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Raab A, Zhang J, Ge Y, Fernández-Mendoza F, Feldmann J. Lipophilic arsenic compounds in the cultured green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:2809-2818. [PMID: 38189919 PMCID: PMC11009773 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
In this study, arsenic (As) speciation was investigated in the freshwater alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii treated with 20 μg/L arsenate using fractionation as well as ICP-MS/ESI-MS analyses and was compared with the known As metabolite profile of wild-grown Saccharina latissima. While the total As accumulation in C. reinhardtii was about 85% lower than in S. latissima, the relative percentage of arsenolipids was significantly higher in C. reinhardtii (57.0% vs. 5.01%). As-containing hydrocarbons and phospholipids dominated the hydrophobic As profile in S. latissima, but no As-containing hydrocarbons were detectable in C. reinhardtii. Instead for the first time, an arsenoriboside-containing phytol (AsSugPhytol) was found to dominate the hydrophobic arsenicals of C. reinhardtii. Interestingly, this compound and its relatives had so far been only found in green marine microalgae, open sea plankton (mixed assemblage), and sediments but not in brown or red macroalgae. This compound family might therefore relate to differences in the arsenic metabolism between the algae phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Raab
- TESLA - Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Ge
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Jörg Feldmann
- TESLA - Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010, Graz, Austria
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2
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Banaee M, Zeidi A, Mikušková N, Faggio C. Assessing Metal Toxicity on Crustaceans in Aquatic Ecosystems: A Comprehensive Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04122-7. [PMID: 38472509 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Residual concentrations of some trace elements and lightweight metals, including cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, silver, zinc, nickel, chromium, arsenic, gallium, indium, gold, cobalt, polonium, and thallium, are widely detected in aquatic ecosystems globally. Although their origin may be natural, human activities significantly elevate their environmental concentrations. Metals, renowned pollutants, threaten various organisms, particularly crustaceans. Due to their feeding habits and habitat, crustaceans are highly exposed to contaminants and are considered a crucial link in xenobiotic transfer through the food chain. Moreover, crustaceans absorb metals via their gills, crucial pathways for metal uptake in water. This review summarises the adverse effects of well-studied metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Zn, Ni, Cr, As, Co) and synthesizes knowledge on the toxicity of less-studied metals (Ag, Ga, In, Au, Pl, Tl), their presence in waters, and impact on crustaceans. Bibliometric analysis underscores the significance of this topic. In general, the toxic effects of the examined metals can decrease survival rates by inducing oxidative stress, disrupting biochemical balance, causing histological damage, interfering with endocrine gland function, and inducing cytotoxicity. Metal exposure can also result in genotoxicity, reduced reproduction, and mortality. Despite current toxicity knowledge, there remains a research gap in this field, particularly concerning the toxicity of rare earth metals, presenting a potential future challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Banaee
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran.
| | - Amir Zeidi
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Nikola Mikušková
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno, d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
- Department of Eco-sustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
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3
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Coniglio D, Ventura G, Calvano CD, Losito I, Cataldi TRI. Strategies for the analysis of arsenolipids in marine foods: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115628. [PMID: 37579719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic-containing lipids, also named arsenolipids (AsLs), are a group of organic compounds usually found in a variety of marine organisms such as fish, algae, shellfish, marine oils, and microorganisms. Numerous AsLs have been recognised so far, from simple compounds such as arsenic fatty acids (AsFAs), arsenic hydrocarbons (AsHCs), and trimethylarsenio fatty alcohols (TMAsFOHs) to more complex arsenic-containing species, of which arsenophospholipids (AsPLs) are a case in point. Mass spectrometry, both as inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) and liquid chromatography coupled by an electrospray source (LC-ESI-MS), was applied to organic arsenicals playing a key role in extending and refining the characterisation of arsenic-containing lipids in marine organisms. Herein, upon the introduction of a systematic notation for AsLs and a brief examination of their toxicity and biological role, the most relevant literature concerning the characterisation of AsLs in marine organisms, including edible ones, is reviewed. The use of both ICP-MS and ESI-MS coupled with reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) has brought significant advancements in the field. In the case of ESI-MS, the employment of negative polarity and tandem MS analyses has further enhanced these advancements. One notable development is the identification of the m/z 389.0 ion ([AsC10H19O9P]-) as a diagnostic product ion of AsPLs, which is obtained from the fragmentation of the deprotonated forms of AsPLs ([M - H]-). The pinpointing product ions offer the possibility of determining the identity and regiochemistry of AsPL side chains. Advanced MS-based analytical methods may contribute remarkably to the understanding of the chemical diversity characterising the metalloid As in natural organic compounds of marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Coniglio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ventura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosima D Calvano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Ilario Losito
