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Tsiodra I, Grivas G, Bougiatioti A, Tavernaraki K, Parinos C, Paraskevopoulou D, Papoutsidaki K, Tsagkaraki M, Kozonaki FA, Oikonomou K, Nenes A, Mihalopoulos N. Source apportionment of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), and their associated long-term health risks in a major European city. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175416. [PMID: 39142411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Many studies have drawn attention to the associations of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) with harmful health effects, advocating for their systematic monitoring alongside simple PAHs to better understand the aerosol carcinogenic potential in urban areas. To address this need, this study conducted an extensive PM2.5 sampling campaign in Athens, Greece, at the Thissio Supersite of the National Observatory of Athens, from December 2018 to July 2021, aiming to characterize the levels and variability of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), perform source apportionment, and assess health risk. Cumulative OPAH concentrations (Σ-OPAHs) were in the same range as Σ-PAHs (annual average 4.2 and 5.6 ng m-3, respectively). They exhibited a common seasonal profile with enhanced levels during the heating seasons, primarily attributed to residential wood burning (RWB). The episodic impact of biomass burning was also observed during a peri-urban wildfire event in May 2021, when PAH and OPAH concentrations increased by a factor of three compared to the monthly average. The study period also included the winter 2020-2021 COVID-19 lockdown, during which PAH and OPAH levels decreased by >50 % compared to past winters. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment, based on a carbonaceous aerosol speciation dataset, identified PAC sources related to RWB, local traffic (gasoline vehicles) and urban traffic (including diesel emissions), as well as an impact of regional organic aerosol. Despite its seasonal character, RWB accounted for nearly half of Σ-PAH and over two-thirds of Σ-OPAH concentrations. Using the estimated source profiles and contributions, the source-specific carcinogenic potency of the studied PACs was calculated, revealing that almost 50 % was related to RWB. These findings underscore the urgent need to regulate domestic biomass burning at a European level, which can provide concrete benefits for improving urban air quality, towards the new stricter EU standards, and reducing long-term health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Tsiodra
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece; Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece
| | - Georgios Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Tavernaraki
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Constantine Parinos
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, 190 13 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - Despina Paraskevopoulou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Papoutsidaki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Maria Tsagkaraki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Faidra-Aikaterini Kozonaki
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios Nenes
- Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece; Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece.
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Zhu Y, Yang X, Song X, Jia Y, Zhang Y, Zhu L. Insights into the Enhanced Bioavailability of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Food Caused by Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11912-11922. [PMID: 38934536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the bioavailability of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in food is essential for accurate human health risk assessment. Given the rising incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), this study aimed to investigate the impacts of IBD on the bioavailability of PFAS in food using mice models. The relative bioavailability (RBA) of PFAS was the highest in the chronic IBD mice (64.3-144%), followed by the healthy (60.8-133%) and acute IBD mice (41.5-121%), suggesting that chronic IBD enhanced the PFAS exposure risk. In vitro tests showed that the intestinal micelle stability increased as a result of reduced content of short-chain fatty acids, thus promoting the PFAS bioaccessibility in the digestive fluid of chronic IBD. Additionally, increased pathogenic and decreased beneficial bacteria in the gut of IBD groups facilitated the intestinal permeability, thus enhancing PFAS absorption. These together explained the higher RBA of PFAS in the chronic IBD. However, remarkably lower enzymatic activities suggested severely impaired digestive ability in the acute IBD, which facilitated the excretion of PFAS from feces, thus lowering the RBA. Conversely, PFAS exposure might exacerbate IBD by changing the gut microbiota structures. This study hints that individuals with chronic intestinal inflammation might have higher PFAS exposure risk than the healthy population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Song
