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Wang Y, Qiu X, Xu W, Yang H, Yang F, Liu Y, Wu W, Zhou X, Zheng X. Mechanisms of anthraquinone dye Vat Blue 4 biodegradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa WYT and genotoxicity assessment of its transformation products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 418:131978. [PMID: 39681272 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 12/10/2024] [Accepted: 12/11/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024]
Abstract
Dye biodegradation products may cause genotoxicity, raising concerns about the safety of bioremediated water. The underlying biotransformation mechanism and related genotoxicity during anthraquinone degradation remain unclear. In this study, we employed Pseudomonas aeruginosa WYT (PaWYT) to investigate the biotransformation of Vat Blue 4 (VB4), a dye with a typical anthraquinone structure and low bioavailability. The genotoxicity of the resulting degradation products was also assessed. Novel mechanisms for VB4 biotransformation were identified, including piperazine cleavage, chromophore loss, and the formation of smaller molecular products. A real-time genotoxicity assay showed that VB4 induced oxidative and general stresses to microorganisms, while the total genotoxicity across five stress categories (oxidative, protein, membrane, DNA, and general stresses) gradually decreased as the dye degradation progressed. Overall, capturing and understanding the toxicity dynamics during VB4 bioremediation supports the reliability of this biodegradation method and its potential for treating VB4-contaminated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangtao Wang
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Xiaopeng Qiu
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Weiqing Xu
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Heyun Yang
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Feifan Yang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Xiaode Zhou
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China.
| | - Xing Zheng
- School of Environment and Natural Resource, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310018, China; National Supervision & Inspection Center of Environmental Protection Equipment Quality, Yixing, Jiangsu 214205, China.
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Zheng X, Li J, Ouyang Y, Wu G, He X, Wang D, Zhang XX. Ecological linkages between top-down designed benzothiazole-degrading consortia and selection strength: From performance to community structure and functional genes. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 267:122491. [PMID: 39353343 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
The inefficient biodegradation and incomplete mineralization of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds (NHCs) have emerged as a pressing environmental concern. The top-down design offers potential solutions to this issue by targeting improvements in community function, but the ecological linkages between selection strength and the structure and function of desired microbiomes remain elusive. Herein, the integration of metagenomics, culture-based approach, non-targeted metabolite screening and enzymatic verification experiments revealed the effect of enrichment concentration on the top-down designed benzothiazole (BTH, a typical NHC)-degrading consortia. Significant differences were observed for the degradation efficiency and community structure under varying BTH selections. Notably, the enriched consortia at high concentrations of BTH were dominated by genus Rhodococcus, possessing higher degradation rates. Moreover, the isolate Rhodococcus pyridinivorans Rho48 displayed excellent efficiencies in BTH removal (98 %) and mineralization (∼ 60 %) through the hydroxylation and cleavage of thiazole and benzene rings, where cytochrome P450 enzyme was firstly reported to participate in BTH conversion. The functional annotation of 460 recovered genomes from the enriched consortia revealed diverse interspecific cooperation patterns that accounted for the BTH mineralization, particularly Nakamurella and Micropruina under low selection strength, and Rhodococcus and Marmoricola under high selection strength. This study highlights the significance of selection strength in top-down design of synthetic microbiomes for degrading refractory organic pollutants, providing valuable guidance for designing functionally optimized microbiomes used in environmental engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yixin Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Environment, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Depeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xu-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Song Q, Li X, Hou N, Pei C, Li D. Chemotaxis-mediated degradation of PAHs and heterocyclic PAHs under low-temperature stress by Pseudomonas fluorescens S01: Insights into the mechanisms of biodegradation and cold adaptation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133905. [PMID: 38422734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
As wellknown persistent contaminants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic polyaromatic hydrocarbons (Heterocyclic PAHs)'s fates in cryogenic environments are remains uncertain. Herein, strain S01 was identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens, a novel bacterium tolerant to low temperature and capable of degrading PAHs and heterocyclic PAHs. Strain S01 exhibited growth at 5-40 ℃ and degradation rate of mixed PAHs and heterocyclic PAHs reached 52% under low-temperature. Through comprehensive metabolomic, genomic, and transcriptomic analyses, we reconstructed the biodegradation pathway for PAHs and heterocyclic PAHs in S01 while investigating its response to low temperature. Further experiments involving deletion and replacement of methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) confirmed its crucial role in enabling strain S01's adaptation to dual stress of low temperature and pollutants. Additionally, our analysis revealed that MCP was upregulated under cold stress which enhanced strain S01's motility capabilities leading to increased biofilm formation. The establishment of biofilm promoted preservation of distinct cellular membrane stability, thereby enhancing energy metabolism. Consequently, this led to heightened efficiency in pollutant degradation and improved cold resistance capabilities. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the environmental fate of both PAHs and heterocyclic PAHs under low-temperature conditions while also shedding light on cold adaptation mechanism employed by strain S01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Song
- Northeast Agricultural University, School of Resources and Environment, China
| | - Xianyue Li
- Northeast Agricultural University, School of Resources and Environment, China
| | - Ning Hou
- Northeast Agricultural University, School of Resources and Environment, China.
| | - Chenghao Pei
- Northeast Agricultural University, School of Resources and Environment, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Northeast Agricultural University, School of Resources and Environment, China.
