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Jiménez-Volkerink SN, Jordán M, Smidt H, Minguillón C, Vila J, Grifoll M. Metagenomic insights into the microbial cooperative networks of a benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione degrading community from a creosote-contaminated soil. Sci Total Environ 2024; 907:167832. [PMID: 37863223 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxicity of PAH-contaminated soils can eventually increase after bioremediation due to the formation and accumulation of polar transformation products, mainly oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs). Biodegradation of oxy-PAHs has been described in soils, but information on the microorganisms and mechanisms involved is still scarce. Benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione (BaAQ), a transformation product from benz(a)anthracene frequently detected in soils, presents higher genotoxic potential than its parent PAH. Here, using sand-in-liquid microcosms we identified a specialized BaAQ-degrading subpopulation in a PAH-contaminated soil. A BaAQ-degrading microbial consortium was obtained by enrichment in sand-in-liquid cultures with BaAQ as sole carbon source, and its metagenomic analysis identified members of Sphingobium, Stenotrophomonas, Pusillimonas, Olivibacter, Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, and Hyphomicrobiales as major components. The integration of data from metabolomic and metagenomic functional gene analyses of the consortium revealed that the BaAQ metabolic pathway was initiated by Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs). The presence of plasmid pANTQ-1 in the metagenomic sequences, identified in a previous multi-omic characterization of a 9,10-anthraquinone-degrading isolate recovered from the same soil, suggested the occurrence of a horizontal gene transfer event. Further metagenomic analysis of the BaAQ-degrading consortium also provided insights into the potential roles and interactions within the consortium members. Several potential auxotrophies were detected, indicating that relevant nutritional interdependencies and syntrophic associations were taking place within the community members, not only to provide suitable carbon and energy sources, but also to supply essential nutrients and cofactors. Our work confirms the essential role that BVMO may play as a detoxification mechanism to mitigate the risk posed by oxy-PAH formation during bioremediation of contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Jiménez-Volkerink
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Jordán
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Minguillón
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, University of Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba, 171, 08921 Sta. Coloma de Gramanet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Vila
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Magdalena Grifoll
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Jiménez-Volkerink SN, Jordán M, Singleton DR, Grifoll M, Vila J. Bacterial benz(a)anthracene catabolic networks in contaminated soils and their modulation by other co-occurring HMW-PAHs. Environ Pollut 2023; 328:121624. [PMID: 37059172 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are major environmental pollutants in a number of point source contaminated sites, where they are found embedded in complex mixtures containing different polyaromatic compounds. The application of bioremediation technologies is often constrained by unpredictable end-point concentrations enriched in recalcitrant high molecular weight (HMW)-PAHs. The aim of this study was to elucidate the microbial populations and potential interactions involved in the biodegradation of benz(a)anthracene (BaA) in PAH-contaminated soils. The combination of DNA stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) and shotgun metagenomics of 13C-labeled DNA identified a member of the recently described genus Immundisolibacter as the key BaA-degrading population. Analysis of the corresponding metagenome assembled genome (MAG) revealed a highly conserved and unique genetic organization in this genus, including novel aromatic ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases (RHD). The influence of other HMW-PAHs on BaA degradation was ascertained in soil microcosms spiked with BaA and fluoranthene (FT), pyrene (PY) or chrysene (CHY) in binary mixtures. The co-occurrence of PAHs resulted in a significant delay in the removal of PAHs that were more resistant to biodegradation, and this delay was associated with relevant microbial interactions. Members of Immundisolibacter, associated with the biodegradation of BaA and CHY, were outcompeted by Sphingobium and Mycobacterium, triggered by the presence of FT and PY, respectively. Our findings highlight that interacting microbial populations modulate the fate of PAHs during the biodegradation of contaminant mixtures in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Jiménez-Volkerink
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Jordán
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David R Singleton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0287, USA
| | - Magdalena Grifoll
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Vila
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Jiménez-Volkerink SN, Vila J, Jordán M, Minguillón C, Smidt H, Grifoll M. Multi-Omic Profiling of a Newly Isolated Oxy-PAH Degrading Specialist from PAH-Contaminated Soil Reveals Bacterial Mechanisms to Mitigate the Risk Posed by Polar Transformation Products. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:139-149. [PMID: 36516361 PMCID: PMC9836352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polar biotransformation products have been identified as causative agents for the eventual increase in genotoxicity observed after the bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soils. Their further biodegradation has been described under certain biostimulation conditions; however, the underlying microorganisms and mechanisms remain to be elucidated. 9,10-Anthraquinone (ANTQ), a transformation product from anthracene (ANT), is the most commonly detected oxygenated PAH (oxy-PAH) in contaminated soils. Sand-in-liquid microcosms inoculated with creosote-contaminated soil revealed the existence of a specialized ANTQ degrading community, and Sphingobium sp. AntQ-1 was isolated for its ability to grow on this oxy-PAH. Combining the metabolomic, genomic, and transcriptomic analyses of strain AntQ-1, we comprehensively reconstructed the ANTQ biodegradation pathway. Novel mechanisms for polyaromatic compound degradation were revealed, involving the cleavage of the central ring catalyzed by Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMO). Abundance of strain AntQ-1 16S rRNA and its BVMO genes in the sand-in-liquid microcosms correlated with maximum ANTQ biodegradation rates, supporting the environmental relevance of this mechanism. Our results demonstrate the existence of highly specialized microbial communities in contaminated soils responsible for processing oxy-PAHs accumulated by primary degraders. Also, they underscore the key role that BVMO may play as a detoxification mechanism to mitigate the risk posed by oxy-PAH formation during bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N. Jiménez-Volkerink
- Department
of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Vila
- Department
of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- . Tel.: +34 934034626
| | - Maria Jordán
- Department
of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Minguillón
- Department
of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, University of Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba, 171, 08921 Sta. Coloma de Gramanet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory
of Microbiology, Wageningen University &
Research, Stippeneng
4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Grifoll
- Department
