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Wang P, Lu B, Chai X. The adaptive regulation mechanism of Anammox granule sludge under calcium ions stress: Defense modes transformation. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 263:122093. [PMID: 39096809 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Anammox granular sludge (AnGS) has received considerable attention due to its low carbon footprint (less aeration energy and carbon source consumption) and high biomass density, but growth rate and stability are still the bottlenecks of AnGS process. Calcium ion (Ca2+) is essential for the growth of anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria (AnAOB) and plays an important role in the formation and stability of AnGS. Response of AnGS to Ca2+ under different concentrations was comprehensively investigated by multi-spectral and metagenomics analysis in four aspects: nitrogen removal performance, surface morphology, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) composition and characterization, and microbial community. The nitrogen removal efficiency was significantly enhanced at appropriate Ca2+ concentration (2 mmol/L), owning to the more favorable morphology and functional microbial composition of AnGS. However, the nitrogen removal performance of AnGS declined with the Ca2+concentration increased from 2 to 8 mmol/L, due to the negative effects of excess Ca2+on EPS, mass transfer efficiency, and functional microorganisms. Meanwhile, an unexpected slight "rebound" of nitrogen removal efficiency was observed at Ca2+ = 6 mmol/L and attributed to the defense mode transformation of AnGS (from "ion stabilization" to "precipitate shield" modes) against excess Ca2+ stress. Based on the findings, the response mechanism of AnGS to Ca2+ with different concentrations was established. Our results enhanced the understanding of the interaction between AnGS and Ca2+, which may be valuable for filling the theoretical gap in enhancing the granulation and stability of AnGS and providing a reference for the practical operation of the AnGS process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoli Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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2
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Li J, Hua C, Ma L, Chen K, Zheng F, Chen Q, Bao X, Sun J, Xie R, Bianchi F, Kerminen VM, Petäjä T, Kulmala M, Liu Y. Key drivers of the oxidative potential of PM 2.5 in Beijing in the context of air quality improvement from 2018 to 2022. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108724. [PMID: 38735076 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The mass concentration of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has been continuously decreasing in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. However, health endpoints do not exhibit a linear correlation with PM mass concentrations. Thus, it is urgent to clarify the prior toxicological components of PM to further improve air quality. In this study, we analyzed the long-term oxidative potential (OP) of water-soluble PM2.5, which is generally considered more effective in assessing hazardous exposure to PM in Beijing from 2018 to 2022 based on the dithiothreitol assay and identified the crucial drivers of the OP of PM2.5 based on online monitoring of air pollutants, receptor model, and random forest (RF) model. Our results indicate that dust, traffic, and biomass combustion are the main sources of the OP of PM2.5 in Beijing. The complex interactions of dust particles, black carbon, and gaseous pollutants (nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are the main factors driving the OP evolution, in particular, leading to the abnormal rise of OP in Beijing in 2022. Our data shows that a higher OP is observed in winter and spring compared to summer and autumn. The diurnal variation of the OP is characterized by a declining trend from 0:00 to 14:00 and an increasing trend from 14:00 to 23:00. The spatial variation in OP of PM2.5 was observed as the OP in Beijing is lower than that in Shijiazhuang, while it is higher than that in Zhenjiang and Haikou, which is primarily influenced by the distribution of black carbon. Our results are of significance in identifying the key drivers influencing the OP of PM2.5 and provide new insights for advancing air quality improvement efforts with a focus on safeguarding human health in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Li
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chenjie Hua
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Ma
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaiyun Chen
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Feixue Zheng
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xiaolei Bao
- Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang 050026, China
| | - Juan Sun
- Jiangsu Nanjing Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Rongfu Xie
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kerminen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Mubeen M, Khalid MA, Mukhtar M, Sumreen P, Tabassum M, Ashiq S, Abbas SA, Akram R, Iqbal A. Elucidating the Mechanism of Copper-Induced Photoluminescence Quenching in 2-Phenylbenzimidazole-5-Sulfonic Acid. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03704-x. [PMID: 38683267 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
