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Zhang J, Cao G, Wang W, Qiao H, Chen Y, Wang X, Wang F, Liu W, Cai Z. Stable isotope-assisted mass spectrometry reveals in vivo distribution, metabolism, and excretion of tire rubber-derived 6PPD-quinone in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169291. [PMID: 38104817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) has been identified as a ubiquitous contaminant in the surrounding locality, including air particles, roadside soils, dust, and water. Recently, the prevalence of 6PPD-Q in human urine has accentuated the urgency for investigating its biological fate. To address this, we conducted a stable isotope-assisted high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) assay to unveil the distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicokinetic properties of this contaminant in a mouse model. Mice were fed with a single dose of deuterated 6PPD-Q-d5 at human-relevant exposure levels. Results indicated that 6PPD-Q was quickly assimilated and distributed into bloodstream and main organs of mice, with the concentrations reaching peaks under 1 h following administration. Notably, 6PPD-Q was primarily distributed in the adipose tissue, marked by a significant Cmax (p < 0.05), followed by the kidney, lung, testis, liver, spleen, heart, and muscle. In addition, our measurement demonstrated that 6PPD-Q can penetrate the blood-brain barrier of mice within 0.5 h after exposure. The half-lives (t1/2) of 6PPD-Q in serum, lung, kidney, and spleen of mice were measured at 12.7 ± 0.3 h, 20.7 ± 1.4 h, 21.6 ± 5.3 h, and 20.6 ± 2.8 h, respectively. Using HRMS combined with isotope tracing techniques, two novel hydroxylated metabolites of 6PPD-Q in the mice liver were identified for the first time, which provides new insights into its rapid elimination in-vivo. Meanwhile, fecal excretion was identified as the main excretory pathway for 6PPD-Q and its hydroxylated metabolites. Collectively, our findings extend the current knowledge on the biological fate and exposure status of 6PPD-Q in a mouse model, which has the potential to be extrapolated to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Guodong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Han Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Fuyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wenlan Liu
- The Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong.
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Yi S, Wang J, Wang R, Liu M, Zhong W, Zhu L, Jiang G. Structure-Related Thyroid Disrupting Effect of Perfluorooctanesulfonate-like Substances in Zebrafish Larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:182-193. [PMID: 38156633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Chlorinated polyfluorooctane ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA), hydrogenated polyfluorooctane ether sulfonate (6:2 H-PFESA), and chlorinated polyfluorooctanesulfonate (Cl-PFOS) share structural similarities with the regulated perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), but their toxic potential is rarely known. Here, the thyroid disrupting potential of these four compounds in zebrafish larvae has been comparably investigated. PFOS, Cl-PFOS, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA were accumulated in the larvae at similar levels, approximately 1.3-1.6 times higher than 6:2 H-PFESA. Additionally, PFOS, Cl-PFOS, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA exhibited stronger disruption than 6:2 H-PFESA on genetic regulation, particularly concerning thyroid hormone (TH) activation and action and on TH homeostasis in both free and total forms of thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3). These results indicate that chlorination or oxygen insertion does not substantially alter the thyrotoxicity of PFOS, but hydrogenation mitigates it. Molecular docking analysis and the luciferase reporter gene assay provided mechanistic perspectives that the PFOS-like substances could competitively replace THs to bind with TH plasma and membrane transporters, thereby disrupting TH transport and action, respectively. Moreover, they are also potent to disrupt TH synthesis and activation through Na+/K+-dependent transport of I- or competitive binding to the sites of deiodinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Yi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Rouyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenjue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Renyer A, Ravindra K, Wetmore BA, Ford JL, DeVito M, Hughes MF, Wehmas LC, MacMillan DK. Dose Response, Dosimetric, and Metabolic Evaluations of Replacement PFAS Perfluoro-(2,5,8-trimethyl-3,6,9-trioxadodecanoic) Acid (HFPO-TeA). TOXICS 2023; 11:951. [PMID: 38133352 PMCID: PMC10747602 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Few studies are available on the environmental and toxicological effects of perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (PFECAs), such as GenX, which are replacing legacy PFAS in manufacturing processes. To collect initial data on the toxicity and toxicokinetics of a longer-chain PFECA, male and female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to perfluoro-(2,5,8-trimethyl-3,6,9-trioxadodecanoic) acid (HFPO-TeA) by oral gavage for five days over multiple dose levels (0.3-335.2 mg/kg/day). Clinically, we observed mortality at doses >17 mg/kg/day and body weight changes at doses ≤17 mg/kg/day. For the 17 mg/kg/day dose level, T3 and T4 thyroid hormone concentrations were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) from controls and HFPO-TeA plasma concentrations were significantly different between sexes. Non-targeted analysis of plasma and in vitro hepatocyte assay extractions revealed the presence of another GenX oligomer, perfluoro-(2,5-dimethyl-3,6-dioxanonanoic) acid (HFPO-TA). In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) parameterized with in vitro toxicokinetic data predicted steady-state blood concentrations that were within seven-fold of those observed in the in vivo study, demonstrating reasonable predictivity. The evidence of thyroid hormone dysregulation, sex-based differences in clinical results and dosimetry, and IVIVE predictions presented here suggest that the replacement PFECA HFPO-TeA induces a complex and toxic exposure response in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aero Renyer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA;
| | - Krishna Ravindra
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA;
| | - Barbara A. Wetmore
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.W.); (J.L.F.); (M.D.); (M.F.H.); (L.C.W.)
