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Ge Y, Liu J, Shi R, Li X, Zeb A, Wang Q, Wang J, Zhao Y, Yu M, Yin C, Xiong H, Liu W. Environmental concentrations of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q cause oxidative damage and alter metabolism in Eichhornia crassipes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175736. [PMID: 39182783 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N '-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) are ubiquitous in the environment and can cause toxicity to aquatic animals. However, research on the toxicological effects of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q on aquatic plants remains limited. The present study investigated the physiological, biochemical, and metabolic responses of the floating aquatic plant Eichhornia crassipes (E. crassipes) to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1, 1, and 10 μg·L-1) of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q. We found that 6PPD and 6PPD-Q elicited minimal effects on plant growth, but 6PPD induced a concentration-dependent decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments. Low doses (0.1 μg·L-1 and 1 μg·L-1) of 6PPD-Q significantly elevated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) content in E. crassipes roots, indicating oxidative damage. Furthermore, 6PPD-Q induced a more pronounced osmotic stress compared to 6PPD. Metabolic analyses revealed that carbohydrates were significantly altered under 6PPD and 6PPD-Q treatments. The findings of this study enhance the understanding of the environmental risks posed by 6PPD and 6PPD-Q to plants and reveal the potential mechanisms of phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Ge
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jinzheng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ruiying Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Aurang Zeb
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jianling Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuexing Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Miao Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chuan Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongxia Xiong
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Laboratory of Environmental Protection in Water Transport Engineering, Tianjin 300456, China.
| | - Weitao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Dong C, Zhang G, Pei Z, Yang R, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Organophosphate esters in terrestrial environments of Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica: Occurrence, potential sources, and bioaccumulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135519. [PMID: 39151362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite growing concerns regarding the long-range transport (LRT) and ecological risks of organophosphate esters (OPEs), information on the environmental behaviors of OPEs in polar terrestrial ecosystems remains inadequate. In the present study, 10 OPEs were analyzed in soil and vegetation samples collected from Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica. The OPE concentrations in Antarctic soils, mosses, and lichens ranged from 0.87 to 15.7 ng/g dry weight (dw), 9.8 to 113 ng/g dw, and 3.6 to 75.2 ng/g dw, respectively. Non-chlorinated OPEs predominated in terrestrial matrices, accounting for approximately 76 % of the OPE composition. Source identification indicated that OPE contamination in Antarctica likely resulted from local anthropogenic sources and LRT. Moreover, the bioaccumulation behavior of OPEs from soil to vegetation was assessed using bioconcentration factors (BCFs), revealing a significant non-linear trend of initial increase and subsequent decrease in BCFs relative to the lipophilicities of the octanol-air partition coefficient (log KOA) and octanol-water partition coefficient (log KOW). While low levels of OPEs in Antarctic terrestrial environments were reported in this study, their sustained inputs and potential ecological risks in polar regions warrant further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Wang Y, Li X, Chen S, Yang J, Fang B, Chen H, Yao Y, Sun H. Structure-Dependent Distribution, Metabolism, and Toxicity Effects of Alkyl Organophosphate Esters in Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:17441-17453. [PMID: 39298521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c05523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive investigation into the structure-dependent uptake, distribution, biotransformation, and potential toxicity effects of alkyl organophosphate esters (OPEs) in hydroponic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Trimethyl, triethyl, and tripropyl phosphates were readily absorbed and acropetally translocated, while tributyl, tripentyl, and trihexyl phosphates accumulated mainly in lateral roots. The acropetal translocation potential was negatively associated with log Kow values. Trimethyl and triethyl phosphates are less prone to biotransformation, while a total of 14 novel hydrolysis, hydroxylated, and conjugated metabolites were identified for other OPEs using nontarget analysis. The extent of hydroxylation decreases from tripropyl phosphate to trihexyl phosphate, but multiple hydroxylations occurred more frequently on longer chain OPEs. Further comparative