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Tibon J, Gomez-Delgado AI, Agüera A, Strohmeier T, Silva MS, Lundebye AK, Larsen MM, Sloth JJ, Amlund H, Sele V. Arsenic speciation in low-trophic marine food chain - An arsenic exposure study on microalgae (Diacronema lutheri) and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122176. [PMID: 37437757 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae and blue mussels are known to accumulate undesirable substances from the environment, including arsenic (As). Microalgae can biotransform inorganic As (iAs) to organoarsenic species, which can be transferred to blue mussels. Knowledge on As uptake, biotransformation, and trophic transfer is important with regards to feed and food safety since As species have varying toxicities. In the current work, experiments were conducted in two parts: (1) exposure of the microalgae Diacronema lutheri to 5 and 10 μg/L As(V) in seawater for 4 days, and (2) dietary As exposure where blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) were fed with D. lutheri exposed to 5 and 10 μg/L As(V), or by aquatic exposure to 5 μg/L As(V) in seawater, for a total of 25 days. The results showed that D. lutheri can take up As from seawater and transform it to methylated As species and arsenosugars (AsSug). However, exposure to 10 μg/L As(V) resulted in accumulation of iAs in D. lutheri and lower production of methylated As species, which may suggest that detoxification mechanisms were overwhelmed. Blue mussels exposed to As via the diet and seawater showed no accumulation of As. Use of linear mixed models revealed that the blue mussels were gradually losing As instead, which may be due to As concentration differences in the mussels' natural environment and the experimental setup. Both D. lutheri and blue mussels contained notable proportions of simple methylated As species and AsSug. Arsenobetaine (AB) was not detected in D. lutheri but present in minor fraction in mussels. The findings suggest that low-trophic marine organisms mainly contain methylated As species and AsSug. The use of low-trophic marine organisms as feed ingredients requires further studies since AsSug are regarded as potentially toxic, which may introduce new risks to feed and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jojo Tibon
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ana I Gomez-Delgado
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Antonio Agüera
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tore Strohmeier
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marta S Silva
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Martin M Larsen
- Aarhus University, Institute of Ecoscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jens J Sloth
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heidi Amlund
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Veronika Sele
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway.
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Alowaifeer AM, Clingenpeel S, Kan J, Bigelow PE, Yoshinaga M, Bothner B, McDermott TR. Arsenic and Mercury Distribution in an Aquatic Food Chain: Importance of Femtoplankton and Picoplankton Filtration Fractions. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:225-241. [PMID: 36349954 PMCID: PMC10753857 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) were examined in the Yellowstone Lake food chain, focusing on two lake locations separated by approximately 20 km and differing in lake floor hydrothermal vent activity. Sampling spanned from femtoplankton to the main fish species, Yellowstone cutthroat trout and the apex predator lake trout. Mercury bioaccumulated in muscle and liver of both trout species, biomagnifying with age, whereas As decreased in older fish, which indicates differential exposure routes for these metal(loid)s. Mercury and As concentrations were higher in all food chain filter fractions (0.1-, 0.8-, and 3.0-μm filters) at the vent-associated Inflated Plain site, illustrating the impact of localized hydrothermal inputs. Femtoplankton and picoplankton size biomass (0.1- and 0.8-μm filters) accounted for 30%-70% of total Hg or As at both locations. By contrast, only approximately 4% of As and <1% of Hg were found in the 0.1-μm filtrate, indicating that comparatively little As or Hg actually exists as an ionic form or intercalated with humic compounds, a frequent assumption in freshwaters and marine waters. Ribosomal RNA (18S) gene sequencing of DNA derived from the 0.1-, 0.8-, and 3.0-μm filters showed significant eukaryote biomass in these fractions, providing a novel view of the femtoplankton and picoplankton size biomass, which assists in explaining why these fractions may contain such significant Hg and As. These results infer that femtoplankton and picoplankton metal(loid) loads represent aquatic food chain entry points that need to be accounted for and that are important for better understanding Hg and As biochemistry in aquatic systems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:225-241. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M. Alowaifeer