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Jiménez-Volkerink SN, Jordán M, Smidt H, Minguillón C, Vila J, Grifoll M. Metagenomic insights into the microbial cooperative networks of a benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione degrading community from a creosote-contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167832. [PMID: 37863223 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxicity of PAH-contaminated soils can eventually increase after bioremediation due to the formation and accumulation of polar transformation products, mainly oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs). Biodegradation of oxy-PAHs has been described in soils, but information on the microorganisms and mechanisms involved is still scarce. Benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione (BaAQ), a transformation product from benz(a)anthracene frequently detected in soils, presents higher genotoxic potential than its parent PAH. Here, using sand-in-liquid microcosms we identified a specialized BaAQ-degrading subpopulation in a PAH-contaminated soil. A BaAQ-degrading microbial consortium was obtained by enrichment in sand-in-liquid cultures with BaAQ as sole carbon source, and its metagenomic analysis identified members of Sphingobium, Stenotrophomonas, Pusillimonas, Olivibacter, Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, and Hyphomicrobiales as major components. The integration of data from metabolomic and metagenomic functional gene analyses of the consortium revealed that the BaAQ metabolic pathway was initiated by Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs). The presence of plasmid pANTQ-1 in the metagenomic sequences, identified in a previous multi-omic characterization of a 9,10-anthraquinone-degrading isolate recovered from the same soil, suggested the occurrence of a horizontal gene transfer event. Further metagenomic analysis of the BaAQ-degrading consortium also provided insights into the potential roles and interactions within the consortium members. Several potential auxotrophies were detected, indicating that relevant nutritional interdependencies and syntrophic associations were taking place within the community members, not only to provide suitable carbon and energy sources, but also to supply essential nutrients and cofactors. Our work confirms the essential role that BVMO may play as a detoxification mechanism to mitigate the risk posed by oxy-PAH formation during bioremediation of contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Jiménez-Volkerink
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Jordán
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Minguillón
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, University of Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba, 171, 08921 Sta. Coloma de Gramanet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Vila
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Magdalena Grifoll
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Wang L, Lin Y, Li J, Yu Q, Xu K, Ren H, Geng J. Deciphering Microbe-Mediated Dissolved Organic Matter Reactome in Wastewater Treatment Plants Using Directed Paired Mass Distance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:739-750. [PMID: 38147428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the reaction mechanism of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during wastewater biotreatment is crucial for optimal DOM control. Here, we develop a directed paired mass distance (dPMD) method that constructs a molecular network displaying the reaction pathways of DOM. It couples direction inference and PMD analysis to extract the substrate-product relationships and delta masses of potentially paired reactants directly from sequential mass spectrometry data without formula assignment. Using this method, we analyze the influent and effluent samples from the bioprocesses of 12 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and build a dPMD network to characterize the core reactome of DOM. The network shows that the first step of the transformation triggers reaction cascades that diversify the DOM, but the highly overlapped subsequent reaction pathways result in similar effluent DOM compositions across WWTPs despite varied influents. Mass changes exhibit consistent gain/loss preferences (e.g., +3.995 and -16.031) but different occurrences across WWTPs. Combined with genome-centric metatranscriptomics, we reveal the associations among dPMDs, enzymes, and microbes. Most enzymes are involved in oxygenation, (de)hydrogenation, demethylation, and hydration-related reactions but with different target substrates and expressed by various taxa, as exemplified by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Nitrospirae. Therefore, a functionally diverse community is pivotal for advanced DOM degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Juechun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qingmiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jinju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
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Thacharodi A, Hassan S, Singh T, Mandal R, Chinnadurai J, Khan HA, Hussain MA, Brindhadevi K, Pugazhendhi A. Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: An updated microbiological review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 328:138498. [PMID: 36996919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A class of organic priority pollutants known as PAHs is of critical public health and environmental concern due to its carcinogenic properties as well as its genotoxic, mutagenic, and cytotoxic properties. Research to eliminate PAHs from the environment has increased significantly due to awareness about their negative effects on the environment and human health. Various environmental factors, including nutrients, microorganisms present and their abundance, and the nature and chemical properties of the PAH affect the biodegradation of PAHs. A large spectrum of bacteria, fungi, and algae have ability to degrade PAHs with the biodegradation capacity of bacteria and fungi receiving the most attention. A considerable amount of research has been conducted in the last few decades on analyzing microbial communities for their genomic organization, enzymatic and biochemical properties capable of degrading PAH. While it is true that PAH degrading microorganisms offer potential for recovering damaged ecosystems in a cost-efficient way, new advances are needed to make these microbes more robust and successful at eliminating toxic chemicals. By optimizing some factors like adsorption, bioavailability and mass transfer of PAHs, microorganisms in their natural habitat could be greatly improved to biodegrade PAHs. This review aims to comprehensively discuss the latest findings and address the current wealth of knowledge in the microbial bioremediation of PAHs. Additionally, recent breakthroughs in PAH degradation are discussed in order to facilitate a broader understanding of the bioremediation of PAHs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Thacharodi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Saqib Hassan
- Division of Non-Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, 110029, India; Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Tripti Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201309, India
| | - Ramkrishna Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jeganathan Chinnadurai
- Department of Research and Development, Dr. Thacharodi's Laboratories, No. 24, 5th Cross, Thanthaiperiyar Nagar, Ellapillaichavadi, Puducherry, 605005, India
| | - Hilal Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Mir Ashiq Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Kathirvel Brindhadevi
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research (CFTR), Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali,140103, India.
