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Han G, Bu D, Kong R, Huang K, Liu C. Toxic responses of environmental concentrations of bifenthrin in larval freshwater snail Bellamya aeruginosa. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141863. [PMID: 38579955 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Bifenthrin (BF) is ubiquitous in aquatic environments, and studies have indicated that environmental concentrations of BF could cause neurotoxicity and oxidative damage in fish and decrease the abundance of aquatic insects. However, little information is available on the toxicity of BF in freshwater benthic mollusks. Bellamya aeruginosa (B. aeruginosa) is a key benthic fauna species in aquatic ecosystems, and has extremely high economic and ecological values. In this study, larval B. aeruginosa within 24 h of birth were exposed to 0, 30 or 300 ng/L of BF for 30 days, and then the toxic effects from molecular to individual levels were comprehensively evaluated in all the three treatment groups. It was found that BF at 300 ng/L caused the mortality of snails. Furthermore, BF affected snail behaviors, evidenced by reduced crawling distance and crawling speed. The hepatopancreas of snails in the two BF exposure groups showed significant pathological changes, including increase in the number of yellow granules and occurrence of hemocyte infiltration, epithelial cell thinning, and necrosis. The levels of ROS and MDA were significantly increased after exposure to 300 ng/L BF, and the activities of two antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT were increased significantly. GSH content decreased significantly after BF exposure, indicating the occurrence of oxidative damage in snails. Transcriptomic results showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in pathways related to metabolism and neurotoxicity (e.g., oxidative phosphorylation and Parkinson disease), and these results were consistent with those in individual and biochemical levels above. The study indicates that environmental concentration of BF results in decreased survival rates, sluggish behavior, histopathological lesions, oxidative damage, and transcriptomic changes in the larvae of B. aeruginosa. Thus, exposure of larval snails to BF in the wild at concentrations similar to those used in this study might have adverse consequences at the population level. These findings provide a theoretical basis for further assessing the ecological risk of BF to aquatic gastropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixin Han
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dianping Bu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ren Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kai Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Quality and Health, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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2
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Huff Hartz KE, Knaub KJ, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Connon RE, Whitledge GW, Segarra A, Lydy MJ. Using an internal body residue approach to assess acute pesticide toxicity in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123364. [PMID: 38228259 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The use of internal body residues has the potential to improve toxicological assessments of hydrophobic pesticides. The acute toxicity of three classes of pesticides were assessed in juvenile Chinook salmon using internal body residues. Chinook salmon were exposed to two current-use pesticides bifenthrin and fipronil, and 4,4'- dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), which is a degradation product of the legacy pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). After 96-h of aqueous exposure to each pesticide, the pesticide content in whole-body Chinook salmon homogenates was measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with methane negative chemical ionization. The wet-weight (ww) normalized lethal residue at 50% mortality (LR50) was lowest for bifenthrin (0.654 nmol/g ww), followed by fipronil (7.17 nmol/g ww) and the sum of fipronil and its sulfone, sulfide, and desulfinyl degradation products (8.72 nmol/g ww). No lethality was observed for DDE, even at the highest body residue (>116 nmol/g ww). LR50 estimates were also normalized to dry weight and lipid content and compared to field-caught fish to assess risk. The use of a risk quotient approach indicated that bifenthrin imparts the highest risk of acute toxicity in juvenile Chinook salmon among the three pesticides tested. In comparison to external dose metrics, the use of internal body residues has the potential to improve risk assessment by providing a more direct link between pesticide concentration at the receptor site and toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara E Huff Hartz
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Katie J Knaub
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Md Habibullah-Al-Mamun
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA; Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Richard E Connon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Greg W Whitledge
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Amélie Segarra
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
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3
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Anzalone SE, Fuller NW, Hartz KEH, Whitledge GW, Magnuson JT, Schlenk D, Acuña S, Whiles MR, Lydy MJ. The Roles of Diet and Habitat Use in Pesticide Bioaccumulation by Juvenile Chinook Salmon: Insights from Stable Isotopes and Fatty Acid Biomarkers. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 86:234-248. [PMID: 38555540 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-024-01060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Stable isotopes (SI) and fatty acid (FA) biomarkers can provide insights regarding trophic pathways and habitats associated with contaminant bioaccumulation. We assessed relationships between SI and FA biomarkers and published data on concentrations of two pesticides [dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and degradation products (DDX) and bifenthrin] in juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Sacramento River and Yolo Bypass floodplain in Northern California near Sacramento. We also conducted SI and FA analyses of zooplankton and macroinvertebrates to determine whether particular trophic pathways and habitats were associated with elevated pesticide concentrations in fish. Relationships between DDX and both sulfur (δ34S) and carbon (δ13C) SI ratios in salmon indicated that diet is a major exposure route for DDX, particularly for individuals with a benthic detrital energy base. Greater use of a benthic detrital energy base likely accounted for the higher frequency of salmon with DDX concentrations > 60 ng/g dw in the Yolo Bypass compared to the Sacramento River. Chironomid larvae and zooplankton were implicated as prey items likely responsible for trophic transfer of DDX to salmon. Sulfur SI ratios enabled identification of hatchery-origin fish that had likely spent insufficient time in the wild to substantially bioaccumulate DDX. Bifenthrin concentration was unrelated to SI or FA biomarkers in salmon, potentially due to aqueous uptake, biotransformation and elimination of the pesticide, or indistinct biomarker compositions among invertebrates with low and high bifenthrin concentrations. One FA [docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] and DDX were negatively correlated in salmon, potentially due to a greater uptake of DDX from invertebrates with low DHA or effects of DDX on FA metabolism. Trophic biomarkers may be useful indicators of DDX accumulation and effects in juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Sacramento River Delta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Anzalone