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yibo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
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Wei D, Zhang H, Tao Y, Wang K, Wang Y, Deng C, Xu R, Zhu N, Lu Y, Zeng K, Yang Z, Zhang Z. Dual-Emission Single Sensing Element-Assembled Fluorescent Sensor Arrays for the Rapid Discrimination of Multiple Surfactants in Environments. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4987-4996. [PMID: 38466896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Surfactants are considered as typical emerging pollutants, their extensive use of in disinfectants has hugely threatened the ecosystem and human health, particularly during the pandemic of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), whereas the rapid discrimination of multiple surfactants in environments is still a great challenge. Herein, we designed a fluorescent sensor array based on luminescent metal-organic frameworks (UiO-66-NH2@Au NCs) for the specific discrimination of six surfactants (AOS, SDS, SDSO, MES, SDBS, and Tween-20). Wherein, UiO-66-NH2@Au NCs were fabricated by integrating UiO-66-NH2 (2-aminoterephthalic acid-anchored-MOFs based on zirconium ions) with gold nanoclusters (Au NCs), which exhibited a dual-emission features, showing good luminescence. Interestingly, due to the interactions of surfactants and UiO-66-NH2@Au NCs, the surfactants can differentially regulate the fluorescence property of UiO-66-NH2@Au NCs, producing diverse fluorescent "fingerprints", which were further identified by pattern recognition methods. The proposed fluorescence sensor array achieved 100% accuracy in identifying various surfactants and multicomponent mixtures, with the detection limit in the range of 0.0032 to 0.0315 mM for six pollutants, which was successfully employed in the discrimination of surfactants in real environmental waters. More importantly, our findings provided a new avenue in rapid detection of surfactants, rendering a promising technique for environmental monitoring against trace multicontaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Wei
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yu Tao
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Chunmeng Deng
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Rongfei Xu
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Nuanfei Zhu
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yanyan Lu
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Kun Zeng
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhugen Yang
- School of Water, Energy, and Environment, Cranfield University, Milton Keynes MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Shahpoury P, Wnorowski A, Harner T, Saini A, Halappanavar S. A method for measuring the bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cell culture media. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141257. [PMID: 38244871 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives are of particular concern for population health due to their abundance and toxicity via inhalation. Lung toxicity testing includes exposing lung epithelial cell lines to PAHs in a culture medium containing inorganic species, lipids, proteins, and other biochemicals where the cell response is influenced among others by the toxic chemical accessibility in the medium. While inhalation bioaccessibility of PAHs and other toxicants was previously studied in surrogate lung fluids, studies measuring bioaccessibility in cell culture media are rare. In this work, a method was developed to characterize PAH bioaccessibility in a culture medium used for mouse lung epithelial (FE1) cells. Further, the optimised method was tested using commercially available standard reference material of urban particulate matter (PM) as well as polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS). The method provided a high precision and recovery of analytes, indicating no losses during sample processing and analysis. PAHs had non-linear concentration-responses, with the culture medium approaching saturation with PM concentration of 500 μg mL-1. The results showed that phenanthrene, a 3-ring PAH, was significantly more bioaccessible than ≥4-ring congeners in the culture medium (up to ∼2.5 folds; p < 0.05). Finally, using pre-deployed PUF-PAS from a residential and an industrial site, five PAHs were found in the culture medium, including naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. This work provides a proof of concept to enable future studies to assess the inhalation bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic compounds and other airborne pollutants collected using PUF-PAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Shahpoury
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada; Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada.
