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Sun H, Tian Y, Zhang H, Meng Y, Wang S, Li L, Zhan W, Zhou X, Zuo W. Decoding China's anthropogenic typical pollutant discharge patterns: Long-term dynamics and hotspot transitions driven by population, diet, and sanitation. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 250:121049. [PMID: 38157599 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Human activities have led to an alarming increase in pollution, resulting in widespread water contamination. A comprehensive understanding of the quantitative relationship between anthropogenic pollutant discharges and the escalating anthropogenic disturbances and environmental efforts is crucial for effective water quality management. Here we establish a Model for Estimating Anthropogenic pollutaNts diScharges (MEANS) and simulate the long-term dynamics of various types of anthropogenic discharges in China based on an unprecedented spatio-temporal dynamic parameter dataset. Our findings reveal that from 1980 to 2020, anthropogenic discharges exhibited an overall trend of initially increasing and subsequently decreasing, with the peak occurring around 2005. During this period, the dominant pollution sources in China shifted from urban to rural areas, thereby driving the transition of hotspot pollutants from nitrogen to phosphorus in the eastern regions. The most significant drivers of anthropogenic pollutant discharges gradually shifted from population size and dietary structure to wastewater treatment and agricultural factors. Furthermore, we observed that a significant portion of China's regions still exceed the safety thresholds for pollutant discharges, with excessive levels of total phosphorus (TP) being particularly severe. These findings highlight the need for flexible management strategies in the future to address specific pollution levels and hotspots in different regions. Our study underscores the importance of considering the complex interplay between anthropogenic disturbances, environmental efforts, and long-term anthropogenic pollutant discharges for effective water pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihang Sun
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O.Box 2603, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O.Box 2603, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China.
| | - Haoran Zhang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O.Box 2603, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Yiming Meng
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O.Box 2603, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Shupeng Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O.Box 2603, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Lipin Li
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O.Box 2603, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Wei Zhan
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O.Box 2603, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O.Box 2603, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O.Box 2603, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
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Zheng J, Zhang H, Shi J, Li X, Zhang J, Zhang K, Gao Y, He J, Dai J, Wang J. Association of air pollution exposure with overweight or obesity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 910:168589. [PMID: 37984657 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Childhood overweight and obesity is a global problem. 38 million children under five years old were reported as being overweight/obese in 2019. However, current evidence regarding the effects of air pollution on children weight status remains scarce and inconsistent. This study aimed to determine the association between air pollutants and the weight status of children and adolescents. Four databases were searched up to August 9, 2023. Adjusted merged odds ratios (ORs), regression coefficients (β), and their 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) were calculated and pooled. A total of 27 studies were included. The results showed that air pollutants had adverse effects on the body weight of children and adolescents. Exposure to PM1, PM2.5, PMcoarse, and PM10 were associated with increased risk of overweight/obesity, with pooled ORs (95 % CI) of 1.23 (1.09, 1.40), 1.18 (1.10, 1.28), 1.04 (1.03, 1.05) and 1.11 (1.06, 1.17) per 10 μg/m3 increment, respectively. Individuals with higher exposure levels to NOX, O3, SO2 and CO (per 10 μg/m3 increment) were associated with 12 %, 6 %, 28 % and 1 % increased odds of being overweight/obese, respectively. With respect to the level of body mass index, the pooled β (95 % CIs) for each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and NOX exposure were 0.15 (0.12, 0.18), 0.11 (0.06, 0.16), 0.07 (0.03, 0.10), and 0.03 (0.01, 0.04), respectively. PM1 has relatively strong adverse effects on body weight status. The subgroup analysis revealed a significantly increase in the risk of overweight/obesity when the concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 exceeded 35 μg/m3, 50 μg/m3, and 40 μg/m3, respectively. Exposure to PM2.5, PM10 and NOX increased the risk of overweight/obesity, especially in Asia. This study provides evidence of the association between air pollution and being overweight/obese in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Zheng
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Huiling Zhang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jianyang Shi
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Kunlun Zhang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yameng Gao
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jingtong He
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jianghong Dai