| | - Jermaine L. Ford
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.W.); (J.L.F.); (M.D.); (M.F.H.); (L.C.W.)
| | - Michael DeVito
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.W.); (J.L.F.); (M.D.); (M.F.H.); (L.C.W.)
| | - Michael F. Hughes
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.W.); (J.L.F.); (M.D.); (M.F.H.); (L.C.W.)
| | - Leah C. Wehmas
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.W.); (J.L.F.); (M.D.); (M.F.H.); (L.C.W.)
| | - Denise K. MacMillan
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Durham, NC 27709, USA; (B.A.W.); (J.L.F.); (M.D.); (M.F.H.); (L.C.W.)
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Liang LX, Liang J, Li QQ, Zeeshan M, Zhang Z, Jin N, Lin LZ, Wu LY, Sun MK, Tan WH, Zhou Y, Chu C, Hu LW, Liu RQ, Zeng XW, Yu Y, Dong GH. Early life exposure to F-53B induces neurobehavioral changes in developing children and disturbs dopamine-dependent synaptic signaling in weaning mice. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 181:108272. [PMID: 37890264 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that F-53B exposure may be neurotoxic to animals, but there is a lack of epidemiological evidence, and its mechanism needs further investigation. METHODS Serum F-53B concentrations and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were evaluated in 314 growing children from Guangzhou, China, and the association between them were analyzed. To study the developmental neurotoxicity of F-53B, experiments on sucking mice exposed via placental transfer and breast milk was performed. Maternal mice were orally exposed to 4, 40, and 400 μg/L of F-53B from postnatal day 0 (GD0) to postnatal day 21 (PND 21). Several genes and proteins related to neurodevelopment, dopamine anabolism, and synaptic plasticity were examined by qPCR and western blot, respectively, while dopamine contents were detected by ELISA kit in weaning mice. RESULTS The result showed that F-53B was positively associated with poor WCST performance. For example, with an interquartile range increase in F-53B, the change with 95 % confidence interval (CI) of correct response (CR), and non-perseverative errors (NPE) was -2.47 (95 % CI: -3.89, -1.05, P = 0.001), 2.78 (95 % CI: 0.79, 4.76, P = 0.007), respectively. Compared with the control group, the highest exposure group of weaning mice had a longer escape latency (35.24 s vs. 51.18 s, P = 0.034) and a lesser distance movement (34.81 % vs. 21.02 %, P < 0.001) in the target quadrant, as observed from morris water maze (MWM) test. The protein expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) levels were decreased, as compared to control (0.367-fold, P < 0.001; 0.366-fold, P < 0.001; respectively). We also observed the upregulation of dopamine transporter (DAT) (2.940-fold, P < 0.001) consistent with the trend of dopamine content (1.313-fold, P < 0.001) in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION Early life exposure to F-53B is associated with adverse neurobehavioral changes in developing children and weaning mice which may be modulated by dopamine-dependent synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Department of Child Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Qing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mohammed Zeeshan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Zheqing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanxiang Jin
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Science, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Li-Zi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lu-Yin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ming-Kun Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wei-Hong Tan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Chu Chu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ru-Qing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Tu W, Wang Q, Liu S, Zhang M, Wu Y, Mai B. Bioaccumulation, tissue distribution, and maternal transfer of novel PFOS alternatives (6:2 Cl-PFESA and OBS) in wild freshwater fish from Poyang Lake, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139253. [PMID: 37331668 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
As emerging alternatives to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA) and sodium p-perfluorous nonenox-benzenesulfonate (OBS) were frequently detected in the four freshwater fish species collected from Poyang Lake. Median concentrations of 6:2 Cl-PFESA and OBS in fish tissues were 0.046-6.0 and 0.46-5.1 ng/g wet weight, respectively. The highest concentrations of 6:2 Cl-PFESA was found in fish livers, whereas OBS was found in the pancreas, brain, gonads, and skin. The tissue distribution pattern of 6:2 Cl-PFESA is similar to that of PFOS. The tissue/liver ratios of OBS were higher than those of PFOS, suggesting that OBS has a greater tendency to transfer from the liver to other tissues. The logarithmic bioaccumulation factors (log BAFs) of 6:2 Cl-PFESA in three carnivorous fish species were greater than 3.7, whereas those of OBS were less than 3.7, indicating that 6:2 Cl-PFESA had a strong bioaccumulation potential. Notably, sex- and tissue-specific bioaccumulation of OBS has also been observed in catfish. Most tissues (except the gonads) exhibited higher OBS concentrations in males than in females. However, no differences were found for 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFOS. Maternal transfer efficiency of OBS was higher than that of 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFOS in catfish (p < 0.05), indicating that OBS presents a higher risk of exposure to males and offspring through maternal offloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiandong Wang
