Challenges Program and School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - K C Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - T Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - K R Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - B Sulzberger
- Academic Guest Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - J E Ukpebor
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Q-W Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenyang, China
| | - S-Å Wängberg
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C C White
- Bee America, 5409 Mohican Rd, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Yazar
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P J Young
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - L Zhu
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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