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang 834000, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Davis CD, Frazier C, Guennouni N, King R, Mast H, Plunkett EM, Quirk ZJ. Community Health Impacts From Natural Gas Pipeline Compressor Stations. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2023GH000874. [PMID: 37915956 PMCID: PMC10616731 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Compressor stations maintain pressure along natural gas pipelines to sustain gas flow. Unfortunately, they present human health concerns as they release chemical pollutants into the air, sometimes at levels higher than national air quality standards. Further, compressor stations are often placed in rural areas with higher levels of poverty and/or minority populations, contributing to environmental justice concerns. In this paper we investigate what chemical pollutants are emitted by compressor stations, the impacts of emitted pollutants on human health, and local community impacts. Based on the information gained from these examinations, we provide the following policy recommendations with the goal of minimizing harm to those affected by natural gas compressor stations: the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and relevant state agencies must increase air quality monitoring and data transparency; the EPA should direct more resources to monitoring programs specifically at compressor stations; the EPA should provide free indoor air quality monitoring to homes near compressor stations; the EPA needs to adjust its National Ambient Air Quality Standards to better protect communities and assess cumulative impacts; and decision-makers at all levels must pursue meaningful involvement from potentially affected communities. We find there is substantial evidence of negative impacts to strongly support these recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis D. Davis
- Virginia Scientist‐Community Interface
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Clara Frazier
- Virginia Scientist‐Community Interface
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Nihal Guennouni
- Virginia Scientist‐Community Interface
- Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceWilliam and MaryWilliamsburgVAUSA
| | - Rachael King
- Virginia Scientist‐Community Interface
- Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceWilliam and MaryWilliamsburgVAUSA
| | - Hannah Mast
- Virginia Scientist‐Community Interface
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Emily M. Plunkett
- Virginia Scientist‐Community Interface
- Department of ChemistryVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Zack J. Quirk
- Virginia Scientist‐Community Interface
- Department of Earth & Environmental SciencesUniversity of Michigan Ann ArborAnn ArborMIUSA
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Willis MD, Hill EL, Ncube CN, Campbell EJ, Harris L, Harleman M, Ritz B, Hystad P. Changes in Socioeconomic Disparities for Traffic-Related Air Pollution Exposure During Pregnancy Over a 20-Year Period in Texas. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2328012. [PMID: 37566419 PMCID: PMC10422188 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.28012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Air pollution presents clear environmental justice issues. However, few studies have specifically examined traffic-related air pollution (TRAP), a source driven by historically racist infrastructure policies, among pregnant individuals, a population susceptible to air pollution effects. How these disparities have changed over time is also unclear but has important policy implications. Objective To examine changes in TRAP exposure by sociodemographic characteristics among recorded pregnancies over a 20-year period. Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based birth cohort study used descriptive analysis among pregnant individuals in Texas from 1996 to 2016. All pregnant individuals with valid residential address, socioeconomic, and demographic data were included. Individual-level race and ethnicity, education, and maternal birthplace data were extracted from birth certificates and neighborhood-level household income and historical neighborhood disinvestment (ie, redlining) data were assessed via residential addresses. Data analysis occurred between June 2022 and June 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome, TRAP exposure at residential addresses, was assessed via traffic levels, represented by total and truck-specific vehicle miles traveled (VMT) within 500 m; nitrogen dioxide (no2) concentrations from a spatial-temporal land use regression model (ie, vehicle tailpipe emissions); and National Air Toxic Agency cancer risk index from on-road vehicle emissions. TRAP exposure differences were assessed by sociodemographic indicators over the 1996 to 2016 period. Results Among 7 043 598 pregnant people (mean [SD] maternal age, 26.8 [6.1] years) in Texas from 1996 to 2016, 48% identified as Hispanic or Latinx, 4% identified as non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander, 12% identified as non-Hispanic Black, and 36% identified as non-Hispanic White. There were differences in TRAP for pregnant people by all sociodemographic variables examined. The absolute level of these disparities decreased from 1996 to 2016, but the relative level of these disparities increased: for example, in 1996, non-Hispanic Black pregnant individuals were exposed to a mean (SD) 15.3 (4.1) ppb of no2 vs 13.5 (4.4) ppb of no2 for non-Hispanic White pregnant individuals, compared with 2016 levels of 6.7 (2.4) ppb no2 for Black pregnant individuals and 5.2 (2.4) ppb of no2 for White pregnant individuals. Large absolute and relative differences in traffic levels were observed for all sociodemographic characteristics, increasing over time. For example, non-Hispanic Black pregnant individuals were exposed to a mean (SD) of 22 836 (32 844) VMT within 500 m of their homes, compared with 12 478 (22 870) VMT within 500 m of the homes of non-Hispanic White pregnant individuals in 2016, a difference of 83%. Conclusions and Relevance This birth cohort study found that while levels of air pollution disparities decreased in absolute terms over the 20 years of the study, relative disparities persisted and large differences in traffic levels remained, requiring renewed policy attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary D. Willis
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elaine L. Hill
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Collette N. Ncube
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erin J. Campbell
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lena Harris
