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Kerr GH, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Brauer M, Bukart K, Wozniak S, Goldberg DL, Anenberg SC. Erratum: "Increasing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Ambient Air Pollution-Attributable Morbidity and Mortality in the United States". Environ Health Perspect 2024; 132:49002. [PMID: 38578946 PMCID: PMC10997182 DOI: 10.1289/ehp14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
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Kerr GH, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Brauer M, Bukart K, Wozniak S, Goldberg DL, Anenberg SC. Increasing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Ambient Air Pollution-Attributable Morbidity and Mortality in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 2024; 132:37002. [PMID: 38445892 PMCID: PMC10916678 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μ m (PM 2.5 ) threaten public health in the US, and systemic racism has led to modern-day disparities in the distribution and associated health impacts of these pollutants. OBJECTIVES Many studies on environmental injustices related to ambient air pollution focus only on disparities in pollutant concentrations or provide only an assessment of pollution or health disparities at a snapshot in time. In this study, we compare injustices in NO 2 - and PM 2.5 -attributable health burdens, considering NO 2 -attributable health impacts across the entire US; document changing disparities in these health burdens over time (2010-2019); and evaluate how more stringent air quality standards would reduce disparities in health impacts associated with these pollutants. METHODS Through a health impact assessment, we quantified census tract-level variations in health outcomes attributable to NO 2 and PM 2.5 using health impact functions that combine demographic data from the US Census Bureau; two spatially resolved pollutant datasets, which fuse satellite data with physical and statistical models; and epidemiologically derived relative risk estimates and incidence rates from the Global Burden of Disease study. RESULTS Despite overall decreases in the public health damages associated with NO 2 and PM 2.5 , racial and ethnic relative disparities in NO 2 -attributable pediatric asthma and PM 2.5 -attributable premature mortality have widened in the US during the last decade. Racial relative disparities in PM 2.5 -attributable premature mortality and NO 2 -attributable pediatric asthma have increased by 16% and 19%, respectively, between 2010 and 2019. Similarly, ethnic relative disparities in PM 2.5 -attributable premature mortality have increased by 40% and NO 2 -attributable pediatric asthma by 10%. DISCUSSION Enacting and attaining more stringent air quality standards for both pollutants could preferentially benefit the most marginalized and minoritized communities by greatly reducing racial and ethnic relative disparities in pollution-attributable health burdens in the US. Our methods provide a semi-observational approach to track changes in disparities in air pollution and associated health burdens across the US. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11900.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaige Hunter Kerr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Randall V. Martin
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Brauer
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katrin Bukart
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sarah Wozniak
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel L. Goldberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Susan C. Anenberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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O'Dell K, Kondragunta S, Zhang H, Goldberg DL, Kerr GH, Wei Z, Henderson BH, Anenberg SC. Public Health Benefits From Improved Identification of Severe Air Pollution Events With Geostationary Satellite Data. Geohealth 2024; 8:e2023GH000890. [PMID: 38259818 PMCID: PMC10801669 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Despite improvements in ambient air quality in the US in recent decades, many people still experience unhealthy levels of pollution. At present, national-level alert-day identification relies predominately on surface monitor networks and forecasters. Satellite-based estimates of surface air quality have rapidly advanced and have the capability to inform exposure-reducing actions to protect public health. At present, we lack a robust framework to quantify public health benefits of these advances in applications of satellite-based atmospheric composition data. Here, we assess possible health benefits of using geostationary satellite data, over polar orbiting satellite data, for identifying particulate air quality alert days (24hr PM2.5 > 35 μg m-3) in 2020. We find the more extensive spatiotemporal coverage of geostationary satellite data leads to a 60% increase in identification of person-alerts (alert days × population) in 2020 over polar-orbiting satellite data. We apply pre-existing estimates of PM2.5 exposure reduction by individual behavior modification and find these additional person-alerts may lead to 1,200 (800-1,500) or 54% more averted PM2.5-attributable premature deaths per year, if geostationary, instead of polar orbiting, satellite data alone are used to identify alert days. These health benefits have an associated economic value of 13 (8.8-17) billion dollars ($2019) per year. Our results highlight one of many potential applications of atmospheric composition data from geostationary satellites for improving public health. Identifying these applications has important implications for guiding use of current satellite data and planning future geostationary satellite missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn O'Dell
- Milken Institute School of Public HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Shobha Kondragunta
- NOAA/NESDIS/Center for Satellite Applications and ResearchCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Hai Zhang
- I. M. Systems Group, NOAA NCWCP, 5830 University Research CtCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Daniel L. Goldberg
- Milken Institute School of Public HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Gaige Hunter Kerr
- Milken Institute School of Public HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Zigang Wei
- I. M. Systems Group, NOAA NCWCP, 5830 University Research CtCollege ParkMDUSA
| | | | - Susan C. Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
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Kerr GH, Goldberg DL, Harris MH, Henderson BH, Hystad P, Roy A, Anenberg SC. Ethnoracial Disparities in Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution in the United States: Comparing Data Sets from Satellites, Models, and Monitors. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:19532-19544. [PMID: 37934506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