To explore the possible impact of 2-Phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA) on the function of a sunscreen, in this work we investigate the binding of copper metal ions (Cu2+) to PBSA. Due to the existence of an intrinsic interaction phenomenon between Cu2+ ions and PBSA molecules, the photoluminescence (PL) quenching arises owing to the charge transfer from PBSA to Cu2+ ions. The mechanism of fluorescence quenching is probed experimentally following excitation at 306 nm by evaluating various quenching parameters with the help of the Stern-Volmer plot. Through the assessment of the values of the Stern-Volmer constant (K SV = 45.2 M - 1 ) and bimolecular quenching rate constant (k q = 0.77 × 10 10 M - 1 . s - 1 ), it is deduced that the dynamic mode of PL quenching is operative between PBSA and Cu2+ ions. We evaluate the number of binding sites (n = 1) that advocate the presence of a single binding site in PBSA for Cu2+ ions. The numerical value of standard Gibbs free energy change,Δ G o ~ -27.485 kJ.mol-1 implies the spontaneous binding between Cu2+ ions and PBSA molecules. The results obtained give an insight into the mechanism of metal-induced PL quenching of water soluble PBSA sunscreen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mubeen
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Government Zamindar Graduate College, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan
| | | | - Maria Mukhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Poshmal Sumreen
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Mamoona Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Ashiq
- Department of Chemistry, Government Zamindar Graduate College, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan
| | - Sheikh Aadil Abbas
- Department of Chemistry, Government Zamindar Graduate College, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan
| | - Raheel Akram
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Azhar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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Wang W, Liu Y, Wang T, Ge Q, Li K, Liu J, You W, Wang L, Xie L, Fu H, Chen J, Zhang L. Significantly Accelerated Photosensitized Formation of Atmospheric Sulfate at the Air-Water Interface of Microdroplets. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6580-6590. [PMID: 38427385 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The multiphase oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to form sulfate is a complex and important process in the atmosphere. While the conventional photosensitized reaction mainly explored in the bulk medium is reported to be one of the drivers to trigger atmospheric sulfate production, how this scheme functionalizes at the air-water interface (AWI) of aerosol remains an open question. Herein, employing an advanced size-controllable microdroplet-printing device, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) analysis, nanosecond transient adsorption spectrometer, and molecular level theoretical calculations, we revealed the previously overlooked interfacial role in photosensitized oxidation of SO2 in humic-like substance (HULIS) aerosol, where a 3-4 orders of magnitude increase in sulfate formation rate was speculated in cloud and aerosol relevant-sized particles relative to the conventional bulk-phase medium. The rapid formation of a battery of reactive oxygen species (ROS) comes from the accelerated electron transfer process at the AWI, where the excited triplet state of HULIS (3HULIS*) of the incomplete solvent cage can readily capture electrons from HSO3- in a way that is more efficient than that in the bulk medium fully blocked by water molecules. This phenomenon could be explained by the significantly reduced desolvation energy barrier required for reagents residing in the AWI region with an open solvent shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Qiuyue Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Kejian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Juan Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Wenbo You
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Longqian Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Lifang Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, Peoples' Republic of China
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5
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Tang J, Li J, Zhao S, Zhong G, Mo Y, Jiang H, Jiang B, Chen Y, Tang J, Tian C, Zong Z, Hussain Syed J, Song J, Zhang G. Molecular signatures and formation mechanisms of water-soluble chromophores in particulate matter from Karachi in Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169890. [PMID: 38190909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy is a widely-used method for characterizing the chemical components of brown carbon (BrC). However, the molecular basics and formation mechanisms of chromophores, which are decomposed by parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis, are not yet fully understood. In this study, we characterized the water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in aerosols collected from Karachi, Pakistan, using EEM spectroscopy and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). We identified three PARAFAC components, including two humic-like components (C1 and C2) and one phenolic-like species (C3). We determined the molecular families associated with each component by performing Spearman correlation analysis between FT-ICR MS peaks and PARAFAC component intensities. We found that the C1 and C2 components were associated with nitrogen-enriched compounds, where C2 with the longest emission wavelength exhibited a higher level of aromaticity, N content, and oxygenation