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Max Harleman
- Department of Government and Sociology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Perry Hystad
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis
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5
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Wu K, Zhu S, Mac Kinnon M, Samuelsen S. Unexpected deterioration of O 3 pollution in the South Coast Air Basin of California: The role of meteorology and emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121728. [PMID: 37116566 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution has long been a prominent environmental threat due to its adverse impacts on vulnerable populations and ecosystems. In recent years, an unexpected increase in O3 levels over the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) of California has been observed despite reduced precursor emissions and the driving factors behind this abnormal condition remain unclear. In this work, we combine ambient measurements, satellite data, and air quality modeling to investigate O3 and precursor emission trends and explore the impacts of meteorological variability and emission changes on O3 over the SoCAB from 2012 to 2020. Changes in O3 trends were characterized by declining O3 in 2012-2015, and increasing O3 afterwards with the most extreme O3 exceedances in 2020. Basin-wide increases of MDA8 O3 concentrations over warm season were depicted between 2012 and 2020, with the most significant enhancements (5-10 ppb) observed in San Bernardino County. Persistent heatwaves and weak ventilation on consecutive days were closely correlated with O3 exceedances (r2 above 0.6) over inland SoCAB. While decreasing trends in NOx (-4.1%/yr) and VOC emissions (-1.8%/yr) inferred from emission inventory and satellites during 2012-2020 resulted in a slow transition for O3 sensitivity from VOCs-limited to NOx-limited, model simulations performed with fixed meteorology indicate that unfavorable meteorological conditions could largely offset regulation benefits, with meteorology anomaly-induced monthly O3 changes reaching 20 ppb (May 2020) and the deterioration of O3 pollution in 2016, 2017, and 2020 was largely attributed to unfavorable meteorological conditions. Nevertheless, anthropogenic emission changes may act as the dominant factor in governing O3 variations across the SoCAB when net effects of meteorology are neutral (typically 2018). This work provides a comprehensive assessment of O3 pollution and contributes valuable insights into understanding the long-term changes of O3 and precursors in guiding future regulation efforts in the SoCAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Advanced Power and Energy Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shupeng Zhu
- Advanced Power and Energy Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michael Mac Kinnon
- Advanced Power and Energy Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Scott Samuelsen
- Advanced Power and Energy Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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6
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Willis MD, Cushing LJ, Buonocore JJ, Deziel NC, Casey JA. It's electric! An environmental equity perspective on the lifecycle of our energy sources. Environ Epidemiol 2023; 7:e246. [PMID: 37064423 PMCID: PMC10097546 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy policy decisions are driven primarily by economic and reliability considerations, with limited consideration given to public health, environmental justice, and climate change. Moreover, epidemiologic studies relevant for public policy typically focus on immediate public health implications of activities related to energy procurement and generation, considering less so health equity or the longer-term health consequences of climate change attributable to an energy source. A more integrated, collective consideration of these three domains can provide more robust guidance to policymakers, communities, and individuals. Here, we illustrate how these domains can be evaluated with respect to natural gas as an energy source. Our process began with a detailed overview of all relevant steps in the process of extracting, producing, and consuming natural gas. We synthesized existing epidemiologic and complementary evidence of how these processes impact public health, environmental justice, and climate change. We conclude that, in certain domains, natural gas looks beneficial (e.g., economically for some), but when considered more expansively, through the life cycle of natural gas and joint lenses of public health, environmental justice, and climate change, natural gas is rendered an undesirable energy source in the United States. A holistic climate health equity framework can inform how we value and deploy different energy sources in the service of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary D. Willis
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Lara J. Cushing
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan J. Buonocore
- Center for Climate, Health, and the Global Environment, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole C. Deziel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Joan A. Casey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington
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7