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Takano Y, Takekoshi S, Takano K, Matoba Y, Mukumoto M, Shirai O. Metagenomic analysis of ready biodegradability tests to ascertain the relationship between microbiota and the biodegradability of test chemicals. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2023; 48:35-46. [PMID: 37361484 PMCID: PMC10288005 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d22-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Ready biodegradability tests conducted in accordance with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines (test 301C or test 301F) are performed using activated sludge (AS) prepared by the Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (AS-CERI) or that taken from a sewage treatment plant (AS-STP). It had been reported that AS-CERI had lower activity than AS-STP in biodegrading test chemicals, and that biodegradation was accelerated by increasing the volume of the test medium. However, these phenomena have not been clarified from the perspective of the microbiota. In this study, using metagenomic analysis, we first showed that the microbiota of AS-CERI was biased in its distribution of phyla, less diverse, and had greater lot-to-lot variability than that of AS-STP. Second, after cultivation for a long period of time, the microbiota of AS-STP and AS-CERI became more similar to each other in terms of community structure. Third, determining degraders of test substances when each substance was actively biodegraded was found to be an effective approach. Finally, we clarified experimentally that a large volume of test medium increased the number of species that could degrade test substances in the condition where the initial concentrations of each substance and AS-STP were kept constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinari Takano
- Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. Environmental Health Science Laboratory
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Saki Takekoshi
- Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. Environmental Health Science Laboratory
| | - Kotaro Takano
- Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. Environmental Health Science Laboratory
| | - Yoshihide Matoba
- Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. Environmental Health Science Laboratory
| | - Makiko Mukumoto
- Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. Environmental Health Science Laboratory
| | - Osamu Shirai
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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Chakravarty P, Deka H, Chowdhury D. Anthracene removal potential of green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2-NPs) and Alcaligenes faecalis HP8 from contaminated soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 321:138102. [PMID: 36764617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anthracene biodegradation potential has been studied in liquid culture and soil microcosm environment by employing green synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and Alcaligenes faecalis HP8. The bacterium was isolated from crude oil contaminated soil, while TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using Paenibacillus sp. HD1PAH and Cyperus brevifolius which have PAHs remediation abilities. The dual application of TiO2 nanoparticles and Alcaligenes faecalis HP8 decreases anthracene concentration up to 21.3% in liquid at the end of 7 days and 37.9% in the soil treatments after completion of 30 days. Besides, the GC-MS analysis revealed production of five metabolites including 1,2-anthracenedihydrodiol; 6,7-benzocoumarin; 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid; salicylic acid and 9,10-anthraquinone at different time interval of the treatments. Anthracene degradation pathway confirms the breakdown of three ring anthracene to one ring salicylic acid. Additionally, soil dehydrogenase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, catalase and amylase activities increased up to 4.09 folds, 8.6 folds, 4.4 folds, 3.6 folds and 2.1 folds respectively after the combined treatments of TiO2 nanoparticles and Alcaligenes faecalis HP8. The bacterial biomass and residual anthracene concentration were found to be negatively correlated. Finally, the study brings into light a novel anthracene biodegradation pathway and provides a new dimension in nano assisted bacterial remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Chakravarty
- Ecology and Environmental Remediation Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, Assam, India
| | - Hemen Deka
- Ecology and Environmental Remediation Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014, Assam, India.
| | - Devasish Chowdhury
- Material Nanochemistry Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati, 781035, India
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