than C1. The C3 associated formulas have fewer nitrogen-containing species, a lower unsaturation degree, and a lower oxidation state. An oxidation pathway was identified as an important process in the formation of C1 and C2 components at the molecular level, particularly for the assigned CHON compounds associated with the gas-phase oxidation process, despite their diverse precursor types. Numerous C2 formulas were found in the "potential BrC" region and overlapped with the BrC-associated formulas. It can be inferred that the compounds that fluoresce C2 contributed considerably to the light absorption of BrC. These findings are essential for future studies utilizing the EEM-PARAFAC method to explore the sources, processes, and compositions of atmospheric BrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yangzhi Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hongxing Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Zheng Zong
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Jianzhong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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6
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Cai L, Yao Q, Du X, Zhong J, Lu H, Tao X, Zhou J, Dang Z, Lu G. Validation of quenching effectiveness and pollutant degradation ability of singlet oxygen through model reaction system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132488. [PMID: 37696208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Quenching method is widely used to assess the contribution of specified reactive species through the probe inhibition efficiency (IE) caused by adding excessive quencher. However, for reactive species with weak ability such as singlet oxygen (1O2), the quenching results are prone to ambiguity. In this study, an 1O2 system using furfuryl alcohol (FFA) as a probe was successfully constructed by methylene-blue-N vis-photosensitization, to discuss the quenching, interference elimination and pollutant degradation ability of 1O2. Inhibition of FFA transformation caused by both quenching and interrupting of 1O2 production was found. The quenching is affected by quencher dosage and ability, which depends on the second-order-rate constant (k). A high k means a strong ability, and less dosage is required to achieve the same IE. Comparison between the calculated ratio of reactive species consumed by quencher and experimental IE helps to judge the interruption of 1O2 production. None of the organic-solvents (methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol, tert-butanol, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, acetone and chloroform) scavenged 1O2, which would be used as screening-agent for other reactive species (e.g., hydroxyl radicals) that would interrupt 1O2 contribution assessment. Besides, 1O2 was powerless to degrade most selected pollutants. These results encourage proper use of quenchers and better experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limiao Cai
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Xiaodong Du
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiayi Zhong
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Haijian Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Xueqin Tao
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Jiangmin Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guining Lu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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7
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Lyu Y, Wu H, Pang X, Wang J, Zhao M, Chen J, Qin K. The complexation of atmospheric Brown carbon surrogates on the generation of hydroxyl radical from transition metals in simulated lung fluid. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108240. [PMID: 37797479 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) poses great adverse effects through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Various components in PM are acknowledged to induce ROS formation, while the interactions among chemicals remain to be elucidated. Here, we systematically investigate the influence of Brown carbon (BrC) surrogates (e.g., imidazoles, nitrocatechols and humic acid) on hydroxyl radical (OH) generation from transition metals (TMs) in simulated lung fluid. Present results show that BrC has an antagonism (interaction factor: 20-90 %) with Cu2+ in OH generation upon the interaction with glutathione, in which the concentrations of BrC and TMs influence the extent of antagonism. Rapid OH generation in glutathione is observed for Fe2+, while OH formation is very little for Fe3+. The compositions of antioxidants (e.g., glutathione, ascorbate, urate), resembling the upper and lower respiratory tract, respond differently to BrC and TMs (Cu2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+) in OH generation and the degree of antagonism. The complexation equilibrium constants and site numbers between Cu2+ and humic acid were further analyzed using fluorescence quenching experiments. Possible complexation products among TMs, 4-nitrocatechol and glutathione were also identified using quadropule-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The results suggest atmospheric BrC widely participate in complexation with TMs which influence OH formation in the human lung fluid, and complexation should be considered in evaluating ROS formation mediated by ambient PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lyu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; Shaoxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Shaoxing 312077, China.