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China; Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China.
| | - Xinghui Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Wenqing Tu
- School of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Qiyu Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Yongming Wu
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China; Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Chen Z, Zhan X, Zhang J, Diao J, Su C, Sun Q, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Bi R, Ye M, Wang T. Bioaccumulation and risk mitigation of legacy and novel perfluoroalkyl substances in seafood: Insights from trophic transfer and cooking method. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 177:108023. [PMID: 37301048 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have widespread application in industrial and civil areas due to their unique physical and chemical properties. With the increasingly stringent regulations of legacy PFAS, various novel alternatives have been developed and applied to meet the market demand. Legacy and novel PFAS pose potential threats to the ecological safety of coastal areas, however, little is known about their accumulation and transfer mechanism, especially after cooking treatment. This study investigated the biomagnification and trophic transfer characteristics of PFAS in seafood from the South China Sea, and assessed their health risks after cooking. Fifteen target PFAS were all detected in the samples, of which perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was dominant with concentrations ranging from 0.76 to 4.12 ng/g ww. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) > 1 were observed for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (F-53B), indicating that these compounds experienced trophic magnification in the food web. The effects of different cooking styles on PFAS occurrence were further explored and the results suggested that ΣPFAS concentrations increased in most organisms after baking, while ΣPFAS amounts decreased basically after boiling and frying. Generally, there is a low health risk of exposure to PFAS when cooked seafood is consumed. This work provided quantitative evidence that cooking methods altered PFAS in seafood. Further, suggestions to mitigate the health risks of consuming PFAS-contaminated seafood were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xinyi Zhan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Academic of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Jieyi Diao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Chuanghong Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Qiongping Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Academic of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Ran Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Mai Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Academic of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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Chen L, Xie Y, Li M, Mortimer M, Li F, Guo LH. Toxicological Mechanisms of Emerging Per-/poly-fluoroalkyl Substances: Focusing on Transcriptional Activity and Gene Expression Disruption. Toxicology 2023:153566. [PMID: 37263573 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and human monitoring studies have witnessed increasing occurrence of emerging per-/poly-fluoroalkyl substances (ePFASs) worldwide. Three classes of ePFASs, namely chlorinated polyfluoroalkylether sulfonic acids, hexafluoropropylene oxide homologues and short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids attracted the most attention. It is, therefore, the goal of this review to systematically and critically analyse the toxicity and toxicological mechanisms of these ePFASs based on the papers published between 2017 and 2022. The review summarized the main findings from both in vivo and in vitro studies, covering the hepatotoxicity of ePFASs and their interference with the endocrine system, including reproductive, developmental and thyroid toxicity. It also summarized the changes in gene expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis of the model organisms after ePFASs exposure. The changes in gene expression in vitro and in vivo provide a clearer understanding of the toxicological mechanisms of ePFASs interference on hormonal levels (i.e., estradiol, testosterone, and thyroid hormones), developmental disturbance (e.g., swim bladder dysfunction) and lipid metabolism disruption (e.g., lipid droplet accumulation and hepatomegaly). In the end, future research directions on the toxicological mechanisms of ePFASs are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310018, China; Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310018, China.