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Neil W Fuller
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Kara E Huff Hartz
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Gregory W Whitledge
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Jason T Magnuson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Shawn Acuña
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA
| | - Matt R Whiles
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
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4
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Gross MS, Blazer VS, Hladik ML. Pesticides in small volume plasma samples: Method development and application to smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) from the Chesapeake Bay watershed, USA. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141347. [PMID: 38307336 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Nontarget organisms are exposed to pesticides following applications in agricultural and urban settings, potentially resulting in deleterious effects. Direct measurements of pesticides in biological tissues may aid in characterizing exposure, accumulation, and potential toxicity versus analyses in environmental media alone (e.g., water, soil, and air). Plasma represents a nonlethal sampling medium that can be used to assess recent exposures to contaminants. Herein, a method was developed to test the extraction of 210 pesticides and their transformation products in small volume plasma samples (100 μL). Plasma samples were protein precipitated with 0.5 % formic acid in acetonitrile added to the sample (ratio of 3.5:1). Pass-through solid phase extraction was used for sample matrix and lipid removal and samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography and gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Recoveries of 70.0-129.8 % were achieved for 182 pesticides and degradates across the low (25 ng mL-1), medium (100 ng mL-1), and high (250 ng mL-1) spike levels. Method detection levels ranged 0.4-13.0 ng mL-1. Following development, the method was applied to smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) plasma samples (n = 10) collected from adults in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Individual plasma samples resulted in four to seven analytes detected with summed concentrations ranging 16.4-95.0 ng mL-1. Biological multiresidue pesticide methods help elucidate recent exposures of bioactive compounds to nontarget organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Gross
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA
| | - Vicki S Blazer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA.
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5
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Cruces MP, Pimentel E, Vidal LM, Jiménez E, Suárez H, Camps E, Campos-González E. Genotoxic action of bifenthrin nanoparticles and its effect on the development, productivity, and behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023; 86:661-677. [PMID: 37477220 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2234408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Rapid development of nanotechnology, particularly nanoparticles of pesticides, has facilitated the transformation of traditional agriculture. However, testing their effectiveness is essential for avoiding any environmental or adverse human health risk attributed to nanoparticle-based formulations, especially insecticides. Recently, organic nanoparticles of bifenthrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, were successfully synthesized by laser ablation of solids in liquid technique, with the most probable size of 5 nm. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of acute exposure to bifenthrin (BIF) or bifenthrin nanoparticles (BIFNP) on larval-adult viability, developmental time, olfactory capacity, longevity, productivity defined as the number of eggs per couple, and genotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Data demonstrated that BIFNP produced a marked delay in developmental time, significant reduction in viability and olfactory ability compared to BIF. No marked differences were detected between BIF and BIFNP on longevity and productivity. Genotoxicity findings indicated that only BIF, at longer exposure duration increased genetic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha P Cruces
- Departamento de Biología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), Ocoyoacac, México
| | - Emilio Pimentel
- Departamento de Biología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), Ocoyoacac, México
| | - Luz M Vidal
- Departamento de Biología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), Ocoyoacac, México
| | - Elizabeth Jiménez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Hugo Suárez
- Departamento de Biología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), Ocoyoacac, México
| | - Enrique Camps
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), Ocoyoacac, México
| | - Enrique Campos-González
- CONACYT-Departamento de física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), Ocoyoacac, México
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6
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Zhang X, Zhou Y, Huang X, Hu X, Huang X, Yin L, Huang Q, Wen Y, Li B, Shi J, Zou X. Switchable aptamer-fueled colorimetric sensing toward agricultural fipronil exposure sensitized with affiliative metal-organic framework. Food Chem 2023; 407:135115. [PMID: 36508865 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Persistent usage of pesticides in agriculture has posed serious damage to overall ecosystem and human health, and thereby it is imperative to develop sensitive and efficient tools to evaluate residual pesticides in food and environmental setting. Herein, we reported a switchable colorimetric probe toward fipronil residue sensitized with aptamer-fueled catalytic activity of affiliative ZIF-8. Innovatively, it was found that the attached aptamer preferred to adsorb 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) rather than 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazo-line-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), greatly promoting catalytic oxidation of ZIF-8 toward TMB for further improving sensitivity. Aiding with smartphone-based image acquisition, fipronil-responsive discoloration degree was converted into the ratio of green and blue (G/B) with limit of detection as low as 0.036 μM (0.016 μg·g-1). Moreover, it allowed for fipronil analysis in water, soil and vegetable samples with good recovery between 87 % and 110 %, verifying extension application prospect of the aptamer-fueled colorimetry for on-field pesticide evaluation in food safety supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinai Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-products Processing (Jiangsu University), Jiangsu Education Department, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Yue Zhou