| | - Haonan Wu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xiaobing Pang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Jiade Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jinyuan Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Kai Qin
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
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8
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Schneider E, Czech H, Hansen HJ, Jeong S, Bendl J, Saraji-Bozorgzad M, Sklorz M, Etzien U, Buchholz B, Streibel T, Adam TW, Rüger CP, Zimmermann R. Humic-like Substances (HULIS) in Ship Engine Emissions: Molecular Composition Effected by Fuel Type, Engine Mode, and Wet Scrubber Usage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13948-13958. [PMID: 37671477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Humic-like substances (HULIS), known for their substantial impact on the atmosphere, are identified in marine diesel engine emissions obtained from five different fuels at two engine loads simulating real world scenarios as well as the application of wet sulfur scrubbers. The HULIS chemical composition is characterized by electrospray ionization (ESI) ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry and shown to contain partially oxidized alkylated polycyclic aromatic compounds as well as partially oxidized aliphatic compounds, both including abundant nitrogen- and sulfur-containing species, and clearly different to HULIS emitted from biomass burning. Fuel properties such as sulfur content and aromaticity as well as the fuel combustion efficiency and engine mode are reflected in the observed HULIS composition. When the marine diesel engine is operated below the optimum engine settings, e.g., during maneuvering in harbors, HULIS-C emission factors are increased (262-893 mg kg-1), and a higher number of HULIS with a shift toward lower degree of oxidation and higher aromaticity is detected. Additionally, more aromatic and aliphatic CHOS compounds in HULIS were detected, especially for high-sulfur fuel combustion. The application of wet sulfur scrubbers decreased the HULIS-C emission factors by 4-49% but also led to the formation of new HULIS compounds. Overall, our results suggest the consideration of marine diesel engines as a relevant regional source of HULIS emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schneider
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics″, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helly J Hansen
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Seongho Jeong
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics″, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Bendl
- Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Saraji-Bozorgzad
- Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics″, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Etzien
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines (LKV), 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Bert Buchholz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines (LKV), 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics″, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas W Adam
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics″, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Christopher P Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics″, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Huang S, Yang X, Xu H, Zeng Y, Li D, Sun J, Ho SSH, Zhang Y, Cao J, Shen Z. Insights into the nitroaromatic compounds, formation, and light absorption contributing emissions from various geological maturity coals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:162033. [PMID: 36746281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) are essential components of atmospheric organic aerosols. Coal combustion is a key source of atmospheric NACs. In this study, a triple-quadrupole liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) system was used to identify ten individual NAC emitted in combustions of chunk coal and its briquette at different maturity levels. The Gaussian calculation was applied to quantify the absorption contribution of NACs to brown carbon (BrC). The emission factors (EFs) of total quantified NACs (ΣNACs) are 21.80-4429.55 μg/kg. 4-Nitrocatechol (4NC) is the most abundant NACs, accounting for 25.5-82.3 % of the ΣNACs and has the largest contribution to light absorption (0.34-29.23 %). The EFs for ΣNACs of chunk coal are 1.1-3.0 times those of its briquette, while the coal with volatile matter (VM) = 35.83 % shows the highest NAC emissions. The reaction pathway analysis demonstrates that NACs in briquette are generated through the pyrolysis of coal tar at an early stage of coal combustion, while volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are emitted in chunk coal contribute greatly to the formations of NACs. The molecular properties analysis reveals that ΣNACs contribute 0.47-35.27 % to BrC light absorption. Anthracite coal (VM = 8.01 %) demonstrates the lowest light absorption coefficient (babs-365). Since bituminous coal (with VM = ~10 %-40 %) is popularly used for heating in rural China in winter, the results of this study could assist to evaluate the climate and environmental impacts on the NACs emission from coal combustion on a regional scale. Finally, the results highlighted that replacements of bituminous by clear fuel (such as chunk or briquette anthracite) could reduce NACs emission effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Huang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xueting Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yaling Zeng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Divison of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States
| | - Ying Zhang
- Instruments Analysis Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China.
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