| | - Yue Xie
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310018, China; Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310018, China.
| | - Minjie Li
- College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310018, China.
| | - Monika Mortimer
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310018, China; College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310018, China.
| | - Fangfang Li
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310018, China; College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310018, China.
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310018, China; College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310018, China.
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8
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Rupp J, Guckert M, Berger U, Drost W, Mader A, Nödler K, Nürenberg G, Schulze J, Söhlmann R, Reemtsma T. Comprehensive target analysis and TOP assay of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in wild boar livers indicate contamination hot-spots in the environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:162028. [PMID: 36740073 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The suitability of wild boar liver as a bioindicator of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the terrestrial environment was investigated. Samples from 50 animals in three different areas associated with (1) contaminated paper sludges distributed on arable land (PS), (2) industrial emissions of PFAS (IE) and (3) background contamination (BC) were analyzed for 66 PFAS, including legacy PFAS, novel substitutes and precursors of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). Additionally, the Total Oxidizable Precursor (TOP) assay was performed to determine the formation potential of PFAAs from precursors. In total, 31 PFAS were detected with site-specific contamination profiles. PFAS concentrations in livers from area PS and IE (567 and 944 μg kg-1 wet weight, respectively) were multiple times higher than from area BC (120 μg kg-1). The dominating PFAS were the legacy compounds perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in areas PS and BC (426 and 82 μg kg-1, respectively) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in area IE (650 μg kg-1). In area IE, the compounds 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid (DONA) and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) - which are used as substitutes for PFOA - were determined at 15 and 0.29 μg kg-1, respectively. The formation potential of PFAAs was highest in area PS, but generally lower than the contamination with PFAAs. The pattern of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in wild boar liver reflects the contamination of the local soil at the two hot-spot areas IE and PS. This first comparison of PFAS contamination between wild boars and soil suggests that wild boar livers are suitable bioindicators for PFAS contamination in the terrestrial environment. Moreover, in terrestrial samples from area IE, legacy PFAS were found to be retained for a longer period as compared to riverine samples (suspended particulate matter and chub filet).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Rupp
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Marc Guckert
- TZW: DVGW Water Technology Center, Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Urs Berger
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wiebke Drost
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06813 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Anneluise Mader
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Nödler
- TZW: DVGW Water Technology Center, Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Gudrun Nürenberg
- TZW: DVGW Water Technology Center, Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jona Schulze
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06813 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Reiner Söhlmann
- District Office Rastatt, Office for Environment and Commercial Operator Inspection, Am Schlossplatz 5, 76437 Rastatt, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04301 Leipzig, Germany.