of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Rueda E, Álvarez-González A, Vila J, Díez-Montero R, Grifoll M, García J. Inorganic carbon stimulates the metabolic routes related to the polyhdroxybutyrate production in a Synechocystis sp. strain (cyanobacteria) isolated from wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2022; 829:154691. [PMID: 35318053 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are capable of transforming CO2 into polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). In this study, different inorganic carbon concentrations (0-2 gC L-1) were evaluated for a Synechocystis sp. strain isolated from wastewater. Quantitative RT-qPCR was also performed to decipher the links between inorganic carbon and PHB and glycogen metabolism. 2 gC L-1 of bicarbonate stimulated cell growth, nutrients consumption and production of PHB. Using this concentration, a 14%dcw of PHB and an average productivity of 2.45 mgPHB L-1 d-1 were obtained. Gene expression analysis revelated that these conditions caused the overexpression of genes related to glycogen and PHB synthesis. Moreover, a positive correlation between the genes codifying for the glycogen phosphorylase, the acetyl-CoA reductase and the poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) polymerase was found, meaning that PHB synthesis and glycogen catabolism are strongly related. These results provide an exhaustive evaluation of the effect of carbon on the PHB production and cyanobacterial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estel Rueda
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, Av. Eduard Maristany 16, Building C5.1, E-08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Álvarez-González
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Vila
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Rubén Díez-Montero
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magdalena Grifoll
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Joan García
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Posada-Baquero R, Jiménez-Volkerink SN, García JL, Vila J, Cantos M, Grifoll M, Ortega-Calvo JJ. Rhizosphere-enhanced biosurfactant action on slowly desorbing PAHs in contaminated soil. Sci Total Environ 2020; 720:137608. [PMID: 32143055 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
We studied how sunflower plants affect rhamnolipid biosurfactant mobilization of slowly desorbing fractions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil from a creosote-contaminated site. Desorption kinetics of 13 individual PAHs revealed that the soil contained initially up to 50% slowly desorbing fractions. A rhamnolipid biosurfactant was applied to the soil at the completion of the sunflower cycle (75 days in greenhouse conditions). After this period, the PAHs that remained in the soil were mainly present in a slowly desorbing form as a result of the efficient biodegradation of fast-desorbing PAHs by native microbial populations. The rhamnolipid enhanced the bioavailable fraction of the remaining PAHs by up to 30%, as evidenced by a standardized desorption extraction with Tenax, but the enhancement occurred with only planted soils. The enhanced bioavailability did not decrease residual PAH concentrations under greenhouse conditions, possibly due to ecophysiological limitations in the biodegradation process that were independent of the bioavailability. However, biodegradation was enhanced during slurry treatment of greenhouse planted soils that received the biosurfactant. The addition of rhamnolipids caused a dramatic shift in the soil bacterial community structure, which was magnified in the presence of sunflower plants. The stimulated groups were identified as fast-growing and catabolically versatile bacteria. This new rhizosphere microbial biomass possibly interacted with the biosurfactant to facilitate intra-aggregate diffusion of PAHs, thus enhancing the kinetics of slow desorption. Our results show that the usually limited biosurfactant efficiency with contaminated field soils can be significantly enhanced by integrating the sunflower ontogenetic cycle into the bioremediation design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Posada-Baquero
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, Seville 41012, Spain
| | - Sara Nienke Jiménez-Volkerink
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - José Luis García
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, Seville 41012, Spain
| | - Joaquim Vila
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Manuel Cantos
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, Seville 41012, Spain
| | - Magdalena Grifoll
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Jose Julio Ortega-Calvo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, Seville 41012, Spain.
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Rueda E, García-Galán MJ, Díez-Montero R, Vila J, Grifoll M, García J. Polyhydroxybutyrate and glycogen production in photobioreactors inoculated with wastewater borne cyanobacteria monocultures. Bioresour Technol 2020; 295:122233. [PMID: 31627066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the PHB and glycogen accumulation dynamics in two photobioreactors inoculated with different monocultures of wastewater-borne cyanobacteria, using a three-stage feeding strategy (growth phase, feast-famine phase and feast phase). Two cyanobacterial monocultures containing members of Synechocystis sp. or Synechococcus sp. were collected from treated wastewater and inoculated in lab-scale photobioreactors to evaluate the PHB and glycogen accumulation. A third photobioreactor with a complex microbial community grown in real wastewater was also set up. During each experimental phase different concentrations of inorganic carbon were applied to the cultures, these shifts allowed to discern the accumulation mechanism of carbon storage polymers (PHB and glycogen) in cyanobacteria. Conversion of one into the other was directly related to the carbon content. The highest PHB and glycogen contents (5.04%dcw and 69%dcw, respectively) were achieved for Synechocystis sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estel Rueda
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, Av. Eduard Maristany 16, Building C5.1, E-08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Jesús García-Galán
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rubén Díez-Montero
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Vila
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Magdalena Grifoll
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Joan García
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Posada-Baquero R, Grifoll M, Ortega-Calvo JJ. Rhamnolipid-enhanced solubilization and biodegradation of PAHs in soils after conventional bioremediation. Sci Total Environ 2019; 668:790-796. [PMID: 30870747 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The application of a rhamnolipid biosurfactant for enhanced solubilization and biodegradation of slowly desorbing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soils was determined in this study. The soil samples exhibited different levels of pollution and different bioremediation stages: the first soil originated from a creosote-polluted site, contained 4370 mg kg -1 of PAHs and had not been bioremediated; the second soil was the same as the first but had received bioremediation treatment with nutrient amendment in biopiles for a period of 5 months and contained 580 mg kg -1 of PAHs after this treatment; the third soil was treated by bioremediation for several years to reduce the concentration of PAHs to 275 mg kg -1. The kinetics of PAH desorption were determined to assess the magnitude of the slowly desorbing fractions present in the polluted soil and to optimize the biosurfactant effectiveness in terms of biodegradation. The soils that had been treated by bioremediation were enriched in slowly desorbing PAHs. The rhamnolipid at a concentration above its critical micelle concentration enhanced biodegradation in the soils that had been bioremediated previously. The measurement of residual concentrations of native PAHs showed the promoting effect of the biosurfactant on the biodegradation of the slowly desorbing fractions. Interestingly, benzo(a)pyrene was biodegraded in the soil that had been bioremediated for a long time. Rhamnolipid can constitute a valid alternative to chemical surfactants in promoting the biodegradation of slow-desorption PAHs, which is one of the most important problems in bioremediation, but the efficiency depends strongly on the bioremediation stage in which the biosurfactant is applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Posada-Baquero
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), C.S.I.C., Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Magdalena Grifoll
- Univ Barcelona, Fac Biol, Dept Genet Microbiol & Stat, Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José-Julio Ortega-Calvo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), C.S.I.C., Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, E-41012 Seville, Spain.