In the United States (U.S.), studies on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) trends and pollution-attributable health effects have historically used measurements from in situ monitors, which have limited geographical coverage and leave 66% of urban areas unmonitored. Novel tools, including remotely sensed NO2 measurements and estimates of NO2 estimates from land-use regression and photochemical models, can aid in assessing NO2 exposure gradients, leveraging their complete spatial coverage. Using these data sets, we find that Black, Hispanic, Asian, and multiracial populations experience NO2 levels 15-50% higher than the national average in 2019, whereas the non-Hispanic White population is consistently exposed to levels that are 5-15% lower than the national average. By contrast, the in situ monitoring network indicates more moderate ethnoracial NO2 disparities and different rankings of the least- to most-exposed ethnoracial population subgroup. Validating these spatially complete data sets against in situ observations reveals similar performance, indicating that all these data sets can be used to understand spatial variations in NO2. Integrating in situ monitoring, satellite data, statistical models, and photochemical models can provide a semiobservational record, complete geospatial coverage, and increasingly high spatial resolution, enhancing future efforts to characterize, map, and track exposure and inequality for highly spatially heterogeneous pollutants like NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaige Hunter Kerr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Daniel L Goldberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Maria H Harris
- Environmental Defense Fund, 257 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Barron H Henderson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, United States
| | - Ananya Roy
- Environmental Defense Fund, 257 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Susan C Anenberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
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Tzortziou M, Loughner CP, Goldberg DL, Judd L, Nauth D, Kwong CF, Lin T, Cede A, Abuhassan N. Intimately tracking NO 2 pollution over the New York City - Long Island Sound land-water continuum: An integration of shipboard, airborne, satellite observations, and models. Sci Total Environ 2023; 897:165144. [PMID: 37391145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution remains a serious global problem, particularly near highly populated urbanized coasts that face increasing challenges with climate change. Yet, the combined impact of urban emissions, pollution transport, and complex meteorology on the spatiotemporal dynamics of NO2 along heterogeneous urban coastlines remains poorly characterized. Here, we integrated measurements from different platforms - boats, ground-based networks, aircraft, and satellites - to characterize total column NO2 (TCNO2) dynamics across the land-water continuum in the New York metropolitan area, the most populous area in the United States that often experiences the highest national NO2 levels. Measurements were conducted during the 2018 Long Island Sound Tropospheric Ozone Study (LISTOS), with a main goal to extend surface measurements beyond the coastline - where ground-based air-quality monitoring networks abruptly stop - and over the aquatic environment where peaks in air pollution often occur. Satellite TCNO2 from TROPOMI correlated strongly with Pandora surface measurements (r = 0.87, N = 100) both over land and water. Yet, TROPOMI overall underestimated TCNO2 (MPD = -12%) and missed peaks in NO2 pollution caused by rush hour emissions or pollution accumulation during sea breezes. Aircraft retrievals were in excellent agreement with Pandora (r = 0.95, MPD = -0.3%, N = 108). Stronger agreement was found between TROPOMI, aircraft, and Pandora over land, while over water satellite, and to a lesser extent aircraft, retrievals underestimated TCNO2 particularly in the highly dynamic New York Harbor environment. Combined with model simulations, our shipborne measurements uniquely captured rapid transitions and fine-scale features in NO2 behavior across the New York City - Long Island Sound land-water continuum, driven by the complex interplay of human activity, chemistry, and local scale meteorology. These novel datasets provide critical information for improving satellite retrievals, enhancing air quality models, and informing management decisions, with important implications for the health of diverse communities and vulnerable ecosystems along this complex urban coastline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tzortziou
- Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
| | | | - Daniel L Goldberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Laura Judd
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA
| | - Dilchand Nauth
- Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Charlotte F Kwong
- Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Tong Lin
- Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Alexander Cede
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; LuftBlick, Kreith, Austria; SciGlob Instruments and Services LLC, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Nader Abuhassan
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; SciGlob Instruments and Services LLC, Columbia, MD 21046, USA; Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Badr HS, Zaitchik BF, Kerr GH, Nguyen NLH, Chen YT, Hinson P, Colston JM, Kosek MN, Dong E, Du H, Marshall M, Nixon K, Mohegh A, Goldberg DL, Anenberg SC, Gardner LM. Unified real-time environmental-epidemiological data for multiscale modeling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Data 2023; 10:367. [PMID: 37286690 PMCID: PMC10245354 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An impressive number of COVID-19 data catalogs exist. However, none are fully optimized for data science applications. Inconsistent naming and data conventions, uneven quality control, and lack of alignment between disease data and potential predictors pose barriers to robust modeling and analysis. To address this gap, we generated a unified dataset that integrates and implements quality checks of the data from numerous leading sources of COVID-19 epidemiological and environmental data. We use a globally consistent hierarchy of administrative units to facilitate analysis within and across countries. The dataset applies this unified hierarchy to align COVID-19 epidemiological data with a number of other data types relevant to understanding and predicting COVID-19 risk, including hydrometeorological data, air quality, information on COVID-19 control policies, vaccine data, and key demographic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada S Badr
- Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Benjamin F Zaitchik
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Gaige H Kerr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Nhat-Lan H Nguyen
