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Chong K, Wang Y, Zheng M, Qu H, Zhang R, Lee YR, Ji Y, Huey LG, Fang H, Song W, Fang Z, Liu C, Gao Y, Tang J, Wang X. Observation-Based Diagnostics of Reactive Nitrogen Recycling through HONO Heterogenous Production: Divergent Implications for Ozone Production and Emission Control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11554-11567. [PMID: 38885439 PMCID: PMC11223480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Understanding of nitrous acid (HONO) production is crucial to photochemical studies, especially in polluted environments like eastern China. In-situ measurements of gaseous and particulate compositions were conducted at a rural coastal site during the 2018 spring Ozone Photochemistry and Export from China Experiment (OPECE). This data set was applied to investigate the recycling of reactive nitrogen through daytime heterogeneous HONO production. Although HONO levels increase during agricultural burning, analysis of the observation data does not indicate more efficient HONO production by agricultural burning aerosols than other anthropogenic aerosols. Box and 1-D modeling analyses reveal the intrinsic relationships between nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate nitrate (pNO3), and nitric acid (HNO3), resulting in comparable agreement between observed and simulated HONO concentrations with any one of the three heterogeneous HONO production mechanisms, photosensitized NO2 conversion on aerosols, photolysis of pNO3, and conversion from HNO3. This finding underscores the uncertainties in the mechanistic understanding and quantitative parametrizations of daytime heterogeneous HONO production pathways. Furthermore, the implications for reactive nitrogen recycling, ozone (O3) production, and O3 control strategies vary greatly depending on the HONO production mechanism. On a regional scale, the conversion of HONO from pNO3 can drastically enhance O3 production, while the conversion from NO2 can reduce O3 sensitivity to NOx changes in polluted eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhen Chong
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Mingming Zheng
- School
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430024, China
| | - Hang Qu
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ruixiong Zhang
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Young Ro Lee
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yi Ji
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lewis Gregory Huey
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hua Fang
- Guangzhou
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Song
- Guangzhou
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- Guangzhou
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education
of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Yantai Institute
of Coast Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Guangzhou
Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Hu B, Wang Y, Chen J, Chen N, Hong Y, Xu L, Fan X, Li M, Tong L. The observation of atmospheric HONO by wet-rotating-denuder ion chromatograph in a coastal city: Performance and influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124355. [PMID: 38871170 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Due to the significance of atmospheric HONO as a reservoir for radicals and the presence of substantial unknown sources of HONO, there is a pressing need for accurate and consistent measurement of its concentration. In this study, we compared the measurements obtained from the monitor for aerosols and gases in ambient air (MARGA) based on wet chemical method with those from the incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) based on optical method to assess the suitability of the MARGA instrument for accurate HONO detection. The diurnal patterns obtained by the two instruments are similar, with peaks at 8 a.m. and lows at 5 p.m. Over the course of the observation period, it was often observed that HONO concentrations recorded by the MARGA instrument consistently exceeded those obtained through the IBBCEAS technique, accounting for approximately 91.33% of the total observation time. Throughout the entire observation period, the R2 value between the two instruments was 0.49, indicating relatively good correlation. However, with a slope of only 0.27, it suggests poor agreement between the two instruments. Furthermore, the R2 and slopes between the two instruments vary with the seasons and day-night. The larger the quartile values of NO2, NH3, and BC, the greater the slopes of both MARGA and IBBCEAS instruments, and the higher the concentrations of NO2, NH3, and BC (indicator of semivolatile oxidizable hydrocarbons), the greater the differences between the two instruments, all indicating that NH3 may promote the reaction of NO2 with semivolatile oxidizable hydrocarbons to produce HONO. The O3 with its strong oxidizing properties may cause underestimation in the MARGA instrument by oxidizing NO2- to NO3- in the absorbing solution. It is challenging to derive a universal correction formula due to the interference of various chemical substances. Hence, MARGA should not be used for HONO research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoye Hu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China; Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China; Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Pollution Monitoring and Control, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Naihua Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China; Pingtan Environmental Monitoring Center of Fujian, Pingtan 350400, China
| | - Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Mengren Li
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Liu C, Liang L, Xu W, Ma Q. A review of indoor nitrous acid (HONO) pollution: Measurement techniques, pollution characteristics, sources, and sinks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171100. [PMID: 38387565 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Indoor air quality is of major concern for human health and well-being. Nitrous acid (HONO) is an emerging indoor pollutant, and its indoor mixing ratios are usually higher than outdoor levels, ranging from a few to tens of parts per billion (ppb). HONO exhibits adverse effects to human health due to its respiratory toxicity and mutagenicity. Additionally, HONO can easily undergo photodissociation by ultraviolet light to produce hydroxyl radicals (OH•), which in turn trigger a series of further photochemical oxidation reactions of primary or secondary pollutants. The accumulation of indoor HONO can be attributed to both direct emissions from combustion sources, such as cooking, and secondary formation resulting from enhanced heterogeneous reactions of NOx on indoor surfaces. During the day, the primary sink of indoor HONO is photolysis to OH• and NO. Moreover, adsorption and/or reaction on indoor surfaces, and diffusion to the outside atmosphere contribute to HONO loss both during the day and at night. The level of indoor HONO is also affected by human occupancy, which can influence household factors such as temperature, humidity, light irradiation, and indoor surfaces. This comprehensive review article summarized the research progress on indoor HONO pollution based on indoor air measurements, laboratory studies, and model simulations. The environmental and health effects were highlighted, measurement techniques were summarized, pollution levels, sources and sinks, and household influencing factors were discussed, and the prospects in the future were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Linlin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wanyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Cummings BE, Lakey PSJ, Morrison GC, Shiraiwa M, Waring MS. Composition of indoor organic surface films in residences: simulating the influence of sources, partitioning, particle deposition, and air exchange. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:305-322. [PMID: 38108243 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00399j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Indoor surfaces are coated with organic films that modulate thermodynamic interactions between the surfaces and room air. Recently published models can simulate film formation and growth via gas-surface partitioning, but none have statistically investigated film composition. The Indoor Model of Aerosols, Gases, Emissions, and Surfaces (IMAGES) was used here to simulate ten years of nonreactive film growth upon impervious indoor surfaces within a Monte Carlo procedure representing a sub-set of North American residential buildings. Film composition was resolved into categories reflecting indoor aerosol (gas + particle phases) factors from three sources: outdoor-originating, indoor-emitted, and indoor-generated secondary organic material. In addition to gas-to-film partitioning, particle deposition was modeled as a vector for organics to enter films, and it was responsible for a majority of the film mass after ∼1000 days of growth for the median simulation and is likely the main source of LVOCs within films. Therefore, the organic aerosol factor possessing the most SVOCs contributes most strongly to the composition of early films, but as the film ages, films become more dominated by the factor with the highest particle concentration. Indoor-emitted organics (e.g. from cooking) often constituted at least a plurality of the simulated mass in developed films, but indoor environments are diverse enough that any major organic material source could be the majority contributor to film mass, depending on building characteristics and indoor activities. A sensitivity analysis suggests that rapid film growth is most likely in both newer, more air-tight homes and older homes near primary pollution sources.
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Zhang Q, Liu P, Wang Y, George C, Chen T, Ma S, Ren Y, Mu Y, Song M, Herrmann H, Mellouki A, Chen J, Yue Y, Zhao X, Wang S, Zeng Y. Unveiling the underestimated direct emissions of nitrous acid (HONO). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302048120. [PMID: 37603738 PMCID: PMC10468620 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302048120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaseous nitrous acid (HONO) is a critical source of hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the troposphere. While both direct and secondary sources contribute to atmospheric HONO, direct emissions have traditionally been considered minor contributors. In this study, we developed δ15N and δ18O isotopic fingerprints to identify six direct HONO emission sources and conducted a 1-y case study on the isotopic composition of atmospheric HONO at rural and urban sites. Interestingly, we identified that livestock farming is a previously overlooked direct source of HONO and determined its HONO to ammonia (NH3) emission ratio. Additionally, our results revealed that spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric HONO isotopic composition can be partially attributed to direct emissions. Through a detailed HONO budget analysis incorporating agricultural sources, we found that direct HONO emissions accounted for 39~45% of HONO production in rural areas across different seasons. The findings were further confirmed by chemistry transport model simulations, highlighting the significance of direct HONO emissions and their impact on air quality in the North China Plain. These findings provide compelling evidence that direct HONO emissions play a more substantial role in contributing to atmospheric HONO than previously believed. Moreover, the δ15N and δ18O isotopic fingerprints developed in this study may serve as a valuable tool for further research on the atmospheric chemistry of reactive nitrogen gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne69626, France
| | - Pengfei Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne69626, France
| | - Tianshu Chen
- Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Shuyi Ma
- Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Yangang Ren
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Min Song
- Shandong University Chamber Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Shandong University Chamber Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig04318, Germany
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, CNRS, Orléans45071, France
- College of Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Rehamna43150, Morocco
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Yang Yue
- Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Shuguang Wang
- Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Yang Zeng
- Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
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Bhattacharyya N, Tang M, Blomdahl DC, Jahn LG, Abue P, Allen DT, Corsi RL, Novoselac A, Misztal PK, Hildebrandt Ruiz L. Bleach Emissions Interact Substantially with Surgical and KN95 Mask Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6589-6598. [PMID: 37061949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mask wearing and bleach disinfectants became commonplace during the COVID-19 pandemic. Bleach generates toxic species including hypochlorous acid (HOCl), chlorine (Cl2), and chloramines. Their reaction with organic species can generate additional toxic compounds. To understand interactions between masks and bleach disinfection, bleach was injected into a ventilated chamber containing a manikin with a breathing system and wearing a surgical or KN95 mask. Concentrations inside the chamber and behind the mask were measured by a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) and a Vocus proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (Vocus PTRMS). HOCl, Cl2, and chloramines were observed during disinfection and concentrations inside the chamber are 2-20 times greater than those behind the mask, driven by losses to the mask surface. After bleach injection, many species decay more slowly behind the mask by a factor of 0.5-0.7 as they desorb or form on the mask. Mass transfer modeling confirms the transition of the mask from a sink during disinfection to a source persisting >4 h after disinfection. Humidifying the mask increases reactive formation of chloramines, likely related to uptake of ammonia and HOCl. These experiments indicate that masks are a source of chemical exposure after cleaning events occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirvan Bhattacharyya
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mengjia Tang
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Daniel C Blomdahl
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Leif G Jahn
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pearl Abue
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - David T Allen
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Richard L Corsi
- College of Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Atila Novoselac
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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