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Sungthong R, Tauler M, Grifoll M, Ortega-Calvo JJ. Mycelium-Enhanced Bacterial Degradation of Organic Pollutants under Bioavailability Restrictions. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:11935-11942. [PMID: 28921965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work examines the role of mycelia in enhancing the degradation by attached bacteria of organic pollutants that have poor bioavailability. Two oomycetes, Pythium oligandrum and Pythium aphanidermatum, were selected as producers of mycelial networks, while Mycobacterium gilvum VM552 served as a model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degrading bacterium. The experiments consisted of bacterial cultures exposed to a nondisturbed nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) layer containing a heavy fuel spiked with 14C-labeled phenanthrene that were incubated in the presence or absence of the mycelia of the oomycetes in both shaking and static conditions. At the end of the incubation, the changes in the total alkane and PAH contents in the NAPL residue were quantified. The results revealed that with shaking and the absence of mycelia, the strain VM552 grew by utilizing the bulk of alkanes and PAHs in the fuel; however, biofilm formation was incipient and phenanthrene was mineralized following zero-order kinetics, due to bioavailability limitations. The addition of mycelia favored biofilm formation and dramatically enhanced the mineralization of phenanthrene, up to 30 times greater than the rate without mycelia, possibly by providing a physical support to bacterial colonization and by supplying nutrients at the NAPL/water interface. The results in the static condition were very different because the bacterial strain alone degraded phenanthrene with sigmoidal kinetics but could not degrade alkanes or the bulk of PAHs. We suggest that bacteria/oomycete interactions should be considered not only in the design of new inoculants in bioremediation but also in biodegradation assessments of chemicals present in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungroch Sungthong
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC) , Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, Seville 41012, Spain
| | - Margalida Tauler
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona , Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Magdalena Grifoll
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona , Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Jose Julio Ortega-Calvo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC) , Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, Seville 41012, Spain
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Tauler M, Vila J, Nieto JM, Grifoll M. Key high molecular weight PAH-degrading bacteria in a soil consortium enriched using a sand-in-liquid microcosm system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:3321-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Dosta J, Vila J, Sancho I, Basset N, Grifoll M, Mata-Álvarez J. Two-step partial nitritation/Anammox process in granulation reactors: Start-up operation and microbial characterization. J Environ Manage 2015; 164:196-205. [PMID: 26386756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A two-stage Partial Nitritation (PN)/Anammox process was carried out at lab-scale conditions to treat reject water from a municipal WWTP. PN was achieved in a granular SBR obtaining an effluent with a NH4(+)-N/NO2(-)-N molar ratio around 1.0. The microbial characterization of this reactor revealed a predominance of Betaproteobacteria, with a member of Nitrosomonas as the main autotrophic ammonium oxidizing bacterium (AOB). Nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were under the detection limit of 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing, indicating their effective inhibition. The effluent of the PN reactor was fed to an Anammox SBR where stable operation was achieved with a NH4(+)-N:NO2(-)-N:NO3(-)-N stoichiometry of 1:1.25:0.14. The deviation to the theoretical stoichiometry could be attributed to the presence of heterotrophic biomass in the Anammox reactor (mainly members of Chlorobi and Chloroflexi). Planctomycetes accounted for 7% of the global community, being members of Brocadia (1.4% of the total abundance) the main anaerobic ammonium oxidizer detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dosta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès, No. 1, 6th Floor, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J Vila
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Sancho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès, No. 1, 6th Floor, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Basset
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès, No. 1, 6th Floor, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Grifoll
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Mata-Álvarez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès, No. 1, 6th Floor, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Izquierdo AR, Vila J, Petit C, Peyret P, Koch A, Grifoll M. Microbial populations and functions associated with the degradation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon oil fractions. J Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Cerralbo P, Grifoll M, Moré J, Bravo M, Sairouní Afif A, Espino M. Wind variability in a coastal area (Alfacs Bay, Ebro River delta). Adv Sci Res 2015. [DOI: 10.5194/asr-12-11-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Wind spatial heterogeneity in a coastal area (Alfacs Bay, northwestern Mediterranean Sea) is described using a set of observations and modelling results. Observations in three meteorological stations (during 2012–2013) along the coastline reveal that wind from the N–NW (strongest winds in the region) appears to be affected by the local orography promoting high wind variability on relatively short spatial scales (of the order of few kilometres). On the other hand, sea breezes in late spring and summer also show noticeable differences in both spatial distribution and duration. The importance of wind models' spatial resolution is also assessed, revealing that high resolution (= 3 km) substantially improves the results in comparison to coarse resolution (9 km). The highest-resolution model tested (400 m) also presents noticeable improvements during some events, showing spatial variability not revealed by coarser models. All these models are used to describe and understand the spatial variability of the typical wind events in the region. The results presented in this contribution should be considered on hydrodynamic, ecological and risk management investigations in coastal areas with complex orography.
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Lundstedt S, Bandowe B, Wilcke W, Boll E, Christensen J, Vila J, Grifoll M, Faure P, Biache C, Lorgeoux C, Larsson M, Frech Irgum K, Ivarsson P, Ricci M. First intercomparison study on the analysis of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) and nitrogen heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic compounds (N-PACs) in contaminated soil. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Puigserver D, Carmona JM, Cortés A, Viladevall M, Nieto JM, Grifoll M, Vila J, Parker BL. Subsoil heterogeneities controlling porewater contaminant mass and microbial diversity at a site with a complex pollution history. J Contam Hydrol 2013; 144:1-19. [PMID: 23149156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study seeks to improve our understanding of the conceptual model of pollutant transport and fate in cases of DNAPL contamination at sites with a complex contamination history. The study was carried out in an unconfined aquifer of alluvial fans in the Tarragona Petrochemical Complex (Spain). Two boreholes were drilled and continuous cores were recovered in order to carry out a detailed core description at centimeter scale and a comprehensive sampling of borehole cores. The biogeochemical heterogeneity at these sites is controlled by the conjunction of lithological, hydrochemical and microbiological heterogeneities. Biodegradation processes of contaminant compounds take place not only at the level of the dissolved fraction in the aquifer but also at the level of the fraction retained in the fine, less conductive materials as shown by the biodegradation haloes of parent and metabolite compounds. Sampling the low-conductivity levels also allowed us to identify compounds, e.g. BTEX, that are the remaining traces of the passage of old contaminant plumes whose sources no longer exist. This enabled us to describe past biogeochemical processes and to partially account for the processes occurring today. Transition zones, characterized by numerous textural changes, constitute ecotones whose biostimulation could be effective in promoting the acceleration of the remediation of the multiple pollution at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Puigserver
- Departamento de Gequímica, Petrologia i Prospecció Geològica, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Abstract
New Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from Poeni oily sludge, using enrichment procedures. The six Gram-positive strains belong to Bacillus, Lysinibacillus and Rhodococcus genera. The eight Gram-negative strains belong to Shewanella, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella genera. Isolated bacterial strains were tolerant to saturated (i.e., n-hexane, n-heptane, n-decane, n-pentadecane, n-hexadecane, cyclohexane), monoaromatic (i.e., benzene, toluene, styrene, xylene isomers, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene) and polyaromatic (i.e., naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, fluorene) hydrocarbons, and also resistant to different antimicrobial agents (i.e., ampicillin, kanamycin, rhodamine 6G, crystal violet, malachite green, sodium dodecyl sulfate). The presence of hydrophilic antibiotics like ampicillin or kanamycin in liquid LB-Mg medium has no effects on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria resistance to toxic compounds. The results indicated that Gram-negative bacteria are less sensitive to toxic compounds than Gram-positive bacteria, except one bacteria belonging to Lysinibacillus genus. There were observed cellular and molecular modifications induced by ampicillin or kanamycin to isolated bacterial strains. Gram-negative bacteria possessed between two and four catabolic genes (alkB, alkM, alkB/alkB1, todC1, xylM, PAH dioxygenase, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase), compared with Gram-positive bacteria (except one bacteria belonging to Bacillus genus) which possessed one catabolic gene (alkB/alkB1). Transporter genes (HAE1, acrAB) were detected only in Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Marilena Stancu
- Institute of Biology, Center of Microbiology, 296 Spl. Independentei St, Bucharest, Romania.