toxicity test revealed that hydrolyzed and hydroxylated metabolites have stronger toxic effects on Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPK) than their parent OPEs. Dibutyl 3-hydroxybutyl phosphate particularly induces upregulation of CDPK in lateral roots of lettuce, probably associated with adenine reduction that may play an important role in the self-defense and detoxification processes. This study contributes to understanding the uptake and transformation behaviors of alkyl OPEs as well as their associations with a toxic effect on lettuce. This emphasizes the necessary evaluation of the environmental risk of the use of OPEs, particularly focusing on their hydroxylated metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shijie Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ji Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Bo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Cao J, Lei Y, Jiang X, Kannan K, Li M. Biotransformation, Bioaccumulation, and Bioelimination of Triphenyl Phosphate and Its Dominant Metabolite Diphenyl Phosphate In Vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:15486-15496. [PMID: 39167085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c04782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Aryl phosphorus flame retardants (aryl-PFRs), such as triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), are widely used worldwide. Understanding the fates of aryl-PFRs in vivo is crucial to assessing their toxicity and the risks they pose. Seven TPHP metabolites, including Phase I hydrolysis and hydroxylation and Phase II glucuronidation products, were identified in C57BL/6J male mice following subacute dietary exposure to aryl-PFRs (70 μg/kg body weight (bw)/day) for 7 days. TPHP was almost completely metabolized by mice (∼97%), with DPHP the major metabolite formed (34%-58%). In addition, mice were exposed to aryl-PFRs (7 μg/kg bw/day) for 12 weeks. Both TPHP and DPHP occurred at higher concentrations in the digestive tract (intestine and stomach), liver and heart. The total concentration of DPHP in all organs was 3.55-fold greater than that of TPHP. Recovery analysis showed that the rate of TPHP elimination from mouse organs reached 38%, while only 3%-5% of DPHP was removed, suggesting that the rates of degradation and elimination of DPHP were slower than TPHP and its bioaccumulation potential was higher. These results highlight the critical role of DPHP in the biotransformation, bioaccumulation, and bioelimination of TPHP, providing valuable insights into the fate of aryl-PFRs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yumeng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12237, United States
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Yu Y, Ai T, Huang J, Jin L, Yu X, Zhu X, Sun J, Zhu L. Metabolism of isodecyl diphenyl phosphate in rice and microbiome system: Differential metabolic pathways and underlying mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 361:124803. [PMID: 39181304 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDDP) is among the emerging aromatic organophosphate esters (aryl-OPEs) that pose risks to both human beings and other organisms. This study aims to investigate the translocation and biotransformation behavior of IDDP in rice and the rhizosphere microbiome through hydroponic exposure (the duration of hydroponic exposure was 10 days). The rhizosphere microbiome 9-FY was found to efficiently eliminate IDDP, thereby reducing its uptake in rice tissues and mitigating the negative impact of IDDP on rice growth. Furthermore, this study proposed the first-ever transformation pathways of IDDP, identifying hydrolysis, hydroxylation, methylation, methoxylation, carboxylation, and glucuronidation products. Notably, the methylation and glycosylation pathways were exclusively observed in rice, indicating that the transformation of IDDP in rice may be more complex than in microbiome 9-FY. Additionally, the presence of the product COOH-IDDP in rice suggested that there might be an exchange of degradation products between rice and rhizobacteria, implying their potential interaction. This finding highlights the significance of rhizobacteria's role which cannot be overlooked in the accumulation and transformation of organic pollutants in grain crops. The study revealed active members in 9-FY during IDDP degradation, and metagenomic analysis indicated that most of the active populations contained IDDP-degrading genes. Moreover, transcriptome sequencing showed that cytochrome P450, acid phosphatase, glucosyltransferase, and methyltransferases genes in rice were up-regulated, which was further confirmed by RT-qPCR. This provides insight into the intermediate products identified in rice, such as hydrolysis, hydroxylated, glycosylated, and methylated products. These results significantly contribute to our understanding of the translocation and transformation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in plants and the rhizosphere microbiome, and reveal the fate of OPEs in rice and microbiome system to ensure the paddy yield and rice safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China
| | - Tao Ai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaolong Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China
| | - Xifen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China.