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Yen-Ting Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Patrick Hinson
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Josh M Colston
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Ensheng Dong
- Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Hongru Du
- Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Maximilian Marshall
- Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Kristen Nixon
- Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Arash Mohegh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Health & Exposure Assessment Branch, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, 95812, USA
| | - Daniel L Goldberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Susan C Anenberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Lauren M Gardner
- Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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Ahn DY, Goldberg DL, Coombes T, Kleiman G, Anenberg SC. CO 2 emissions from C40 cities: citywide emission inventories and comparisons with global gridded emission datasets. Environ Res Lett 2023; 18:034032. [PMID: 36873100 PMCID: PMC9971945 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/acbb91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Under the leadership of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group (C40), approximately 1100 global cities have signed to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. Accurate greenhouse gas emission calculations at the city-scale have become critical. This study forms a bridge between the two emission calculation methods: (a) the city-scale accounting used by C40 cities-the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC) and (b) the global-scale gridded datasets used by the research community-the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) and Open-Source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2 (ODIAC). For the emission magnitudes of 78 C40 cities, we find good correlations between the GPC and EDGAR (R 2 = 0.80) and the GPC and ODIAC (R 2 = 0.72). Regionally, African cities show the largest variability in the three emission estimates. For the emission trends, the standard deviation of the differences is ±4.7% yr-1 for EDGAR vs. GPC and is ±3.9% yr-1 for ODIAC vs. GPC: a factor of ∼2 larger than the trends that many C40 cities pledged (net-zero by 2050 from 2010, or -2.5% yr-1). To examine the source of discrepancies in the emission datasets, we assess the impact of spatial resolutions of EDGAR (0.1°) and ODIAC (1 km) on estimating varying-sized cities' emissions. Our analysis shows that the coarser resolution of EDGAR can artificially decrease emissions by 13% for cities smaller than 1000 km2. We find that data quality of emission factors (EFs) used in GPC inventories vary regionally: the highest quality for European and North American and the lowest for African and Latin American cities. Our study indicates that the following items should be prioritized to reduce the discrepancies between the two emission calculation methods: (a) implementing local-specific/up-to-date EFs in GPC inventories, (b) keeping the global power plant database current, and (c) incorporating satellite-derived CO2 datasets (i.e. NASA OCO-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Ahn
- Milken School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - D L Goldberg
- Milken School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Toby Coombes
- C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group Inc., New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Gary Kleiman
- Orbis Air, LLC, Concord, MA, United States of America
| | - S C Anenberg
- Milken School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Anenberg SC, Mohegh A, Goldberg DL, Kerr GH, Brauer M, Burkart K, Hystad P, Larkin A, Wozniak S, Lamsal L. Long-term trends in urban NO 2 concentrations and associated paediatric asthma incidence: estimates from global datasets. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e49-e58. [PMID: 34998460 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combustion-related nitrogen dioxide (NO2) air pollution is associated with paediatric asthma incidence. We aimed to estimate global surface NO2 concentrations consistent with the Global Burden of Disease study for 1990-2019 at a 1 km resolution, and the concentrations and attributable paediatric asthma incidence trends in 13 189 cities from 2000 to 2019. METHODS We scaled an existing annual average NO2 concentration dataset for 2010-12 from a land use regression model (based on 5220 NO2 monitors in 58 countries and land use variables) to other years using NO2 column densities from satellite and reanalysis datasets. We applied these concentrations in an epidemiologically derived concentration-response function with population and baseline asthma rates to estimate NO2-attributable paediatric asthma incidence. FINDINGS We estimated that 1·85 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·93-2·80 million) new paediatric asthma cases were attributable to NO2 globally in 2019, two thirds of which occurred in urban areas (1·22 million cases; 95% UI 0·60-1·8 million). The proportion of paediatric asthma incidence that is attributable to NO2 in urban areas declined from 19·8% (1·22 million attributable cases of 6·14 million total cases) in 2000 to 16·0% (1·24 million attributable cases of 7·73 million total cases) in 2019. Urban attributable fractions dropped in high-income countries (-41%), Latin America and the Caribbean (-16%), central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia (-13%), and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (-6%), and rose in south Asia (+23%), sub-Saharan Africa (+11%), and north Africa and the Middle East (+5%). The contribution of NO2 concentrations, paediatric population size, and asthma incidence rates to the change in NO2-attributable paediatric asthma incidence differed regionally. INTERPRETATION Despite improvements in some regions, combustion-related NO2 pollution continues to be an important contributor to paediatric asthma incidence globally, particularly in cities. Mitigating air pollution should be a crucial element of public health strategies for children. FUNDING Health Effects Institute, NASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Arash Mohegh
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel L Goldberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gaige H Kerr
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael Brauer
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katrin Burkart
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah Wozniak
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lok Lamsal