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Dosta J, Nieto JM, Vila J, Grifoll M, Mata-Álvarez J. Phenol removal from hypersaline wastewaters in a Membrane Biological Reactor (MBR): operation and microbiological characterisation. Bioresour Technol 2011; 102:4013-4020. [PMID: 21215614 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two Membrane Biological Reactors (MBR) with submerged flat membranes, one at lab-scale conditions and the other at pilot-plant conditions, were operated at environmental temperature to treat an industrial wastewater characterised by low phenol concentrations (8-16 mg L(-1)) and high salinity (∼ 150-160 mS cm(-1)). During the operation of both reactors, the phenol loading rate was progressively increased and less than 1mg phenol L(-1) was detected even at very low HRTs (0.5-0.7 days). Membrane fouling was minimized by the cross flow aeration rate inside the MBRs and by intermittent permeation. Microbial community analysis of both reactors revealed that members of the genera Halomonas and Marinobacter (gammaproteobacteria) were major components. Growth-linked phenol degradation by pure cultures of Marinobacter isolates demonstrated that this bacterium played a major role in the removal of phenol from the bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dosta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, Barcelona, Spain
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Tejeda-Agredano MC, Gallego S, Niqui-Arroyo JL, Vila J, Grifoll M, Ortega-Calvo JJ. Effect of interface fertilization on biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in nonaqueous-phase liquids. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:1074-1081. [PMID: 21166450 DOI: 10.1021/es102418u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to use an oleophilic biostimulant (S-200) to target possible nutritional limitations for biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at the interface between nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs) and the water phase. Biodegradation of PAHs present in fuel-containing NAPLs was slow and followed zero-order kinetics, indicating bioavailability restrictions. The biostimulant enhanced the biodegradation, producing logistic (S-shaped) kinetics and 10-fold increases in the rate of mineralization of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. Chemical analysis of residual fuel oil also evidenced an enhanced biodegradation of the alkyl-PAHs and n-alkanes. The enhancement was not the result of an increase in the rate of partitioning of PAHs into the aqueous phase, nor was it caused by the compensation of any nutritional deficiency in the medium. We suggest that biodegradation of PAH by bacteria attached to NAPLs can be limited by nutrient availability due to the simultaneous consumption of NAPL components, but this limitation can be overcome by interface fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Tejeda-Agredano
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Gallego S, Jorba M, Vila J, Ortega-Calvo JJ, Grifoll M. Influence of sunflower oil on the biodegradation of creosote-pahs by mycobacterium sp. strain cp1. J Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Selifonov SA, Grifoll M, Eaton RW, Chapman PJ. Oxidation of naphthenoaromatic and methyl-substituted aromatic compounds by naphthalene 1,2-dioxygenase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 62:507-14. [PMID: 16535238 PMCID: PMC1388776 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.2.507-514.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, and fluorene was examined with recombinant strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1(pRE695) expressing naphthalene dioxygenase genes cloned from plasmid NAH7. Acenaphthene underwent monooxygenation to 1-acenaphthenol with subsequent conversion to 1-acenaphthenone and cis- and trans-acenaphthene-1,2-diols, while acenaphthylene was dioxygenated to give cis-acenaphthene-1,2-diol. Nonspecific dehydrogenase activities present in the host strain led to the conversion of both of the acenaphthene-1,2-diols to 1,2-acenaphthoquinone. The latter was oxidized spontaneously to naphthalene-1,8-dicarboxylic acid. No aromatic ring dioxygenation products were detected from acenaphthene and acenaphthylene. Mixed monooxygenase and dioxygenase actions of naphthalene dioxygenase on fluorene yielded products of benzylic 9-monooxygenation, aromatic ring dioxygenation, or both. The action of naphthalene dioxygenase on a variety of methyl-substituted aromatic compounds, including 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene and isomers of dimethylnaphthalene, resulted in the formation of benzylic alcohols, i.e., methyl group monooxygenation products, which were subsequently converted to the corresponding carboxylic acids by dehydrogenase(s) in the host strain. Benzylic monooxygenation of methyl groups was strongly predominant over aromatic ring dioxygenation and essentially nonspecific with respect to the substitution pattern of the aromatic substrates. In addition to monooxygenating benzylic methyl and methylene groups, naphthalene dioxygenase behaved as a sulfoxygenase, catalyzing monooxygenation of the sulfur heteroatom of 3-methylbenzothiophene.
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Grifoll M, Selifonov SA, Chapman PJ. Transformation of Substituted Fluorenes and Fluorene Analogs by Pseudomonas sp. Strain F274. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 61:3490-3. [PMID: 16535132 PMCID: PMC1388586 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.9.3490-3493.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas sp. strain F274, previously shown to catabolize fluorene via fluorenone and its angular dioxygenation, 2(prm1),3(prm1)-dihydroxy-2-carboxybiphenyl, phthalate, and protocatechuate, was examined for its ability to transform substituted fluorenes and S- and N-heterocyclic analogs. Halogen- and methyl-substituted fluorenes were metabolized to correspondingly substituted phthalates via attack on the unsubstituted ring. In the case of 1-methylfluorene, initial oxidation of the methyl group to carboxyl prevented all other transformations but 9-monooxygenation. This strain also oxidized the S-heteroatoms and benzylic methylenic groups of fluorene analogs. No angular dioxygenation of S- and N-heterocycles was observed.
