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Nie C, Shui J, Huang L, Wang J, Shen Y, Wu Y. Programming of a Portable Digital Monitoring System-Integrated DNA Aptamer Reversely Regulated Oxidase-Like Nanozyme for Real-Time Dynamic Analysis of Atmospheric Perfluorooctanoic Acid. Anal Chem 2024; 96:13512-13521. [PMID: 39110961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Timely and efficient analysis of the fluorinated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in an atmospheric environment is critical to environmental pollution traceability, early warnings, and governance. Here, a portable, reliable, and intelligent digital monitoring device for onsite real-time dynamic analysis of atmospheric perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is proposed. The sensing mechanism is attributed to the oxidase-like activity of PtCoNPs@g-C3N4 that is reversely regulated by the surface modification of a PFOA-recognizable DNA aptamer, engineering a PFOA-activated oxidase-like activity of nanozyme (Apt-PtCoNPs@g-C3N4) to combine the nonfluorescence o-phenylenediamine (OPD) as the dual-modality response system. The present PFOA interacts with its DNA aptamer and dissociates from the surface of Apt-PtCoNPs@g-C3N4, restoring the oxidase-like activity of PtCoNPs@g-C3N4 to oxidize OPD into yellow fluorescence 2,3-diphenylaniline (DAP), thereby observing a PFOA-triggered colorimetric as well as fluorescence dual-modality change. Then, a hydrogel kit-programmed Apt-PtCoNPs@g-C3N4 + OPD system is used as the sensitive element to incorporate into this homemade portable device, automatically gathering and processing the PFOA-triggered hydrogel colorimetric and fluorescence image gray values by our self-weaving software, ultimately realizing the onsite real-time dynamic analysis of atmospheric PFOA surrounding a fluorochemical production plant. This work provides a direction and theoretical foundation for designing portable onsite screening devices that cater to other atmospheric contaminants detection requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Nie
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jiaxu Shui
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yizhong Shen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014); NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
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Qiao B, Chen H, Song D, Yu H, Baqar M, Li X, Zhao L, Yao Y, Sun H. Multimedia distribution and release characteristics of emerging PFAS in wastewater treatment plants in Tianjin, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134879. [PMID: 38876021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Legacy and emerging PFAS in the air, wastewater, and sludge from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Tianjin were investigated in this study. The semi-quantified nontarget PFAS accounted for up to 99 % of ƩPFAS in the gas phase, and aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-related PFAS were predominant in wastewater (up to 2250 ng/L, 79 % of ƩPFAS) and sludge (up to 4690 ng/g, 95 % of ƩPFAS). Furthermore, field-derived air particle-gas, air-wastewater, and wastewater particle-wastewater distribution coefficients of emerging PFAS are characterized, which have rarely been reported. The emerging substitute p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzenesulfonate (OBS) and AFFF-related cationic and zwitterionic PFAS show a stronger tendency to partition into particle phase in air and wastewater than perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). The estimated total PFAS emissions from the effluent and sludge of WWTP A were 202 kg/y and 351 kg/y, respectively. While the target PFAS only accounted for 20-33 % of the total emissions, suggesting a significant underestimation of environmental releases of the nontarget PFAS and unknown perfluoroalkyl acid precursors through the wastewater and sludge disposal. Overall, this study highlights the importance of comprehensive monitoring and understanding the behavior of legacy and emerging PFAS in wastewater systems, and fills a critical gap in our understanding of PFAS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biting Qiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Dongbao Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Wang K, Xiao X, Liu Z, Wang J, Zhu X, Wu E, Higgins CP, Chen B. Nontarget Discovery of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Sulfonyl Halides in Soils by Integration of Derivatization and Specific Fragment-Based Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Screening. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10287-10297. [PMID: 38805641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Though long recognized as synthetic precursors to other poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), most poly- and perfluoroalkyl sulfonyl halides (PASXs) cannot be directly measured and have generally received minimal attention. Inspired by the redox reaction between sulfonyl halide groups and p-toluenethiol in organic chemistry, we developed a novel nontarget analysis strategy for PASXs by intergrating derivatization and specific fragment-based liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry screening for m/z 82.961 [SO2F-] and m/z 95.934 [S2O2-]. By using this strategy, we discovered 11 PASXs, namely, perfluoroalkyl sulfonyl fluorides (5), polyfluoroalkyl sulfonyl fluorides (2), unsaturated perfluoroalkyl sulfonyl fluoride (1), and perfluoroalkyl sulfonyl chlorides (3) in soil samples collected from an abandoned fluorochemical manufacturing park. These average ∑PASXs concentrations were 1120 μg kg-1 (range: 9.7-9860 μg kg-1), which were very likely to be the key intermediates and undesired byproducts of electrochemical fluorination processes. Spatial variation in the mass ratio of ∑PASXs to ∑PFSAs (range: 0.7-795%) also indicates their different transportation pathways. More importantly, the decline of PASXs and increase of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (when compared to a prior study at this site) suggest the continued hydrolysis of PASXs and the relatively fast environmental transformation rates in the abandoned fluorochemical park soils. Overall, these findings demonstrated the utility of a novel nontarget analysis strategy, which may change most PASXs from inferred precursors to measured intermediates and further could be adapted for structures, distribution, and transformation studies of PFASXs in other matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific & Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhengzheng Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Enhui Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 311400, China