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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Laughner JL, Neu JL, Schimel D, Wennberg PO, Barsanti K, Bowman KW, Chatterjee A, Croes BE, Fitzmaurice HL, Henze DK, Kim J, Kort EA, Liu Z, Miyazaki K, Turner AJ, Anenberg S, Avise J, Cao H, Crisp D, de Gouw J, Eldering A, Fyfe JC, Goldberg DL, Gurney KR, Hasheminassab S, Hopkins F, Ivey CE, Jones DBA, Liu J, Lovenduski NS, Martin RV, McKinley GA, Ott L, Poulter B, Ru M, Sander SP, Swart N, Yung YL, Zeng ZC. Societal shifts due to COVID-19 reveal large-scale complexities and feedbacks between atmospheric chemistry and climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2109481118. [PMID: 34753820 PMCID: PMC8609622 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109481118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 global pandemic and associated government lockdowns dramatically altered human activity, providing a window into how changes in individual behavior, enacted en masse, impact atmospheric composition. The resulting reductions in anthropogenic activity represent an unprecedented event that yields a glimpse into a future where emissions to the atmosphere are reduced. Furthermore, the abrupt reduction in emissions during the lockdown periods led to clearly observable changes in atmospheric composition, which provide direct insight into feedbacks between the Earth system and human activity. While air pollutants and greenhouse gases share many common anthropogenic sources, there is a sharp difference in the response of their atmospheric concentrations to COVID-19 emissions changes, due in large part to their different lifetimes. Here, we discuss several key takeaways from modeling and observational studies. First, despite dramatic declines in mobility and associated vehicular emissions, the atmospheric growth rates of greenhouse gases were not slowed, in part due to decreased ocean uptake of CO2 and a likely increase in CH4 lifetime from reduced NO x emissions. Second, the response of O3 to decreased NO x emissions showed significant spatial and temporal variability, due to differing chemical regimes around the world. Finally, the overall response of atmospheric composition to emissions changes is heavily modulated by factors including carbon-cycle feedbacks to CH4 and CO2, background pollutant levels, the timing and location of emissions changes, and climate feedbacks on air quality, such as wildfires and the ozone climate penalty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Laughner
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
| | - Jessica L Neu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109;
| | - David Schimel
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109;
| | - Paul O Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Kelley Barsanti
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Riverside, CA 92507
| | - Kevin W Bowman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research, Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD 21046
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Bart E Croes
- Energy Research and Development Division, California Energy Commission, Sacramento, CA 95814
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Helen L Fitzmaurice
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Jinsol Kim
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Eric A Kort
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Zhu Liu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kazuyuki Miyazaki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Alexander J Turner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Susan Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Jeremy Avise
- Modeling and Meteorology Branch, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA 95814
| | - Hansen Cao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - David Crisp
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Annmarie Eldering
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - John C Fyfe
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Daniel L Goldberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Kevin R Gurney
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011
| | - Sina Hasheminassab
- Science and Technology Advancement Division, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA, 91765
| | - Francesca Hopkins
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Cesunica E Ivey
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Riverside, CA 92507
| | - Dylan B A Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1 Canada
| | - Junjie Liu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Nicole S Lovenduski
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Randall V Martin
- McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Galen A McKinley
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964
| | - Lesley Ott
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Muye Ru
- The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707
| | - Stanley P Sander
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Neil Swart
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Yuk L Yung
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Zhao-Cheng Zeng
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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10
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Abstract
The unequal spatial distribution of ambient nitrogen dioxide ([Formula: see text]), an air pollutant related to traffic, leads to higher exposure for minority and low socioeconomic status communities. We exploit the unprecedented drop in urban activity during the COVID-19 pandemic and use high-resolution, remotely sensed [Formula: see text] observations to investigate disparities in [Formula: see text] levels across different demographic subgroups in the United States. We show that, prior to the pandemic, satellite-observed [Formula: see text] levels in the least White census tracts of the United States were nearly triple the [Formula: see text] levels in the most White tracts. During the pandemic, the largest lockdown-related [Formula: see text] reductions occurred in urban neighborhoods that have 2.0 times more non-White residents and 2.1 times more Hispanic residents than neighborhoods with the smallest reductions. [Formula: see text] reductions were likely driven by the greater density of highways and interstates in these racially and ethnically diverse areas. Although the largest reductions occurred in marginalized areas, the effect of lockdowns on racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic [Formula: see text] disparities was mixed and, for many cities, nonsignificant. For example, the least White tracts still experienced ∼1.5 times higher [Formula: see text] levels during the lockdowns than the most White tracts experienced prior to the pandemic. Future policies aimed at eliminating pollution disparities will need to look beyond reducing emissions from only passenger traffic and also consider other collocated sources of emissions such as heavy-duty vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaige Hunter Kerr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052;
| | - Daniel L Goldberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
- Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439
