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Shahin S, Medley EA, Naidu M, Trasande L, Ghassabian A. Exposure to organophosphate esters and maternal-child health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118955. [PMID: 38640988 PMCID: PMC11152993 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a class of chemicals now widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers after the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). However, OPEs carry their own risk of developmental toxicity, which poses concern for recent birth cohorts as they have become ubiquitous in the environment. In this review, we summarize the literature evaluating the association between OPE exposure and maternal, perinatal, and child health outcomes. We included original articles investigating associations of OPE exposure with any health outcome on pregnant women, newborns, children, and adolescents. We found 48 articles on this topic. Of these, five addressed maternal health and pregnancy outcomes, 24 evaluated prenatal OPE exposure and child health, 18 evaluated childhood OPE exposure and child/adolescent health, and one article evaluated both prenatal and childhood OPE exposure. These studies suggest that OPE exposure is possibly associated with a wide range of adverse health outcomes, including pregnancy loss, altered gestational duration and smaller birthweight, maternal and neonatal thyroid dysfunction, child metabolic dysregulation and abnormal growth, impaired neurodevelopment, and changes in immune response. Many of the reported outcomes associated with OPE exposure varied by child sex. Findings also varied substantially by OPE metabolite and exposure time. The OPEs most frequently measured, detected, and found to be associated with health outcomes were triphenyl phosphate (TPHP, metabolized to DPHP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP, metabolized to BDCIPP). The extensive range of health outcomes associated with OPEs raises concern about their growing use in consumer products; however, these findings should be interpreted considering the limitations of these epidemiological studies, such as possible exposure misclassification, lack of generalizability, insufficient adjustment for covariates, and failure to consider chemical exposures as a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvenaz Shahin
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Eleanor A Medley
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Mrudula Naidu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; New York University College of Global Public Health, New York City, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Li Z, Hales BF, Robaire B. Impact of Exposure to a Mixture of Organophosphate Esters on Adrenal Cell Phenotype, Lipidome, and Function. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae024. [PMID: 38376928 PMCID: PMC10914377 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used primarily as flame retardants and plasticizers. Previously, we reported that adrenal cells are important targets of individual OPEs. However, real-life exposures are to complex mixtures of these chemicals. To address this, we exposed H295R human adrenal cells to varying dilutions (1/1000K to 1/3K) of a Canadian household dust-based OPE mixture for 48 hours and evaluated effects on phenotypic, lipidomic, and functional parameters. Using a high-content screening approach, we assessed phenotypic markers at mixture concentrations at which there was greater than 70% cell survival; the most striking effect of the OPE mixture was a 2.5-fold increase in the total area of lipid droplets. We then determined the response of specific lipid species to OPE exposures with novel, nontargeted lipidomic analysis of isolated lipid droplets. These data revealed that house dust OPEs induced concentration-dependent alterations in the composition of lipid droplets, particularly affecting the triglyceride, diglyceride, phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol ester subclasses. The steroid-producing function of adrenal cells in the presence or absence of a steroidogenic stimulus, forskolin, was determined. While the production of 17β-estradiol remained unaffected, a slight decrease in testosterone production was observed after stimulation. Conversely, a 2-fold increase in both basal and stimulated cortisol and aldosterone production was observed. Thus, exposure to a house dust-based mixture of OPEs exerts endocrine-disrupting effects on adrenal cells, highlighting the importance of assessing the effects of environmentally relevant mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Lu Q, Lin N, Cheng X, Lei X, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Tian Y. Maternal exposure to organophosphate flame retardants and neonatal anthropometric measures. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 253:114216. [PMID: 37516025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers. Laboratory evidence has suggested that maternal OPFR exposure may adversely affect fetal growth, but the epidemiological data are limited. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association of maternal OPFR exposure with neonatal anthropometric measures. METHODS This study included 354 mother-newborn pairs from the Laizhou Wan Birth Cohort (LWBC), China. Ten OPFR metabolites were measured in maternal urine samples collected before delivery. Neonatal anthropometric data was collected from medical records and standardized into z-scores using the WHO standards (2007), including the weight-for-age (WAZ), length-for-age (LAZ), body mass index-for-age (BMIZ), weight-for-length (WLZ), and head circumference-for-age z-score (HCZ). Multiple linear regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were used to estimate the associations of individual OPFR metabolites and their mixtures with neonatal anthropometrics, respectively. Stratified analysis by sex was performed. RESULTS The detection rates of BCEP, DPHP, BCIPP, BDCIPP, BBOEP, DnBP and DiBP were above 60%, with median concentrations ranging from 0.14 to 3.60 μg/g creatinine. Most OPFR metabolites (i.e., BCIPP, BDCIPP, DiBP, DnBP, or BBOEP) were associated with decreased offspring WAZ and HCZ. When using WQS analysis, the OPFR metabolite mixture was inversely associated with the WAZ, BMIZ and HCZ, whereas DnBP had the highest weights. After stratified by gender, the negative associations were more pronounced among males. CONCLUSIONS Maternal OPFR exposure was negatively associated with offspring WAZ, BMIZ, and HCZ, and males seemed to be more vulnerable to the developmental toxicity of certain OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomeng Cheng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoning Lei
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying Tian
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Wang H, Zhang L, Wu J, Wang P, Li Q, Sui X, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Sex-specific effects of organophosphate ester exposure on child growth trajectories in the first two years. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH 2023; 2:152-160. [PMCID: PMC10702896 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/10/2023]
Abstract
The connections between urinary organophosphate ester (OPE) metabolites and child growth have been identified in prior research, but there is currently a dearth of epidemiological evidence regarding the sex-specific impact of OPEs on child growth trajectories. This study enrolled 804 maternal–child pairs, and five OPE congeners were quantified in maternal serum during pregnancy. In this study, the impact of prenatal OPE exposure on child growth trajectories was assessed using linear mixed-effect models and a group-based trajectory model (GBTM), with consideration given to sex-specific effects. Fetuses were frequently exposed to OPEs in utero, and tris(2-butoxyethel) phosphate (TBEP) exhibited the highest concentration levels in maternal serum. Among male children, an increase of 2.72 ng/g lipid in TBEP concentration was associated with a 0.11-unit increase in head circumference-for-age z-score (HCAZ), and the effect was mainly concentrated at 1 and 2 months of age. Among female children, an increase of 2.72 ng/g lipid in tris(2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl) ethyl) phosphate (TDCPP) concentration was associated with a 0.15-unit increase in length-for-age z-score (LAZ) and a 0.14-unit increase in weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), and the effects were mainly concentrated at 9 months of age. For HCAZ trajectories, higher prenatal TBEP exposure was associated with higher odds for the fast growth group in male children. For the LAZ and WAZ trajectories, higher prenatal TDCPP exposure was associated with higher odds for the fast growth group in female children. The trajectory analysis approach provided insight into the complex associations between OPE exposure and child growth. •Organophosphate ester (OPEs) were detected in serum samples of pregnant women, and tributyl phosphate (TBP) was the most frequently detected OPEs. •Prenatal exposure to TBP, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), and tris(2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl) ethyl) phosphate (TDCPP) were positively associated with infant growth trajectories. •Female infants were more sensitive to OPE exposure than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liyi Zhang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Wu
- The Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital of Songjiang District, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinyao Sui
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yaqi Xu
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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