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Ponette-González AG, Chen D, Elderbrock E, Rindy JE, Barrett TE, Luce BW, Lee JH, Ko Y, Weathers KC. Urban edge trees: Urban form and meteorology drive elemental carbon deposition to canopies and soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120197. [PMID: 36189483 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Urban tree canopies are a significant sink for atmospheric elemental carbon (EC)--an air pollutant that is a powerful climate-forcing agent and threat to human health. Understanding what controls EC deposition to urban trees is therefore important for evaluating the potential role of vegetation in air pollution mitigation strategies. We estimated wet, dry, and throughfall EC deposition for oak trees at 53 sites in Denton, TX. Spatial data and airborne discrete-return LiDAR were used to compute predictors of EC deposition, including urban form characteristics, and meteorologic and topographic factors. Dry and throughfall EC deposition varied 14-fold across this urban ecosystem and exhibited significant variability from spring to fall. Generalized additive modeling and multiple linear regression analyses showed that urban form strongly influenced tree-scale variability in dry EC deposition: traffic count as well as road length and building height within 100-150 m of trees were positively related to leaf-scale dry deposition. Rainfall amount and extreme wind-driven rain from the direction of major pollution sources were significant drivers of throughfall EC. Our findings indicate that complex configurations of roads, buildings, and vegetation produce "urban edge trees" that contribute to heterogeneous EC deposition patterns across urban systems, with implications for greenspace planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Ponette-González
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305279, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Department of Geography, 1251 University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403-1251, USA
| | - Evan Elderbrock
- Department of Landscape Architecture, 5249 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5249, USA
| | - Jenna E Rindy
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305279, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Tate E Barrett
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305279, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Brett W Luce
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305279, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Jun-Hak Lee
- Department of Landscape Architecture, 5249 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5249, USA
| | - Yekang Ko
- Department of Landscape Architecture, 5249 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5249, USA
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Sun H, Tian Y, Li L, Meng Y, Huang X, Zhan W, Zhou X, Cai G. Anthropogenic pollution discharges, hotspot pollutants and targeted strategies for urban and rural areas in the context of population migration: Numerical modeling of the Minjiang River basin. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107508. [PMID: 36108502 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented urbanization-induced population migration in China severely affects the scale and geographic distribution of anthropogenic pollutant discharge. Understanding how pollutant discharge patterns respond to population migration can help guide future efforts to maintain water sustainability. Here, based on a new calculation framework with 18 dynamic parameters designed for anthropogenic discharges, we finely tracked and visualized the effects of population migration on the spatial and temporal changes in anthropogenic discharge from 1980 to 2019 in the Minjiang River basin. The results indicate that the increasing effect of population migration on anthropogenic discharges peaked in 2002 and started to contribute to pollutant reduction from 2010 onward. The direct impact of population migration only contributes to the shift of anthropogenic discharges from rural to urban areas, while the migration bonus is the key factor leading to the reduction in anthropogenic discharges. Population migration is highly beneficial for chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction, which has contributed to a shift from COD to NH4+-N and total phosphorus (TP) as hotspot pollutants in the whole basin (NH4+-N in urban areas and TP in rural areas). Moreover, pollution reduction resulting from the demographic bonus phenomenon has remained limited only to urban areas. Since approximately 2010, the per capita amount and total amount of anthropogenic pollutant discharges in rural areas have exceeded those in urban areas; in particular, the per capita COD and TP discharges in rural areas reached four times those in urban areas. This suggests that future pollution control strategies should give more attention to rural areas and focus on the differentiation and targeting of urban and rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihang Sun
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Lipin Li
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yiming Meng
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei Zhan
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guiyuan Cai
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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9
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Effective and Acceptable Eco-Driving Guidance for Human-Driving Vehicles: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127310. [PMID: 35742559 PMCID: PMC9223297 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Eco-driving guidance refers to courses, warnings, or suggestions provided to human drivers to improve driving behaviour to enable less energy use and emissions. This paper reviews existing eco-driving guidance studies and identifies challenges to tackle in the future. We summarize two categories of current guidance systems, static and dynamic, distinguished by whether real-world driving records are used to generate behaviour guidance or not. We find that influencing factors, such as the content of suggestions, the display methods, and drivers’ socio-demographic characteristics, have varied effects on the guidance results across studies. Drivers are reported to have basic eco-driving knowledge, while the question of how to motivate the acceptance and practice of such behaviour, especially in the long term, is overlooked. Adaptive driving suggestions based on drivers’ individual habits can improve the effectiveness and acceptance while this field is under investigation. In-vehicle assistance presents potential safety issues, and visualized in-vehicle assistance is reported to be most distractive. Given existing studies focusing on the operational level, a common agreement on the guidance design and associated influencing factors has yet to be reached. Research on the systematic and tactical design of eco-driving guidance and in-vehicle interaction is advised.