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Grifoll M, Hammel KE. Initial Steps in the Degradation of Methoxychlor by the White Rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 63:1175-7. [PMID: 16535547 PMCID: PMC1389141 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.3.1175-1177.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium mineralized [ring-(sup14)C]methoxychlor [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethane] and metabolized it to a variety of products. The three most prominent of these were identified as the 1-dechloro derivative 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethane, the 2-hydroxy derivative 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol, and the 1-dechloro-2-hydroxy derivative 2,2-dichloro-1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol by comparison of the derivatives with authentic standards in chromatographic and mass spectrometric experiments. In addition, the 1-dechloro-2-hydroxy derivative was identified from its (sup1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. The 1-dechloro and 2-hydroxy derivatives were both converted to the 1-dechloro-2-hydroxy derivative by the fungus; i.e., there was no requirement that dechlorination precede hydroxylation or vice versa. All three metabolites were mineralized and are therefore likely intermediates in the degradation of methoxychlor by P. chrysosporium.
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Vila J, María Nieto J, Mertens J, Springael D, Grifoll M. Microbial community structure of a heavy fuel oil-degrading marine consortium: linking microbial dynamics with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon utilization. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010; 73:349-62. [PMID: 20528986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A marine microbial consortium obtained from a beach contaminated by the Prestige oil spill proved highly efficient in removing the different hydrocarbon families present in this heavy fuel oil. Seawater cultures showed a complete removal of all the linear and branched alkanes, an extensive attack on three to five-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs; including anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, and benzo(a)pyrene] (30-100%), and a considerable depletion of their alkyl derivatives. Community dynamics analysis revealed that Alcanivorax species, known alkane degraders, predominated in the initial stages. This was followed by an increase in Alphaproteobacteria (i.e. Maricaulis, Roseovarius), which coincided with the depletion of low molecular PAHs. Finally, these were succeeded by Gammaproteobacteria (mainly Marinobacter and Methylophaga), which were involved in the degradation of the high molecular-weight PAHs. The role of these populations in the removal of the specific components was confirmed by the analysis of subcultures established using the aliphatic or the aromatic fraction of the fuel oil, or single PAHs, as carbon sources. The genus Marinobacter seemed to play a major role in the degradation of a variety of hydrocarbons, as several members of this group were isolated from the different enrichment cultures and grew on plates with hexadecane or single PAHs as sole carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Vila
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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López Z, Vila J, Ortega-Calvo JJ, Grifoll M. Simultaneous biodegradation of creosote-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a pyrene-degrading Mycobacterium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 78:165-72. [PMID: 18074131 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
When incubated with a creosote-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mixture, the pyrene-degrading strain Mycobacterium sp. AP1 acted on three- and four-ring components, causing the simultaneous depletion of 25% of the total PAHs in 30 days. The kinetics of disappearance of individual PAHs was consistent with differences in aqueous solubility. During the incubation, a number of acid metabolites indicative of distinctive reactions carried out by high-molecular-weight PAH-degrading mycobacteria accumulated in the medium. Most of these metabolites were dicarboxylic aromatic acids formed as a result of the utilization of growth substrates (phenanthrene, pyrene, or fluoranthene) by multibranched pathways including meta- and ortho-ring-cleavage reactions: phthalic acid, naphthalene-1,8-dicarboxylic acid, phenanthrene-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, diphenic acid, Z-9-carboxymethylenefluorene-1-carboxylic acid, and 6,6'-dihydroxy-2,2'-biphenyl dicarboxylic acid. Others were dead-end products resulting from cometabolic oxidations on nongrowth substrates (fluorene meta-cleavage product). These results contribute to the general knowledge of the biochemical processes that determine the fate of the individual components of PAH mixtures in polluted soils. The identification of the partially oxidized compounds will facilitate to develop analytical methods to determine their potential formation and accumulation in contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira López
- Departament de Microbiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Arias L, Bauzá J, Tobella J, Vila J, Grifoll M. A microcosm system and an analytical protocol to assess PAH degradation and metabolite formation in soils. Biodegradation 2007; 19:425-34. [PMID: 17849221 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-007-9148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-polluted soils accumulation of polar metabolites resulting from the biological activity may occur. Since these polar metabolites are potentially more toxic than the parental products, a better understanding of the processes involved in the production and fate of these oxidation products in soil is needed. In the present work we describe the design and set-up of a static soil microcosm system and an analytical methodology for detection of PAHs and their oxidation products in soils. When applied to a soil contaminated with phenanthrene, as a model PAH, and 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, diphenic acid, and phthalic acid as putative metabolites, the extraction and fractionation procedures resulted in recoveries of 93%, 89%, 100%, and 89%, respectively. The application of the standardized system to study the biodegradation of phenanthrene in an agricultural soil with and without inoculation of the high molecular weight PAH-degrading strain Mycobacterium sp. AP1, demonstrates its suitability for determining the environmental fate of PAHs in polluted soils and for evaluating the effect of bioremediative treatments. In inoculated microcosms 35% of the added phenanthrene was depleted, 19% being recovered as CO(2) and 3% as diphenic acid. The latter, together with other two unidentified metabolites, accumulated in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Arias