| | - Andrzej Wnorowski
- Analysis and Air Quality Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amandeep Saini
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Sánchez-Piñero J, Novo-Quiza N, Moreda-Piñeiro J, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P. A multi-residue method for the analysis of organic pollutants released from atmospheric PM 2.5 in simulated biological fluids: Inhalation bioaccessibility and bioavailability estimation. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1280:341862. [PMID: 37858566 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, there has been a growing interest within the scientific community regarding the study of the fraction that could be released in simulated biological fluids to estimate in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of compounds. Concerning particulate matter (PM), studies were essentially focused on metal (oid)s probably due to more complex methodologies needed for organic compounds, requiring extraction and pre-concentration steps from simulated fluids, followed by chromatographic analysis. Thus, the development of a simple and sensitive methodology for the analysis of multi-class organic compounds released in different inhalation simulated fluids would represent a great contribution to the field. RESULTS In this work, a methodology for the analysis of 49 organic pollutants, including 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 phthalate esters (PAEs), 11 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), 6 synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) and 2 bisphenols released in simulated fluids from PM2.5 samples was developed. After a physiologically based extraction test (PBET) by using artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) and a simulated body fluid (SBF, filling a dialysis membrane) to obtain in vitro inhalation bioaccessible and bioavailable fractions, respectively; compounds were determined by a vortex-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (VALLE) and a subsequent analysis by programmed temperature vaporization-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (PTV-GC-MS/MS). Experimental conditions concerning VALLE extraction (extraction time and amount of NaCl (g)) were optimized by using a central composite design (CCD), best MS/MS transitions were selected and matrix-matched calibration combined with use of labelled subrogate standards provided high sensitivity, minimization of matrix effects and recovering losses compensation. SIGNIFICANCE The successful validation results obtained for most of the compounds demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for the analysis of multi-class organic pollutants released in ALF and SBF for inhalation bioaccessibility and bioavailability assessment, respectively. Furthermore, applicability of the method was proved by analysing 20 p.m.2.5 samples, being the proposed in vitro PBET dialyzability approach for assessing organic pollutant's inhalation bioavailability applied to PM2.5 samples for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Sánchez-Piñero
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Natalia Novo-Quiza
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- University of A Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
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Liu X, Wang X, Xue Q, Tian Y, Feng Y. Inhalation bioaccessibility and risk assessment for PM-bound organic components: Co-effects of component physicochemical properties, PM properties, and sources. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132291. [PMID: 37591173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation bioaccessibility and deposition in respiratory tracts of organic components in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) are key factors for accurately estimating health risks and understanding human exposures. This study evaluated the in-vitro inhalation bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH derivatives, phthalic acid esters (PAEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in size-resolved PM from a Chinese megacity. The bioaccessibility ranged from 0.2% to 77.8% in the heating period (HP), and from 0.7% to 94.2% in the non-heating period (NHP). Result suggests that less hydrophobic organics might be more bioaccessible. Bioaccessibility of medium logKow organics in sizes > 0.65 µm was significantly inhibited by high carbon fractions, indicating the co-effects. Then, this is the first study to explore effects of sources on inhalation bioaccessibility of organics. Coal and biomass combustion in HP and traffic emission in NHP negatively correlated with bioaccessibility. Secondary particles also negatively correlated with bioaccessibility of medium logKow organics. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and non-cancer risk (HQ) for all measured components in PM10 were estimated after considering the bioaccessibility and deposition efficiencies and the HQ and ILCR were within the acceptable range. BaP and DEHP were strong contributors to HQ and ILCR, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Liu
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qianqian Xue
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yingze Tian
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
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Xiao J, Liu Y, Jiang S, Wang H, Liu Y, Lin F, Liu T, Fang K, Liao M, Shi Y, Cao H. Incorporating Bioaccessibility into Inhalation Exposure Assessment of Emamectin Benzoate from Field Spraying. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7978-7988. [PMID: 37162498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The inhalation exposure of pesticide applicators and residents who live close to pesticide-treated fields is a worldwide concern in public health. Quantitative assessment of exposure to pesticide inhalation health risk highlights the need to accurately assess the bioaccessibility rather than the total content in ambient air. Herein, we developed an in vitro method to estimate the inhalation bioaccessibility of emamectin benzoate and validated its applicability using a rat plasma pharmacokinetic bioassay. Emamectin benzoate was extracted using the Gamble solution, with an optimized solid-to-liquid ratio (1/250), extraction time (24 h), and agitation (200 rpm), which obtained in vitro inhalation bioaccessibility consistent with its inhalation bioavailability in vivo (32.33%). The margin of exposure (MOE) was used to assess inhalation exposure risk. The inhalation unit exposures to emamectin benzoate of applicators and residents were 11.05-28.04 and 0.02-0.04 ng/m3, respectively, varying markedly according to the methods of application, e.g., formulations and nozzles. The inhalation risk assessment using present application methods appeared to be acceptable; however, the MOE of emamectin benzoate might be overestimated by 32% without considering inhalation bioaccessibility. Collectively, our findings contribute insights into the assessment of pesticide inhalation exposure based on bioaccessibility and provide guidance for the safe application of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Xiao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Yuanhui Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Siyuan Jiang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Yuying Liu
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Fengxiang Lin
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Tianhe Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Ke Fang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Min Liao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Yanhong Shi
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Haiqun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
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