| | - Susan C Anenberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
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11
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Gorris ME, Anenberg SC, Goldberg DL, Kerr GH, Stowell JD, Tong D, Zaitchik BF. Shaping the Future of Science: COVID-19 Highlighting the Importance of GeoHealth. Geohealth 2021; 5:e2021GH000412. [PMID: 34084984 PMCID: PMC8144838 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
From the heated debates over the airborne transmission of the novel coronavirus to the abrupt Earth system changes caused by the sudden lockdowns, the dire circumstances resulting from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have brought the field of GeoHealth to the forefront of visibility in science and policy. The pandemic has inadvertently provided an opportunity to study how human response has impacted the Earth system, how the Earth system may impact the pandemic, and the capacity of GeoHealth to inform real-time policy. The lessons learned throughout our responses to the COVID-19 pandemic are shaping the future of GeoHealth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E. Gorris
- Information Systems and ModelingLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNMUSA
| | - Susan C. Anenberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthMilken Institute School of Public HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Daniel L. Goldberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthMilken Institute School of Public HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Gaige Hunter Kerr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthMilken Institute School of Public HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Jennifer D. Stowell
- Department of Environmental HealthBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
| | - Daniel Tong
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, & Earth SciencesGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVAUSA
| | - Benjamin F. Zaitchik
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
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12
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Goldberg DL, Anenberg SC, Kerr GH, Mohegh A, Lu Z, Streets DG. TROPOMI NO 2 in the United States: A Detailed Look at the Annual Averages, Weekly Cycles, Effects of Temperature, and Correlation With Surface NO 2 Concentrations. Earths Future 2021; 9:e2020EF001665. [PMID: 33869651 PMCID: PMC8047911 DOI: 10.1029/2020ef001665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Observing the spatial heterogeneities of NO2 air pollution is an important first step in quantifying NOX emissions and exposures. This study investigates the capabilities of the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) in observing the spatial and temporal patterns of NO2 pollution in the continental United States. The unprecedented sensitivity of the sensor can differentiate the fine-scale spatial heterogeneities in urban areas, such as emissions related to airport/shipping operations and high traffic, and the relatively small emission sources in rural areas, such as power plants and mining operations. We then examine NO2 columns by day-of-the-week and find that Saturday and Sunday concentrations are 16% and 24% lower respectively, than during weekdays. We also analyze the correlation of daily maximum 2-m temperatures and NO2 column amounts and find that NO2 is larger on the hottest days (>32°C) as compared to warm days (26°C-32°C), which is in contrast to a general decrease in NO2 with increasing temperature at moderate temperatures. Finally, we demonstrate that a linear regression fit of 2019 annual TROPOMI NO2 data to annual surface-level concentrations yields relatively strong correlation (R 2 = 0.66). These new developments make TROPOMI NO2 satellite data advantageous for policymakers and public health officials, who request information at high spatial resolution and short timescales, in order to assess, devise, and evaluate regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Goldberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
- Energy Systems DivisionArgonne National LaboratoryArgonneILUSA
| | - Susan C. Anenberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Gaige Hunter Kerr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Arash Mohegh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Zifeng Lu
- Energy Systems DivisionArgonne National LaboratoryArgonneILUSA
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13
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Goldberg DL, Anenberg SC, Griffin D, McLinden CA, Lu Z, Streets DG. Disentangling the Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdowns on Urban NO 2 From Natural Variability. Geophys Res Lett 2020; 47:e2020GL089269. [PMID: 32904906 PMCID: PMC7461033 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl089269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
TROPOMI satellite data show substantial drops in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) during COVID-19 physical distancing. To attribute NO2 changes to NO x emissions changes over short timescales, one must account for meteorology. We find that meteorological patterns were especially favorable for low NO2 in much of the United States in spring 2020, complicating comparisons with spring 2019. Meteorological variations between years can cause column NO2 differences of ~15% over monthly timescales. After accounting for solar angle and meteorological considerations, we calculate that NO2 drops ranged between 9.2% and 43.4% among 20 cities in North America, with a median of 21.6%. Of the studied cities, largest NO2 drops (>30%) were in San Jose, Los Angeles, and Toronto, and smallest drops (<12%) were in Miami, Minneapolis, and Dallas. These normalized NO2 changes can be used to highlight locations with greater activity changes and better understand the sources contributing to adverse air quality in each city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Goldberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
- Energy Systems DivisionArgonne National LaboratoryLemontILUSA
| | - Susan C. Anenberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Debora Griffin
- Air Quality Research DivisionEnvironment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC)TorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Chris A. McLinden
- Air Quality Research DivisionEnvironment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC)TorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Zifeng Lu
- Energy Systems DivisionArgonne National LaboratoryLemontILUSA
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14