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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Fernández-Alvarez P, Vila J, Garrido JM, Grifoll M, Feijoo G, Lema JM. Evaluation of biodiesel as bioremediation agent for the treatment of the shore affected by the heavy oil spill of the Prestige. J Hazard Mater 2007; 147:914-22. [PMID: 17360115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of different bioremediation products (nutrients, microorganisms and biodiesel) was tested using tiles located in both the supra-littoral and intertidal zones of a beach that was affected by the heavy oil spill of the Prestige. Neither nutrients nor microorganisms meant an improvement with respect to the natural processes. The addition of biodiesel improved the appearance of the treated tiles and apparently accelerated the degradation of the aliphatic and aromatic fractions of the residual fuel oil. Nevertheless, PAHs degradation was similar and very high in all the treatments (80-85% after 60 days). On the other hand, the evolution with time of the amount of vanadium was similar to that of 17alpha(H),21beta(H)-hopane, so it was concluded that vanadium could also be used to estimate the extent of oil degradation in the field. These results also suggested that the residual fuel oil mineralization was very low throughout 1 year in all the treatments. Moreover, the increase of the oxygen content of the residual oil from around 1% till 4-8% indicated that the partial oxidation of hydrocarbons took place, and that the hydrocarbon oxidation products accumulated in the polar fractions. In general, the results pointed out that bioremediation techniques were not suitable for the recovery of shores affected by heavy oil spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fernández-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Avda. Lope Gómez de Marzoa, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Fernández-Alvarez P, Vila J, Garrido-Fernández JM, Grifoll M, Lema JM. Trials of bioremediation on a beach affected by the heavy oil spill of the Prestige. J Hazard Mater 2006; 137:1523-31. [PMID: 16730898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of several bioremediation products in accelerating the in situ biodegradation of the heavy fuel oil spill of the Prestige. Trials of bioremediation were conducted in sand, rocks and granite tiles on the beach of Sorrizo (A Coruña, NW Spain) that was polluted by the spill. Neither the added microorganisms nor the nutrients significantly enhanced the degradation rate of the fuel oil in rocks, granite tiles or sand. PAH degradation up to 80% was determined in sand and tiles. In tiles the oxygen content of the residual oil increased from 1.6% up to 8% in 90 days, which could be explained by the accumulation of products coming from the partial oxidation of the hydrocarbons. Eighteen months after the spill, the rocks of the beach were still coated by a black layer of weathered fuel oil. For this reason an oleophilic product, sunflower biodiesel was tested on a rock. The application of biodiesel accelerated the gradually clean-up of the polluted surface and could also accelerate the degradation of the residual oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fernández-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Avda. Lope Gómez de Marzoa, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
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López Z, Vila J, Grifoll M. Metabolism of fluoranthene by mycobacterial strains isolated by their ability to grow in fluoranthene or pyrene. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 32:455-64. [PMID: 16133098 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-005-0022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium sp. strains CP1, CP2, CFt2 and CFt6 were isolated from creosote-contaminated soil due to their ability to grow in pyrene (CP1 and CP2) or fluoranthene (CFt2 and CFt6). All these strains utilized fluoranthene as a sole source of carbon and energy. Strain CP1 exhibited the best growth, with a cellular assimilation of fluoranthene carbon of approximately 45%. Identification of the metabolites accumulated during growth in fluoranthene, the kinetics of metabolites, and metabolite feeding studies, indicated that all these isolates oxidized fluoranthene by the following two routes: the first involves dioxygenation at C-1 and C-2, meta cleavage, and a 2-carbon fragment excision to produce 9-fluorenone-1-carboxylic acid. An angular dioxygenation of the latter yields cis-1,9a-dihydroxy-1-hydrofluorene-9-one-8-carboxylic acid, which is further degraded via 8-hydroxy-3,4-benzocoumarin-1-carboxylic acid, benzene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, and phthalate; the second route involves dioxygenation at C-2 and C-3 and ortho cleavage to give Z-9-carboxymethylenefluorene-1-carboxylic acid. In addition, the pyrene-degrading strains CP1 and CP2 possess a third route initiated by dioxygenation at positions C-7 and C-8, which--following meta cleavage, an aldolase reaction, and a C(1)-fragment excision--yields acenaphthenone. Monooxygenation of this ketone to the corresponding quinone, and its subsequent hydrolysis, produces naphthalene-1,8-dicarboxylic acid. The results obtained in this study not only complete and confirm the three fluoranthene degradation routes previously proposed for the pyrene-degrading strain Mycobacterium sp. AP1, but also suggest that such routes represent general microbial processes for environmental fluoranthene removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira López
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Spain
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López Z, Vila J, Minguillón C, Grifoll M. Metabolism of fluoranthene by Mycobacterium sp. strain AP1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 70:747-56. [PMID: 16133330 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pyrene-degrading Mycobacterium strain AP1 was found to utilize fluoranthene as a sole source of carbon and energy. Identification of metabolites formed from fluoranthene (by growing cells and washed-cell suspensions), the kinetics of metabolite accumulation, and metabolite-feeding studies all indicated that strain AP1 oxidizes fluoranthene using three alternative routes. The first route is initiated by dioxygenation at C-7 and C-8 and, following meta cleavage and pyruvate release, produces a hydroxyacenaphthoic acid that is decarboxylated to acenaphthenone (V). Monooxygenation of this ketone to the quinone and subsequent hydrolysis generates naphthalene-1,8-dicarboxylic acid (IV), which is further degraded via benzene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid (III). A second route involves dioxygenation at C-1 and C-2, followed by dehydrogenation and meta cleavage of the resulting diol. A two-carbon fragment excision of the meta cleavage product yields 9-fluorenone-1-carboxylic acid (II), which appears to undergo angular dioxygenation and further degradation to produce benzene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid (III), merging this route with the 7,8-dioxygenation route. Decarboxylation of benzene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid to phthalate (VIII), as well as further oxidation of the latter, would connect both routes with the central metabolism. The identification of Z-9-carboxymethylenefluorene-1-carboxylic acid (I) suggests a third route for fluoranthene degradation involving dioxygenation at C-2, C-3, and ortho cleavage. There is no evidence of any further degradation of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira López
- Departament de Microbiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Viñas M, Grifoll M, Sabaté J, Solanas AM. Biodegradation of a crude oil by three microbial consortia of different origins and metabolic capabilities. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2002; 28:252-60. [PMID: 11986928 DOI: 10.1038/sj/jim/7000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2001] [Accepted: 11/11/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microbial consortia were obtained three by sequential enrichment using different oil products. Consortium F1AA was obtained on a heavily saturated fraction of a degraded crude oil; consortium TD, by enrichment on diesel and consortium AM, on a mixture of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]. The three consortia were incubated with a crude oil in order to elucidate their metabolic capabilities and to investigate possible differences in the biodegradation of these complex hydrocarbon mixtures in relation to their origin. The efficiency of the three consortia in removing the saturated fraction was 60% (F1AA), 48% (TD) and 34% (AM), depending on the carbon sources used in the enrichment procedures. Consortia F1AA and TD removed 100% of n-alkanes and branched alkanes, whereas with consortium AM, 91% of branched alkanes remained. Efficiency on the polyaromatic fraction was 19% (AM), 11% (TD) and 7% (F1AA). The increase in aromaticity of the polyaromatic fraction during degradation of the crude oil by consortium F1AA suggested that this consortium metabolized the aromatic compounds primarily by oxidation of the alkylic chains. The 500-fold amplification of the inocula from the consortia by subculturing in rich media, necessary for use of the consortia in bioremediation experiments, showed no significant decrease in their degradation capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Viñas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Vila J, López Z, Sabaté J, Minguillón C, Solanas AM, Grifoll M. Identification of a novel metabolite in the degradation of pyrene by Mycobacterium sp. strain AP1: actions of the isolate on two- and three-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:5497-505. [PMID: 11722898 PMCID: PMC93335 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.12.5497-5505.