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9
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Jin B, Liu H, Che S, Gao J, Yu Y, Liu J, Men Y. Substantial defluorination of polychlorofluorocarboxylic acids triggered by anaerobic microbial hydrolytic dechlorination. NATURE WATER 2023; 1:451-461. [PMID: 38405335 PMCID: PMC10888525 DOI: 10.1038/s44221-023-00077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Chlorinated polyfluorocarboxylic acids (Cl-PFCAs) derived from the widely used chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) polymers and oligomers may enter and influence the aquatic environment. Here, we report significant defluorination of Cl-PFCAs by an anaerobic microbial community via novel pathways triggered by anaerobic microbial dechlorination. Cl-PFCAs first underwent microbial reductive, hydrolytic, and eliminative dechlorination, and it was the hydrolytic dechlorination that led to significant spontaneous defluorination. Hydrolytic dechlorination was favored with increased Cl-substitutions. An isolated, highly enriched anaerobic defluorinating culture was dominated by two genomes closest to Desulfovibrio aminophilus and Sporomusa sphaeroides, both of which exhibited active defluorination of CTFE tetramer acid. It implies the critical role played by anaerobic non-respiratory hydrolytic dechlorination in the fate of chlorinated polyfluoro-chemicals in natural and engineered water environments. The greatly enhanced biodegradability by Cl-substitutions also sheds light on the design of cost-effective treatment biotechnologies, as well as alternative PFAS that are readily biodegradable and less toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosen Jin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, United States
| | - Huaqing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, United States
| | - Shun Che
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Jinyu Gao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, United States
| | - Yaochun Yu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Jinyong Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, United States
| | - Yujie Men
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
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10
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Hu J, Lyu Y, Chen H, Cai L, Li J, Cao X, Sun W. Integration of target, suspect, and nontarget screening with risk modeling for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances prioritization in surface waters. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119735. [PMID: 36801580 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Though thousands of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been on the global market, most research focused on only a small fraction, potentially resulting in underestimated environmental risks. Here, we used complementary target, suspect, and nontarget screening for quantifying and identifying the target and nontarget PFAS, respectively, and developed a risk model considering their specific properties to prioritize the PFAS in surface waters. Thirty-three PFAS were identified in surface water in the Chaobai river, Beijing. The suspect and nontarget screening by Orbitrap displayed a sensitivity of > 77%, indicating its good performance in identifying the PFAS in samples. We used triple quadrupole (QqQ) under multiple-reaction monitoring for quantifying PFAS with authentic standards due to its potentially high sensitivity. To quantify the nontarget PFAS without authentic standards, we trained a random forest regression model which presented the differences up to only 2.7 times between measured and predicted response factors (RFs). The maximum/minimum RF in each PFAS class was as high as 1.2-10.0 in Orbitrap and 1.7-22.3 in QqQ. A risk-based prioritization approach was developed to rank the identified PFAS, and four PFAS (i.e., perfluorooctanoic acid, hydrogenated perfluorohexanoic acid, bistriflimide, 6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid) were flagged with high priority (risk index > 0.1) for remediation and management. Our study highlighted the importance of a quantification strategy during environmental scrutiny of PFAS, especially for nontarget PFAS without standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrun Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yitao Lyu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Leilei Cai
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Cao
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
| | - Weiling Sun
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China.
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11
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Feng X, Yi S, Shan G, Chen X, Yang Y, Yang L, Jia Y, Zhu Y, Zhu L. Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in the environment compartments near a mega fluorochemical industry: Implication of specific behaviors and emission estimation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130473. [PMID: 36455325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With the stringent restrictions on long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), ether-PFASs are being widely used as alternatives. We estimated that the mega fluorochemical industrial park (FIP) in Shandong, China, had emitted a maximum of 5040 kg and 1026 kg of hexafluoropropylene oxides (HFPOs), and 7560 kg and 1890 kg of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to water and air during 2021. In the surface water, groundwater, outdoor dust, soil, tree leaf and bark collected in the vicinity of the FIP, PFOA was predominant, followed by HFPOs. The much higher percentage of HFPO dimer acid (HFPO-DA) in groundwater than in surface water verified that this compound was more mobile in porous media. The strong correlations between the main PFASs in outdoor dust and surface soil suggested that the soil PFASs were mainly derived from air deposition, particularly for HFPO trimer acid (HFPO-TA), which has a stronger binding affinity with particles than PFOA. High percentage of the hydroxylated product of 6:2 polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid was observed in groundwater, implying reductive dechlorination might occur in groundwater. Strong correlations between PFASs in outdoor dust and those in tree leaf and bark magnified that tree could serve as a sampler to effectively monitor airborne PFASs. This study provides the first line of information about the discharge, transport, and fate of novel ether-PFASs in the multiple environmental media near a point source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Shujun Yi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guoqiang Shan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yibo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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12
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Liang X, Zhou J, Yang X, Jiao W, Wang T, Zhu L. Disclosing the bioaccumulation and biomagnification behaviors of emerging per/polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic food web based on field investigation and model simulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130566. [PMID: 36502721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Emerging poly/perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been widely detected in the environment, but their bioaccumulation and biomagnification behaviors are not well understood. We collected surface water, sediment, and various aquatic organisms from Lake Taihu, China. Several emerging PFASs, such as fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSs), hexafluoropropylene oxides (HFPOs), and chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids (Cl-PFESAs) were frequently detected in water and sediment samples. The concentrations of HFPO trimer acid (HFPO-TA), 4,8-dioxa-3 H-per-fluorononanoate, and FTSs were remarkably higher than those reported previously, indicating that their application is increasing in Taihu Basin. These emerging PFASs displayed higher sediment/water partitioning coefficients (log Koc) than the corresponding perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) with the same perfluorinated carbon chain length. HFPOs and Cl-PFESAs were more labile to deposit in fish livers than perfluorooctanoic and perfluorooctane sulfonic acids, respectively. Both field investigations and model simulations indicated that HFPO-TA and Cl-PFESAs, as well as the hydrogen-substituted analogs of 6:2 Cl-PFESA (6:2 H-PFESA), were biomagnified along the aquatic food chain. The bioaccumulation model simulation revealed that the accumulation of these emerging PFASs in fish was mainly through dietary intake, whereas gill respiration and fecal excretion facilitated their elimination. Metabolic transformation might also contribute to their elimination relative to the legacy ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Liang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China.