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Chu F, Wei W, Zhao G, Zhu J, Sun C, Pan Y, Wang X, Feng H. Nonderivatized Method for the Detection of Perfluoroalkane Sulfonyl Fluorides by Liquid Chromatography-Microwave Plasma Torch Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5664-5668. [PMID: 38530953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have caused widespread environmental concern in recent years. Among them, the levels of perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluorides (PFASFs) in the environment have rarely been reported due to the lack of sensitive analytical methods. Herein, a novel liquid chromatography-microwave plasma torch ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-MPTI-MS) technique was designed for the direct analysis of PFASFs in the environment. The collaborative action of reactive oxygen species (such as hydroxyl radicals) and the elevated temperature within the ambient MPTI environment results in the replacement of the fluorine atom in sulfonyl fluoride by oxygen, leading to the detection of perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid (PFSA) ions by MS. Concurrently, LC was employed to separate other PFSAs that are present in the environment. Three PFASFs exhibited good linearity within the range of 1-500 μg/L with R2 > 0.994. The limit of detections (LODs) and the limit of quantifications (LOQs) were measured at 39.32-87.87 and 131.07-292.90 ng/L, respectively. The method was utilized for the direct detection of spiked perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF) in wastewater with recoveries of 77.16 to 124.81%. Our approach circumvents the laborious process of chemical derivatization and is anticipated to serve as a robust tool for determining the levels and behaviors of PFASFs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjian Chu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gaosheng Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junchen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cuirong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongru Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
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Yang X, Zhou Y, Xia R, Liao J, Liu J, Yu P. Microplastics and chemical leachates from plastic pipes are associated with increased virulence and antimicrobial resistance potential of drinking water microbial communities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132900. [PMID: 37935064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition of the potential impacts of microplastics (MPs) on human health. As drinking water is the most direct route of human exposure to MPs, there is an urgent need to elucidate MPs source and fate in drinking water distribution system (DWDS). Here, we showed polypropylene random plastic pipes exposed to different water quality (chlorination and heating) and environmental (freeze-thaw) conditions accelerated MPs generation and chemical leaching. MPs showed various morphology and aggregation states, and chemical leaches exhibited distinct profiles due to different physicochemical treatments. Based on the physiological toxicity of leachates, oxidative stress level was negatively correlated with disinfection by-products in the leachates. Microbial network analysis demonstrated exposure to leachates (under three treatments) undermined microbial community stability and increased the relative abundance and dominance of pathogenic bacteria. Leachate physical and chemical properties (i.e., MPs abundance, hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, total organic carbon, dissolved ECs) exerted significant (p < 0.05) effects on the functional genes related to virulence, antibiotic resistance and metabolic pathways. Notably, chlorination significantly increased correlations among pathogenic bacteria, virulence genes, and antibiotic resistance genes. Overall, this study advances the understanding of direct and indirect risks of these MPs released from plastic pipes in the DWDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yisu Zhou
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rong Xia
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingqiu Liao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, United States
| | - Jingqing Liu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Pingfeng Yu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, China.
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Zheng Y, Bao M, Yao Y, Zhao M, Chen H, Sun H, Sun C, Zhao H, Pan Y. Discovery of 35 novel classes of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in representative commercial fluorinated products in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131780. [PMID: 37290352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have received increasing scientific and regulatory attention due to their global distribution and health hazards. However, little is known about the PFAS composition of fluorinated products commercially available in China. In this study, a sensitive and robust analytical method was proposed for the comprehensive characterization of PFAS in aqueous film-forming foam and fluorocarbon surfactants in the domestic market based on liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry in full scan acquisition mode followed by parallel reaction monitoring mode. Consequently, a total of 102 PFAS from 59 classes were elucidated, of which 35 classes are reported for the first time, including 27 classes of anionic, seven classes of zwitterionic, and one class of cationic PFAS. The anionic-type products are mainly C6 fluorotelomerization-based (FT-based) PFAS. Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate are negligible, while some known electrochemical fluorination-based long-chain precursors in zwitterionic products are worthy of concern because of their high abundance and potential degradation. New precursors detected in zwitterionic products are FT-based PFAS, for example, 6:2 FTSAPr-AHOE and 6:2 FTSAPr-diMeAmPrC. The structural elucidation of PFAS in commercial products facilitates a better assessment of human exposure and environmental release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mian Bao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Maosen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Cuirong Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China.
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