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Anenberg SC, Bindl M, Brauer M, Castillo JJ, Cavalieri S, Duncan BN, Fiore AM, Fuller R, Goldberg DL, Henze DK, Hess J, Holloway T, James P, Jin X, Kheirbek I, Kinney PL, Liu Y, Mohegh A, Patz J, Jimenez MP, Roy A, Tong D, Walker K, Watts N, West JJ. Using Satellites to Track Indicators of Global Air Pollution and Climate Change Impacts: Lessons Learned From a NASA-Supported Science-Stakeholder Collaborative. Geohealth 2020; 4:e2020GH000270. [PMID: 32642628 PMCID: PMC7334378 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The 2018 NASA Health and Air Quality Applied Science Team (HAQAST) "Indicators" Tiger Team collaboration between NASA-supported scientists and civil society stakeholders aimed to develop satellite-derived global air pollution and climate indicators. This Commentary shares our experience and lessons learned. Together, the team developed methods to track wildfires, dust storms, pollen counts, urban green space, nitrogen dioxide concentrations and asthma burdens, tropospheric ozone concentrations, and urban particulate matter mortality. Participatory knowledge production can lead to more actionable information but requires time, flexibility, and continuous engagement. Ground measurements are still needed for ground truthing, and sustained collaboration over time remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C. Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Matilyn Bindl
- Nelson Institute Center for Sustainability and the Global EnvironmentUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public HealthThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Juan J. Castillo
- Clean Air InstituteWashingtonDCUSA
- Now at Pan‐American Health OrganizationWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Sandra Cavalieri
- Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short‐Lived Climate PollutantsWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | - Arlene M. Fiore
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
| | | | - Daniel L. Goldberg
- Milken Institute School of Public HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Daven K. Henze
- College of Engineering and Applied ScienceUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Jeremy Hess
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Tracey Holloway
- Nelson Institute Center for Sustainability and the Global EnvironmentUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | - Peter James
- James T.H. Chan School of Public HealthHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
| | - Xiaomeng Jin
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
| | | | - Patrick L. Kinney
- School of Public HealthBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
| | - Yang Liu
- Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Arash Mohegh
- Milken Institute School of Public HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Jonathan Patz
- Nelson Institute Center for Sustainability and the Global EnvironmentUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | - Marcia P. Jimenez
- James T.H. Chan School of Public HealthHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
| | - Ananya Roy
- Environmental Defense FundWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Daniel Tong
- Center for Spatial Science and SystemsGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVAUSA
| | | | - Nick Watts
- Lancet CountdownUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - J. Jason West
- Gillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
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15
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Goldberg DL, Lu Z, Oda T, Lamsal LN, Liu F, Griffin D, McLinden CA, Krotkov NA, Duncan BN, Streets DG. Exploiting OMI NO 2 satellite observations to infer fossil-fuel CO 2 emissions from U.S. megacities. Sci Total Environ 2019; 695:133805. [PMID: 31419680 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fossil-fuel CO2 emissions and their trends in eight U.S. megacities during 2006-2017 are inferred by combining satellite-derived NOX emissions with bottom-up city-specific NOX-to-CO2 emission ratios. A statistical model is fit to a collection NO2 plumes observed from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), and is used to calculate top-down NOX emissions. Decreases in OMI-derived NOX emissions are observed across the eight cities from 2006 to 2017 (-17% in Miami to -58% in Los Angeles), and are generally consistent with long-term trends of bottom-up inventories (-25% in Miami to -49% in Los Angeles), but there are some interannual discrepancies. City-specific NOX-to-CO2 emission ratios, used to calculate inferred CO2, are estimated through annual bottom-up inventories of NOX and CO2 emissions disaggregated to 1 × 1 km2 resolution. Over the study period, NOX-to-CO2 emission ratios have decreased by ~40% nationwide (-24% to -51% for our studied cities), which is attributed to a faster reduction in NOX when compared to CO2 due to policy regulations and fuel type shifts. Combining top-down NOX emissions and bottom-up NOX-to-CO2 emission ratios, annual fossil-fuel CO2 emissions are derived. Inferred OMI-based top-down CO2 emissions trends vary between +7% in Dallas to -31% in Phoenix. For 2017, we report annual fossil-fuel CO2 emissions to be: Los Angeles 113 ± 49 Tg/yr; New York City 144 ± 62 Tg/yr; and Chicago 55 ± 24 Tg/yr. A study in the Los Angeles area, using independent methods, reported a 2013-2016 average CO2 emissions rate of 104 Tg/yr and 120 Tg/yr, which suggests that the CO2 emissions from our method are in good agreement with other studies' top-down estimates. We anticipate future remote sensing instruments - with better spatial and temporal resolution - will better constrain the NOX-to-CO2 ratio and reduce the uncertainty in our method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Goldberg
- Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA; Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Zifeng Lu
- Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA; Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tomohiro Oda
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR), University Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA; Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Lok N Lamsal
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR), University Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA; Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR), University Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA; Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Debora Griffin
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris A McLinden
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nickolay A Krotkov
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Bryan N Duncan
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - David G Streets
- Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA; Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Goldberg DL, Lu Z, Streets DG, de Foy B, Griffin D, McLinden CA, Lamsal LN, Krotkov NA, Eskes H. Enhanced Capabilities of TROPOMI NO 2: Estimating NO X from North American Cities and Power Plants. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:12594-12601. [PMID: 31601103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) is used to derive top-down NOX emissions for two large power plants and three megacities in North America. We first re-process the vertical column NO2 with an improved air mass factor to correct for a known systematic low bias in the operational retrieval near urban centers. For the two power plants, top-down NOX emissions agree to within 10% of the emissions reported by the power plants. We then derive top-down NOX emissions rates for New York City, Chicago, and Toronto, and compare them to projected bottom-up emissions inventories. In this analysis of 2018 NOX emissions, we find a +22% overestimate for New York City, a -21% underestimate in Toronto, and good agreement in Chicago in the projected bottom-up inventories when compared to the top-down emissions. Top-down NOX emissions also capture intraseasonal variability, such as the weekday versus weekend effect (emissions are +45% larger on weekdays versus weekends in Chicago). Finally, we demonstrate the enhanced capabilities of TROPOMI, which allow us to derive a NOX emissions rate for Chicago using a single overpass on July 7, 2018. The large signal-to-noise ratio of TROPOMI is well-suited for estimating NOX emissions from relatively small sources and for sub-seasonal timeframes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Goldberg
- Energy Systems Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , George Washington University , Washington , DC 20052 , United States
| | - Zifeng Lu
- Energy Systems Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - David G Streets
- Energy Systems Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Benjamin de Foy
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri 63108 , United States
| | - Debora Griffin
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Chris A McLinden
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Lok N Lamsal
- University Space Research Association, Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR) , Columbia , Maryland 21046 , United States
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 20770 , United States
| | - Nickolay A Krotkov
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 20770 , United States
| | - Henk Eskes
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) , De Bilt 3730 AE , The Netherlands
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17
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Goldberg DL, Landy JA, Travis J, Springer MS, Reznick DN. In love and war: The morphometric and phylogenetic basis of ornamentation, and the evolution of male display behavior, in the livebearer genus
Poecilia. Evolution 2019; 73:360-377. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Goldberg
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics Section, School of Biological Sciences Illinois State University Normal Illinois 61761
- Department of Biology University of California Riverside California 92521
| | - Joseph A. Landy
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306
| | - Mark S. Springer
- Department of Biology University of California Riverside California 92521
| | - David N. Reznick
- Department of Biology University of California Riverside California 92521
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18
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Yezhov VV, Goldberg DL, Grigorev PE, Mizin VI, Olenchuk AV, Vasilieva IV. [The modular strategy for the informational support of medical activities based at the spa and health resort facilities under conditions of infrastructure deficit]. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult 2017; 94:34-39. [PMID: 29376973 DOI: 10.17116/kurort201794534-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Crimean peninsula, by virtue of its unique geographical conditions, has a variety of natural resources providing a basis for the maintenance of the health resort activities in the region. However, most local health centers suffer from the chronic and difficultly avoidable in the short term problems with logistical support, including the shortage of computers and the lack of modern network infrastructure. This circumstance limits the deployment capabilities of high-grade medical information systems for the automation of all components of the activity of health resorts and the significant improvement of the performance of other aspects of their work, such as efficient patient routing, workflow optimization, limiting the opportunities for the realization of certain corruption schemes by the staff. We have studied the routing of patients and the associated document flow in a number of Crimean spa and health resort facilities (sanatoriums). As a result, the basic work places at which information contained in the documents is undergoing changes were identified. Based on these data, the basic (modular) concept of the development of medical information system was formulated. According to the principle of modularity, the structure of the information system has been modified and optimized. The stages of implementation of this approach at various levels of logistic facilities were described, defined and justified. The key feature of the proposed system consists in that even the minimal equipment of computing infrastructure units (starting from a single workplace, such as a «medical receptionist») may be sufficient to achieve the significant degree of automation in the workflow, provide monitoring and analysis of the medical records of the spa and health resort facilities. By gradually increasing the number of related automated workplaces and modules, it is possible to expand the capabilities of the system up to the full automation of a given health resort facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Yezhov
- I.M. Sechenov Academic Research Institute of Physical Methods of Treatment
| | | | - P E Grigorev
- V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University.,Tyumen State University
| | - V I Mizin
- I.M. Sechenov Academic Research Institute of Physical Methods of Treatment
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19
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Goldberg DL, Vinciguerra TP, Anderson DC, Hembeck L, Canty TP, Ehrman SH, Martins DK, Stauffer RM, Thompson AM, Salawitch RJ, Dickerson RR. CAMx Ozone Source Attribution in the Eastern United States using Guidance from Observations during DISCOVER-AQ Maryland. Geophys Res Lett 2016; 43:2249-2258. [PMID: 29618849 PMCID: PMC5880053 DOI: 10.1002/2015gl067332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A Comprehensive Air-Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) version 6.10 simulation was assessed through comparison with data acquired during NASA's 2011 DISCOVER-AQ Maryland field campaign. Comparisons for the baseline simulation (CB05 chemistry, EPA 2011 National Emissions Inventory) show a model overestimate of NOy by +86.2% and an underestimate of HCHO by -28.3%. We present a new model framework (CB6r2 chemistry, MEGAN v2.1 biogenic emissions, 50% reduction in mobile NOx, enhanced representation of isoprene nitrates) that better matches observations. The new model framework attributes 31.4% more surface ozone in Maryland to electric generating units (EGUs) and 34.6% less ozone to on-road mobile sources. Surface ozone becomes more NOx-limited throughout the eastern United States compared to the baseline simulation. The baseline model therefore likely underestimates the effectiveness of anthropogenic NOx reductions as well as the current contribution of EGUs to surface ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Goldberg