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Urban Air Chemistry in Changing Times. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Urban air chemistry is characterized by measurements of gas and aerosol composition. These measurements are interpreted from a long history for laboratory and theoretical studies integrating chemical processes with reactant (or emissions) sources, meteorology and air surface interaction. The knowledge of these latter elements and their changes have enabled chemists to quantitatively account for the averages and variability of chemical indicators. To date, the changes are consistent with dominating energy-related emissions for more than 50 years of gas phase photochemistry and associated reactions forming and evolving aerosols. Future changes are expected to continue focusing on energy resources and transportation in most cities. Extreme meteorological conditions combined with urban surface exchange are also likely to become increasingly important factors affecting atmospheric composition, accounting for the past leads to projecting future conditions. The potential evolution of urban air chemistry can be followed with three approaches using observations and chemical transport modeling. The first approach projects future changes using long term indicator data compared with the emission estimates. The second approach applies advanced measurement analysis of the ambient data. Examples include statistical modeling or evaluation derived from chemical mechanisms. The third method, verified with observations, employs a comparison of the deterministic models of chemistry, emission futures, urban meteorology and urban infrastructure changes for future insight.
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Lawal AS, Russell AG, Kaiser J. Assessment of Airport-Related Emissions and Their Impact on Air Quality in Atlanta, GA, Using CMAQ and TROPOMI. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:98-108. [PMID: 34931821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of emissions from the Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson Airport (ATL) on ozone (O3), ultrafine particulates (UFPs), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are evaluated using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model and high-resolution satellite observations of NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) from TROPOMI. Two airport inventories are compared: an inventory using emissions where landing and take-off (LTO) processes are allocated to the surface (default) and a modified (3D) inventory that has LTO and cruise emissions vertically and horizontally distributed, accounting for aircraft climb and descend rates. The 3D scenario showed reduced bias and error between CMAQ and TROPOMI VCDs compared to the default scenario [i.e., normalized mean bias: -43%/-46% and root mean square error: 1.12/1.21 (1015 molecules/cm2)]. Close agreement of TROPOMI-derived observations to modeled NO2 VCDs from two power plants with continuous emissions monitors was found. The net effect of aviation-related emissions was an increase in UFP (j mode in CMAQ), PM2.5 (i + j mode), and O3 concentrations by up to 6.5 × 102 particles/cm3 (∼38%), 0.7 μg/m3 (∼8%), and 2.7 ppb (∼4%), respectively. Overall, the results show (1) that the spatial allocation of airport emissions has notable effects on air quality modeling results and will be of further importance as airports become a larger part of the total urban emissions and (2) the applicability of high-resolution satellite retrievals to better understand emissions from facilities such as airports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiola S Lawal
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jennifer Kaiser
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Anenberg SC, Mohegh A, Goldberg DL, Kerr GH, Brauer M, Burkart K, Hystad P, Larkin A, Wozniak S, Lamsal L. Long-term trends in urban NO 2 concentrations and associated paediatric asthma incidence: estimates from global datasets. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e49-e58. [PMID: 34998460 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combustion-related nitrogen dioxide (NO2) air pollution is associated with paediatric asthma incidence. We aimed to estimate global surface NO2 concentrations consistent with the Global Burden of Disease study for 1990-2019 at a 1 km resolution, and the concentrations and attributable paediatric asthma incidence trends in 13 189 cities from 2000 to 2019. METHODS We scaled an existing annual average NO2 concentration dataset for 2010-12 from a land use regression model (based on 5220 NO2 monitors in 58 countries and land use variables) to other years using NO2 column densities from satellite and reanalysis datasets. We applied these concentrations in an epidemiologically derived concentration-response function with population and baseline asthma rates to estimate NO2-attributable paediatric asthma incidence. FINDINGS We estimated that 1·85 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·93-2·80 million) new paediatric asthma cases were attributable to NO2 globally in 2019, two thirds of which occurred in urban areas (1·22 million cases; 95% UI 0·60-1·8 million). The proportion of paediatric asthma incidence that is attributable to NO2 in urban areas declined from 19·8% (1·22 million attributable cases of 6·14 million total cases) in 2000 to 16·0% (1·24 million attributable cases of 7·73 million total cases) in 2019. Urban attributable fractions dropped in high-income countries (-41%), Latin America and the Caribbean (-16%), central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia (-13%), and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (-6%), and rose in south Asia (+23%), sub-Saharan Africa (+11%), and north Africa and the Middle East (+5%). The contribution of NO2 concentrations, paediatric population size, and asthma incidence rates to the change in NO2-attributable paediatric asthma incidence differed regionally. INTERPRETATION Despite improvements in some regions, combustion-related NO2 pollution continues to be an important contributor to paediatric asthma incidence globally, particularly in cities. Mitigating air pollution should be a crucial element of public health strategies for children. FUNDING Health Effects Institute, NASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Arash Mohegh
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel L Goldberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gaige H Kerr
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael Brauer
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katrin Burkart
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah Wozniak
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lok Lamsal
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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