| | - Xinyi Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Wenqing Jiao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
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13
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Kolanczyk RC, Saley MR, Serrano JA, Daley SM, Tapper MA. PFAS Biotransformation Pathways: A Species Comparison Study. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11010074. [PMID: 36668800 PMCID: PMC9862377 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Limited availability of fish metabolic pathways for PFAS may lead to risk assessments with inherent uncertainties based only upon the parent chemical or the assumption that the biodegradation or mammalian metabolism map data will serve as an adequate surrogate. A rapid and transparent process, utilizing a recently created database of systematically collected information for fish, mammals, poultry, plant, earthworm, sediment, sludge, bacteria, and fungus using data evaluation tools in the previously described metabolism pathway software system MetaPath, is presented. The fish metabolism maps for 10 PFAS, heptadecafluorooctyl(tridecafluorohexyl)phosphinic acid (C6/C8 PFPiA), bis(perfluorooctyl)phosphinic acid (C8/C8 PFPiA), 2-[(6-chloro-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-dodecafluorohexyl)oxy]-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA), N-Ethylperfluorooctane-1-sulfonamide (Sulfuramid; N-EtFOSA), N-Ethyl Perfluorooctane Sulfonamido Ethanol phosphate diester (SAmPAP), Perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA), 8:2 Fluorotelomer phosphate diester (8:2 diPAP), 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (8:2 FTOH), 10:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (10:2 FTOH), and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), were compared across multiple species and systems. The approach demonstrates how comparisons of metabolic maps across species are aided by considering the sample matrix in which metabolites were quantified for each species, differences in analytical methods used to identify metabolites in each study, and the relative amounts of metabolites quantified. Overall, the pathways appear to be well conserved across species and systems. For PFAS lacking a fish metabolism study, a composite map consisting of all available maps would serve as the best basis for metabolite prediction. This emphasizes the importance and utility of collating metabolism into a searchable database such as that created in this effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Kolanczyk
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Megan R. Saley
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Jose A. Serrano
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Sara M. Daley
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Mark A. Tapper
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
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14
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He A, Liang Y, Li F, Lu Y, Liu C, Li J, Zhou Z, Zhu N, Liao C, Wang Y, Jiang G. Vital Environmental Sources for Multitudinous Fluorinated Chemicals: New Evidence from Industrial Byproducts in Multienvironmental Matrices in a Fluorochemical Manufactory. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16789-16800. [PMID: 36354080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Direct emissions from fluorochemical manufactory are an important source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to the environment. In this study, a wide range of PFASs, including 8 legacy PFASs, 8 long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), and 40 emerging PFASs, were investigated through a target screening in multienvironmental matrices from a fluorochemical manufactory in China. Indoor dust was the most polluted matrix, wherein 52 PFASs were detected, and the median concentration of long-chain PFCA was 276 ng/g. A high level of short-chain PFAS in total suspended particles (median concentration = 416 ng/m3) and the effluent in the manufactory (Σ48PFAS = 212 μg/L) will undoubtedly increase the burden on the surrounding environment. Twenty-four industrial byproducts were ascertained to be generated during the electrochemical fluorination (ECF) process, and eight fluorinated alternatives were considered to be produced during product development. Twelve PFASs were quantified for the first time in the working environments. Perfluoropropane sulfonic acid, perfluoro (2-ethoxyethane) sulfonic acid (PFEESA), and 2-perfluorohexyl ethanoic acid are abundant fluorinated alternatives, with median levels of 1187-17204 ng/g in the dust. Significant positive correlations between ECF-related PFAS products and byproducts indicate that the detected values are strongly connected with the industrial source. Hierarchical cluster analysis further manifests their affiliation. Our findings raise the need for further investigations of emerging PFAS (including the first report of PFAS, such as PFEESA, in the environment) which may be released during the production process in the fluorochemical manufactories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anen He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Feifei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yao Lu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Nali Zhu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Guo J, Zhou J, Liu S, Shen L, Liang X, Wang T, Zhu L. Underlying Mechanisms for Low-Molecular-Weight Dissolved Organic Matter to Promote Translocation and Transformation of Chlorinated Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Sulfonate in Wheat. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15617-15626. [PMID: 36272151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) such as fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) in soil considerably affects the fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). However, the effect of DOM on their behavior in plants remains unclear. Herein, hydroponic experiments indicate that FA and HA reduce the accumulation of an emerging PFAS of high concern, 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA), in wheat roots by reducing its bioavailability in the solution. Nevertheless, FA with low molecular weight (MW) promotes its absorption and translocation from the roots to the shoots by stimulating the activity and the related genes of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase, whereas high-MW HA shows the opposite effect. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro experiments indicate that 6:2 Cl-PFESA undergoes reductive dechlorination, which is regulated mainly using nitrate reductase and glutathione transferase. HA and FA, particularly the latter, promote the dechlorination of 6:2 Cl-PFESA in wheat by enhancing electron transfer efficiency and superoxide production. Transcriptomic analysis indicates that FA also stimulates catalytic activity, cation binding, and oxidoreductase activity, facilitating 6:2 Cl-PFESA transformation in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi712100, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi712100, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi712100, P. R. China
| | - Siqian Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi712100, P. R. China
| | - Lina Shen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi712100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Liang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi712100, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi712100, P. R. China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi712100, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi712100, P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi712100, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang, Shaanxi712100, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, P. R. China
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Yi S, Morson N, Edwards EA, Yang D, Liu R, Zhu L, Mabury SA. Anaerobic Microbial Dechlorination of 6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluorooctane Ether Sulfonate and the Underlying Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:907-916. [PMID: 34978445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The microbial transformation potential of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorooctane ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) was explored in anaerobic microbial systems. Microbial communities from anaerobic wastewater sludge, an anaerobic digester, and anaerobic dechlorinating cultures enriched from aquifer materials reductively dechlorinated 6:2 Cl-PFESA to 6:2 hydrogen-substituted polyfluorooctane ether sulfonate (6:2 H-PFESA), which was identified as the sole metabolite by non-target analysis. Rapid and complete reductive dechlorination of 6:2 Cl-PFESA was achieved by the anaerobic dechlorinating cultures. The microbial community of the anaerobic dechlorinating cultures was impacted by 6:2 Cl-PFESA exposure. Organohalide-respiring bacteria originally present in the anaerobic dechlorinating cultures, including Geobacter, Dehalobacter, and Dehalococcoides, decreased in relative abundance over time. As the relative abundance of organohalide-respiring bacteria decreased, the rates of 6:2 Cl-PFESA dechlorination decreased, suggesting that the most likely mechanism for reductive dechlorination of 6:2 Cl-PFESA was co-metabolism rather than organohalide respiration. Reductive defluorination of 6:2 Cl-PFESA was not observed. Furthermore, 6:2 H-PFESA exhibited 5.5 times lower sorption affinity to the suspended biosolids than 6:2 Cl-PFESA, with the prospect of increased mobility in the environment. These results show the susceptibility of 6:2 Cl-PFESA to microbially mediated reductive dechlorination and the likely persistence of the product, 6:2 H-PFESA, in anaerobic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Yi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadia Morson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry and BioZone, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Edwards
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry and BioZone, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Runzeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
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