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-products Processing (Jiangsu University), Jiangsu Education Department, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xueyue Huang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-products Processing (Jiangsu University), Jiangsu Education Department, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xuetao Hu
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-products Processing (Jiangsu University), Jiangsu Education Department, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-products Processing (Jiangsu University), Jiangsu Education Department, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Limei Yin
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-products Processing (Jiangsu University), Jiangsu Education Department, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Qilin Huang
- Yunnan Police College, Kunming 650223, PR China
| | - Yunbo Wen
- Yunnan Police College, Kunming 650223, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- Yunnan Police College, Kunming 650223, PR China
| | - Jiyong Shi
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-products Processing (Jiangsu University), Jiangsu Education Department, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-products Processing (Jiangsu University), Jiangsu Education Department, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
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7
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Magnuson JT, Fuller N, McGruer V, Huff Hartz KE, Acuña S, Whitledge GW, Lydy MJ, Schlenk D. Effect of temperature and dietary pesticide exposure on neuroendocrine and olfactory responses in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120938. [PMID: 36572271 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Projected water temperature increases based on predicted climate change scenarios and concomitant pesticide exposure raises concern about the responses of aquatic organisms. To better understand the effect of pesticide mixtures and influence of water temperature to fish, juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were dietarily exposed to a mixture of legacy and current use pesticides (p,p'-DDE, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, esfenvalerate, and fipronil) at concentrations detected from field-collected prey items in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California (Delta) and exposed under current and predicted future water temperature scenarios, 11, 14, or 17 °C, for 14 days. The expression of a subset of genes (deiodinase 2-dio2, gonadotropin releasing hormone 2-gnrh2, and catechol-o-methyltransferase-comt) involved in neuroendocrine, dopaminergic, and olfactory function previously shown to be altered by individual pesticide exposures germane to this study were determined and olfactory function assessed using a Y-maze behavioral assay. When total body burdens of pesticides were measured, a significant decrease in dio2 expression was observed in Chinook salmon exposed at 14 °C compared to fish kept at 11 °C. Increases in gnrh2 expression were also observed in fish exposed to 14 °C. Similarly, increases in comt expression was noted at 14 and 17 °C. Additionally, altered expression of all transcripts was observed, showing interactions between temperature and individual pesticide concentrations. Chinook salmon spent significantly more time actively avoiding the odorant arm at baseline conditions of 11 °C in the Y-maze. At higher temperatures, Chinook spent significantly more time not making a choice between the odorant or clean arm following exposure to the low pesticide mixture, relative to 11 °C. These results suggest that dietary exposure to pesticide mixtures can potentially induce neuroendocrine effects and behavior. Impaired olfactory responses exhibited by Chinook salmon could have implications for predator avoidance in the wild under increased temperature scenarios and impact populations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States.
| | - Neil Fuller
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States
| | - Victoria McGruer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Kara E Huff Hartz
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States
| | - Shawn Acuña
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Sacramento, CA, 95814, United States
| | - Gregory W Whitledge
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States; Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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8
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Magnuson JT, Caceres L, Sy N, Ji C, Tanabe P, Gan J, Lydy MJ, Schlenk D. The Use of Non-targeted Lipidomics and Histopathology to Characterize the Neurotoxicity of Bifenthrin to Juvenile Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11482-11492. [PMID: 35876619 PMCID: PMC9387103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to the detection frequencies and measured concentrations in surface water, the type I pyrethroid insecticide, bifenthrin, has been of particular concern within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in California. Concentrations have been detected above levels previously reported to impair neuroendocrine function and induce neurotoxicity to several species of salmonids. Metabolomic and transcriptomic studies indicated impairment of cellular signaling within the brain of exposed animals and potential alteration of lipid metabolism. To better understand the potential impacts of bifenthrin on brain lipids, juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to mean bifenthrin concentrations of 28 or 48 ng/L for 14 days, and non-targeted lipidomic profiling in the brain was conducted. Brain tissue sections were also assessed for histopathological insult following bifenthrin treatment. Bifenthrin-exposed trout had a concentration-dependent decrease in the relative abundance of triglycerides (TGs) with levels of phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) significantly altered following 48 ng/L bifenthrin exposure. An increased incidence of histopathological lesions, such as focal hemorrhages and congestion of blood vessels, was noted in the brains of bifenthrin-treated animals, suggesting an association between altered lipid metabolism and neuronal cell structure and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T. Magnuson
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Leslie Caceres
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Nathan Sy
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Chenyang Ji
- College
of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Philip Tanabe
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Michael J. Lydy
- Department
of Zoology, Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Institute
of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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