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Scott Clingenpeel
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
- Washington River Protection Solutions, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Jinjun Kan
- Microbiology Department, Stroud Water Research Center, Avondale, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patricia E. Bigelow
- US National Park Service, Center for Resources, Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA
| | - Masafumi Yoshinaga
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Brian Bothner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Timothy R. McDermott
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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Tibon J, Amlund H, Gomez-Delgado AI, Berntssen MHG, Silva MS, Wiech M, Sloth JJ, Sele V. Arsenic species in mesopelagic organisms and their fate during aquafeed processing. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134906. [PMID: 35561763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A responsible harvest of mesopelagic species as aquafeed ingredients has the potential to address the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14, which calls for sustainable use of marine resources. Prior to utilization, the levels of undesirable substances need to be examined, and earlier studies on mesopelagic species have reported on total arsenic (As) content. However, the total As content does not give a complete basis for risk assessment since As can occur in different chemical species with varying toxicity. In this work, As speciation was conducted in single-species samples of the five most abundant mesopelagic organisms in Norwegian fjords. In addition, As species were studied in mesopelagic mixed biomass and in the resulting oil and meal feed ingredients after lab-scale feed processing. Water-soluble As species were determined based on ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). This was supplemented by extracting arsenolipids (AsLipids) and determining total As in this fraction. The non-toxic arsenobetaine (AB) was the dominant form in mesopelagic crustaceans and fish species, accounting for approximately 70% and 50% of total As, respectively. Other water-soluble species were present in minor fractions, including carcinogenic inorganic As, which, in most samples, was below limit of quantification. The fish species had a higher proportion of AsLipids, approximately 35% of total As, compared to crustaceans which contained 20% on average. The feed processing simulation revealed generally low levels of water-soluble As species besides AB, but considerable fractions of potentially toxic AsLipids were found in the biomass, and transferred to the mesopelagic meal and oil. This study is the first to report occurrence data of at least 12 As species in mesopelagic organisms, thereby providing valuable information for future risk assessments on the feasibility of harnessing mesopelagic biomass as feed ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jojo Tibon
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heidi Amlund
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Marc H G Berntssen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Marta S Silva
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Martin Wiech
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jens J Sloth
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Veronika Sele
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway.
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Zhang W, Miao AJ, Wang NX, Li C, Sha J, Jia J, Alessi DS, Yan B, Ok YS. Arsenic bioaccumulation and biotransformation in aquatic organisms. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107221. [PMID: 35378441 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic exists universally in freshwater and marine environments, threatening the survival of aquatic organisms and human health. To elucidate arsenic bioaccumulation and biotransformation processes in aquatic organisms, this review evaluates the dissolved uptake, dietary assimilation, biotransformation, and elimination of arsenic in aquatic organisms and discusses the major factors influencing these processes. Environmental factors such as phosphorus concentration, pH, salinity, and dissolved organic matter influence arsenic absorption from aquatic systems, whereas ingestion rate, gut passage time, and gut environment affect the assimilation of arsenic from foodstuffs. Arsenic bioaccumulation and biotransformation mechanisms differ depending on specific arsenic species and the involved aquatic organism. Although some enzymes engaged in arsenic biotransformation are known, deciphering the complicated synthesis and degradation pathway of arsenobetaine remains a challenge. The elimination of arsenic involves many processes, such as fecal excretion, renal elimination, molting, and reproductive processes. This review facilitates our understanding of the environmental behavior and biological fate of arsenic and contributes to regulation of the environmental risk posed by arsenic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ai-Jun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ning-Xin Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China
| | - Chengjun Li
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Sha
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianbo Jia
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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