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 860 424 6851. (D. L. Goldberg)
| | - Timothy P. Vinciguerra
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel C. Anderson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Linda Hembeck
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Timothy P. Canty
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sheryl H. Ehrman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Douglas K. Martins
- Department of Meteorology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ryan M. Stauffer
- Department of Meteorology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Anne M. Thompson
- Department of Meteorology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 614, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Ross J. Salawitch
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Russell R. Dickerson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Stauffer RM, Thompson AM, Martins DK, Clark RD, Goldberg DL, Loughner CP, Delgado R, Dickerson RR, Stehr JW, Tzortziou MA. Bay breeze influence on surface ozone at Edgewood, MD during July 2011. J Atmos Chem 2015; 72:335-353. [PMID: 26692594 PMCID: PMC4665832 DOI: 10.1007/s10874-012-9241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Surface ozone (O3) was analyzed to investigate the role of the bay breeze on air quality at two locations in Edgewood, Maryland (lat: 39.4°, lon: -76.3°) for the month of July 2011. Measurements were taken as part of the first year of NASA's "Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality" (DISCOVER-AQ) Earth Venture campaign and as part of NASA's Geostationary for Coastal and Air Pollution Events Chesapeake Bay Oceanographic campaign with DISCOVER-AQ (Geo-CAPE CBODAQ). Geo-CAPE CBODAQ complements DISCOVER-AQ by providing ship-based observations over the Chesapeake Bay. A major goal of DISCOVER-AQ is determining the relative roles of sources, photochemistry and local meteorology during air quality events in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. Surface characteristics, transport and vertical structures of O3 during bay breezes were identified using in-situ surface, balloon and aircraft data, along with remote sensing equipment. Localized late day peaks in O3 were observed during bay breeze days, maximizing an average of 3 h later compared to days without bay breezes. Of the 10 days of July 2011 that violated the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 8 h O3 standard of 75 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) at Edgewood, eight exhibited evidence of a bay breeze circulation. The results indicate that while bay breezes and the processes associated with them are not necessary to cause exceedances in this area, bay breezes exacerbate poor air quality that sustains into the late evening hours at Edgewood. The vertical and horizontal distributions of O3 from the coastal Edgewood area to the bay also show large gradients that are often determined by boundary layer stability. Thus, developing air quality models that can sufficiently resolve these dynamics and associated chemistry, along with more consistent monitoring of O3 and meteorology on and along the complex coastline of Chesapeake Bay must be a high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Stauffer
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Anne M. Thompson
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Douglas K. Martins
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Richard D. Clark
- Department of Earth Sciences, Millersville University, Millersville, PA 17551 USA
| | - Daniel L. Goldberg
- Department of Atmospheric and Ocean Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Christopher P. Loughner
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - Ruben Delgado
- Joint Center of Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA
| | - Russell R. Dickerson
- Department of Atmospheric and Ocean Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Stehr
- Department of Atmospheric and Ocean Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Maria A. Tzortziou
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
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Purdy KS, Dwyer JT, Holland M, Goldberg DL, Dinardo J. You are what you eat: healthy food choices, nutrition, and the child with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatr Nurs 1996; 22:391-8. [PMID: 9087070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) often experience nutrition related concerns. Growth abnormalities are common. Protein-calorie malnutrition and inadequate intake of other nutrients result from aspects of the disease process, treatment (including drug treatment), and dietary choices. Mechanical feeding difficulties can also compromise adequate intake. Because nursing assessments usually explore eating habits and family issues, the registered nurse is in a good position to identify nutrition concerns, to provide intervention recommendations, or to act as a referral source.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Purdy
- Hospital of Saint Raphael in New Haven, CT, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Goldberg
- Shriver Center University Affiliated Program, Waltham, Mass 02154, USA
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Dale E, Goldberg DL. Implications of nutrition in athletes' menstrual cycle irregularities. Can J Appl Sport Sci 1982; 7:74-8. [PMID: 7105374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A study of the nutritional intake of 75 healthy females 16-43 years of age was conducted. The purpose of the study was to attempt to determine relationships between diet, body fat, exercise, menstrual patterns and specific lipoproteins. Serum multiple analyses, skinfold measurements and menstrual histories were generated on all subjects. A four day self-recorded diet diary was completed by all subjects. Nutrient intake was computer analyzed and evaluated using one-way analysis of covariance and regression coefficients. Analysis of the data revealed a statistically significant relationship between exercise and serum high density lipoprotein (P less than 0.05). Findings indicated no strong evidence that any of the specific dietary variables studied or percent body fat influences high density lipoprotein. The relationships between diet, body fat and exercise associated menstrual cycle alteration in the same subjects showed no significant relationships and requires further study.
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