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium sp. strain AP1 grew with pyrene as a sole source of carbon and energy. The identification of metabolites accumulating during growth suggests that this strain initiates its attack on pyrene by either monooxygenation or dioxygenation at its C-4, C-5 positions to give trans- or cis-4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydropyrene, respectively. Dehydrogenation of the latter, ortho cleavage of the resulting diol to form phenanthrene 4,5-dicarboxylic acid, and subsequent decarboxylation to phenanthrene 4-carboxylic acid lead to degradation of the phenanthrene 4-carboxylic acid via phthalate. A novel metabolite identified as 6,6'-dihydroxy-2,2'-biphenyl dicarboxylic acid demonstrates a new branch in the pathway that involves the cleavage of both central rings of pyrene. In addition to pyrene, strain AP1 utilized hexadecane, phenanthrene, and fluoranthene for growth. Pyrene-grown cells oxidized the methylenic groups of fluorene and acenaphthene and catalyzed the dihydroxylation and ortho cleavage of one of the rings of naphthalene and phenanthrene to give 2-carboxycinnamic and diphenic acids, respectively. The catabolic versatility of strain AP1 and its use of ortho cleavage mechanisms during the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) give new insight into the role that pyrene-degrading bacterial strains may play in the environmental fate of PAH mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vila
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Casellas M, Grifoll M, Sabaté J, Solanas AM. Isolation and characterization of a 9-fluorenone-degrading bacterial strain and its role in synergistic degradation of fluorene by a consortium. Can J Microbiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1139/w98-066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas mendocina MC2, able to use 9-fluorenone but not fluorene as its sole source of carbon and energy, was isolated. Identification of metabolites in growth media and washed cell suspensions indicated that strain MC2 metabolizes 9-fluorenone via angular dioxygenation of the ketone, to give 1,1a-dihydroxy-1-hydro-9-fluorenone, followed by the opening of the five-membered ring and further degradation of the resulting biphenyl derivative by reactions akin to those of biphenyl metabolism, which produce phthalate as an intermediate. The aim of this research was to study the biodegradation of fluorene by a co-culture of strain MC2 and Arthrobacter sp.strain F101, which grows on fluorene and simultaneously transforms a fraction of the substrate to 9-fluorenone, which accumulates as a dead-end product. Growing with 0.1 g fluorene/L, Arthrobacter sp. strain F101 caused the total removal of this compound from the cultures, but when this strain was grown with 1g fluorene/L, only 16% of the fluorene was used. The addition of 9-fluorenone to cultures growing on fluorene showed that 9-fluorenone inhibits fluorene degradation. Finally, when Pseudomonas mendocina MC2 and Arthrobacter sp. strain F101 were co-cultured with 1g fluorene/L as a sole source of carbon and energy, the growth of the strains completely removed fluorene in 2 days. 9-Fluorenone did not accumulate and the carbon assimilation into cell biomass was estimated as approximately 46%. Key words: microbial consortium, fluorene, 9-fluorenone, biodegradation.
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Casellas M, Grifoll M, Sabaté J, Solanas AM. Isolation and characterization of a 9-fluorenone-degrading bacterial strain and its role in synergistic degradation of fluorene by a consortium. Can J Microbiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-44-8-734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Identification of new metabolites and demonstration of key enzyme activities support and extend the pathways previously reported for fluorene metabolism by Arthrobacter sp. strain F101. Washed-cell suspensions of strain F101 with fluorene accumulated 9-fluorenone, 4-hydroxy-9-fluorenone, 3-hydroxy-1-indanone, 1-indanone, 2-indanone, 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, and a compound tentatively identified as a formyl indanone. Incubations with 2-indanone produced 3-isochromanone. The growth yield with fluorene as a sole source of carbon and energy corresponded to an assimilation of about 34% of fluorene carbon. About 7.4% was transformed into 9-fluorenol, 9-fluorenone, and 4-hydroxy-9-fluorenone. Crude extracts from fluorene-induced cells showed 3,4-dihydrocoumarin hydrolase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activities. These results and biodegradation experiments with the identified metabolites indicate that metabolism of fluorene by Arthrobacter sp. strain F101 proceeds through three independent pathways. Two productive routes are initiated by dioxygenation at positions 1,2 and 3,4, respectively. meta cleavage followed by an aldolase reaction and loss of C-1 yield the detected indanones. Subsequent biological Baeyer-Villiger reactions produce the aromatic lactones 3,4-dihydrocoumarin and 3-isochromanone. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the former gives 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, which could be a substrate for a beta oxidation cycle, to give salicylate. Further oxidation of the latter via catechol and 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde connects with the central metabolism, allowing the utilization of all fluorene carbons. Identification of 4-hydroxy-9-fluorenone is consistent with an alternative pathway initiated by monooxygenation at C-9 to give 9-fluorenol and then 9-fluorenone. Although dioxygenation at 3,4 positions of the ketone apparently occurs, this reaction fails to furnish a subsequent productive oxidation of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Casellas
- Departament of Microbiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Grifoll M, Selifonov SA, Gatlin CV, Chapman PJ. Actions of a versatile fluorene-degrading bacterial isolate on polycyclic aromatic compounds. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:3711-23. [PMID: 7487007 PMCID: PMC167670 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.10.3711-3723.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas cepacia F297 grew with fluorene as a sole source of carbon and energy; its growth yield corresponded to an assimilation of about 40% of fluorene carbon. The accumulation of a ring meta-cleavage product during growth and the identification of 1-indanone in growth media and washed-cell suspensions suggest that strain F297 metabolizes fluorene by mechanisms analogous to those of naphthalene degradation. In addition to fluorene, strain F297 utilized for growth a wide variety of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including naphthalene, 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and dibenzothiophene. Fluorene-induced cells of the strain also transformed 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, biphenyl, dibenzofuran, acenaphthene, and acenaphthylene. The identification of products formed from those substrates (by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) in washed-cell suspensions indicates that P. cepacia F297 carries out the following reactions: (i) aromatic ring oxidation and cleavage, apparently using the pyruvate released for growth, (ii) methyl group oxidations, (iii) methylenic oxidations, and (iv) S oxidations of aromatic sulfur heterocycles. Strain F297 grew with a creosote-PAC mixture, producing an almost complete removal of all aromatic compounds containing 2 to 3 rings in 14 days, as demonstrated by gas chromatography analysis of the remaining PACs recovered from cultures. The identification of key chemicals confirmed that not only are certain compounds depleted but also the anticipated reaction products are found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grifoll
- Departament de Microbiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Biodegradation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of creosote by undefined bacterial cultures was shown to be accompanied by the accumulation of neutral and acidic oxidation products. Formation of a number of identified neutral products is accounted for by demonstration of anomalous actions of an arene dioxygenase on the benzylic methylene and methylene carbons of napthenoaromatic hydrocarbons. Both neutral and acidic water-soluble fractions are also formed when various mixed bacterial cultures degrade weathered crude oil. While constituents of these fractions are not yet identified, the neutral materials have been shown to be toxic to developing embryos of invertebrates. These observations are discussed in relation to chemical and toxicological assessments of biodegradation of the complex chemical mixtures of fossil fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Chapman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561-5299, USA
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Abstract
A fluorene-utilizing microorganism, identified as a species of Pseudomonas, was isolated from soil severely contaminated from creosote use and was shown to accumulate six major metabolites from fluorene in washed-cell incubations. Five of these products were identified as 9-fluorenol, 9-fluorenone, (+)-1,1a-dihydroxy-1-hydro-9-fluorenone, 8-hydroxy-3,4-benzocoumarin, and phthalic acid. This last compound was also identified in growing cultures supported by fluorene. Fluorene assimilation into cell biomass was estimated to be approximately 50%. The structures of accumulated products indicate that a previously undescribed pathway of fluorene catabolism is employed by Pseudomonas sp. strain F274. This pathway involves oxygenation of fluorene at C-9 to give 9-fluorenol, which is then dehydrogenated to the corresponding ketone, 9-fluorenone. Dioxygenase attack on 9-fluorenone adjacent to the carbonyl group gives an angular diol, 1,1a-dihydroxy-1-hydro-9-fluorenone. Identification of 8-hydroxy-3,4-benzocoumarin and phthalic acid suggests that the five-membered ring of the angular diol is opened first and that the resulting 2'-carboxy derivative of 2,3-dihydroxy-biphenyl is catabolized by reactions analogous to those of biphenyl degradation, leading to the formation of phthalic acid. Cell extracts of fluorene-grown cells possessed high levels of an enzyme characteristic of phthalate catabolism, 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate decarboxylase, together with protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase. On the basis of these findings, a pathway of fluorene degradation is proposed to account for its conversion to intermediary metabolites. A range of compounds with structures similar to that of fluorene was acted on by fluorene-grown cells to give products consistent with the initial reactions proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grifoll
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Selifonov SA, Grifoll M, Gurst JE, Chapman PJ. Isolation and characterization of (+)-1,1a-dihydroxy-1-hydrofluoren-9-one formed by angular dioxygenation in the bacterial catabolism of fluorene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 193:67-76. [PMID: 8503940 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of fluorene by washed cells of fluorene-grown Pseudomonas sp. F274 yielded 1,la-dihydroxy-1-hydrofluoren-9-one (up to 100 mg/l) as the stable product of angular dioxygenation of 9-fluorenone. Structural identity of the angular keto-diol was established by 13C- and 1H-NMR, gas chromatography- and direct probe-mass spectrometry. Definitive assignment of 1,1a-dioxygenation, but not 4,4a-, was based on the isolation and rigorous identification of 1-hydroxyfluoren-9-one as the exclusive product of acidic dehydration. Chiral 1H-NMR analysis and optical rotation of isolated 1,1a-dihydroxy-1-hydrofluoren-9-one ([alpha]D = + 132.1 degrees) are indicative of a single enantiomer with an inferred cis-stereochemistry of the hydroxyl groups. This compound is evidently an intermediate of fluorene catabolism by this strain and not a dead-end product because its formation is transient in washed cell incubations and ultimately it is completely consumed with the formation of acidic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Selifonov
- Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola 32514
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Grifoll M, Casellas M, Bayona JM, Solanas AM. Isolation and characterization of a fluorene-degrading bacterium: identification of ring oxidation and ring fission products. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:2910-7. [PMID: 1444405 PMCID: PMC183026 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.9.2910-2917.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An Arthrobacter sp. strain, F101, able to use fluorene as the sole source of carbon and energy, was isolated from sludge from an oil refinery wastewater treatment plant. During growth in the presence of fluorene, four major metabolites were detected and isolated by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. 9-Fluorenol, 9H-fluoren-9-one, and 3,4-dihydrocoumarin were identified by UV spectra, mass spectrometry, and 300-MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The fourth metabolite has been characterized, but precise identification was not possible. Since strain F101 is not able to grow with fluorenone, two different pathways of fluorene biodegradation are suggested: one supports cell growth and produces 3,4-dihydrocoumarin as an intermediate and probably the unidentified metabolite, and the other produces 9-fluorenol and 9H-fluoren-9-one and appears to be a dead-end route.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grifoll
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Grifoll M, Solanas AM, Bayona JM. Characterization of genotoxic components in sediments by mass spectrometric techniques combined with Salmonella/microsome test. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1990; 19:175-84. [PMID: 2322018 DOI: 10.1007/bf01056084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The application of Salmonella/microsomal mammalian tests to column chromatography fractions isolated from river and marine sediments collected in the vicinity of Barcelona city, Spain, demonstrated a positive response (TA98 + S9 mix) among the polar fractions. Chemical analysis by high resolution gas chromatography coupled to negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (HRGC-NICI MS) provided sensitivity and selectivity to detect several mutagenic chemical classes. Among them, nitrated PAHs, azaarenes, aromatic amines, anhydrides, and ketones were identified. A total of 116 compounds were tentatively identified, 22 for the first time, of which 16 possessed mutagenic activity. However, a lack of correlation between chemical composition and fraction mutagenicity in the medium polarity fractions, especially in the river sediment, was evidenced. The occurrence of multiple interactions between components in spiked organic extracts is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grifoll
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Grifoll M, Solanas AM, Parés R, Centellas V, Bayona JM, Albaigés J. Assessment of mutagenic activity of coastal sediments of Barcelona. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/tox.2540030307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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