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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Wang R, Wang Y, Dong Y, Wu CC, Li J, Tian L, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. Uptake of Typical Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Vegetables: Evidence From Passive Samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39171942 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Quantifying the root uptake of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) by plants remains challenging due to the lack of data on the freely available fractions of HOCs in soil porewater. We therefore hypothesized that a passive sampler could act as a useful tool to evaluate the root uptake potential and pathways of HOCs by plants in soil. We tested this hypothesis by exploring the uptake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) by carrot and lettuce with the codeployment of passive samplers in a contaminated soil system. The results showed that the amounts of PBDEs enriched in carrot and lettuce were positively correlated with those in a passive sampler (r2 = 0.46-0.88). No concentration correlation was observed for OPEs between lettuce and passive samplers, due to possible degradation of OPEs in lettuce. The root-to-porewater ratios of PBDEs and OPEs, respectively, were 6.2 to 11 and 0.05 to 0.88 L g-1 for carrot, and 8.8 to 130 and less than reporting limits to 1.2 L g-1 for lettuce. The ratios were negatively correlated with log KOW values for carrot, but increased with increasing log KOW values over a range of 1.97 to 6.80, and then decreased with log KOW values greater than 6.80 for lettuce. This finding indicated that passive transport and partition were the accumulation pathways of PBDEs and OPEs in carrot and lettuce, respectively. Overall, passive samplers performed adequately in assessing the available fractions of persistent HOCs in plants, and can serve as a viable tool for exploring the pathways for plant root uptake of HOCs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-12. © 2024 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juying Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingmin Tian
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety and Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters (Ministry of Education), School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters (Ministry of Education), School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang Q, Liu Y, Li S, Li H, Gao M, Yao Y, Wang L, Wang Y. Traditional and Novel Organophosphate Esters in Plastic Greenhouse: Occurrence, Multimedia Migration, and Exposure Risk via Vegetable Consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:13929-13939. [PMID: 38978502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The migration and risk of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in agricultural air-soil-plant multimedia systems due to plastic film application remain unclear. This study investigates the multimedia distribution of traditional OPEs (TOPEs), novel OPEs (NOPEs), and their transformation products (POPEs) in plastic and solar greenhouses. The total concentration of OPE-associated contaminants in air and airborne particles ranged from 594 to 1560 pg/m3 and 443 to 15600 ng/g, respectively. Significant correlations between air OPE concentrations and those in polyolefin film (P < 0.01) indicate plastic film as the primary source. Contaminants were also found in soils (96.8-9630 ng/g) and vegetables (197-7540 ng/g). The primary migration pathway for NOPEs was particle dry deposition onto the soil and leaf, followed by plant accumulation. Leaf absorption was the main uptake pathway for TOPEs and POPEs, influenced by vegetable specific leaf surface area. Moreover, total exposure to OPE-associated contaminants via vegetable intake was assessed at 2250 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 2900 ng/kg bw/day for children, with an acceptable hazard index. However, a high ecological risk was identified for NOPE compounds (median risk quotient, 975). This study provides the first evidence of the multimedia distribution and potential threat posed by OPE-associated contaminants in agricultural greenhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yarui Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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James A, Rene ER, Bilyaminu AM, Chellam PV. Advances in amelioration of air pollution using plants and associated microbes: An outlook on phytoremediation and other plant-based technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142182. [PMID: 38685321 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Globally, air pollution is an unfortunate aftermath of rapid industrialization and urbanization. Although the best strategy is to prevent air pollution, it is not always feasible. This makes it imperative to devise and implement techniques that can clean the air continuously. Plants and microbes have a natural potential to transform or degrade pollutants. Hence, strategies that use this potential of living biomass to remediate air pollution seem to be promising. The simplest future trend can be planting suitable plant-microbe species capable of removing air pollutants like SO2, CO2, CO, NOX and particulate matter (PM) along roadsides and inside the buildings. Established wastewater treatment strategies such as microbial fuel cells (MFC) and constructed wetlands (CW) can be suitably modified to ameliorate air pollution. Green architecture involving green walls and green roofs is facile and aesthetic, providing urban ecosystem services. Certain microbe-based bioreactors such as bioscrubbers and biofilters may be useful in small confined spaces. Several generative models have been developed to assist with planning and managing green spaces in urban locales. The physiological limitations of using living organisms can be circumvent by applying biotechnology and transgenics to improve their potential. This review provides a comprehensive update on not just the plants and associated microbes for the mitigation of air pollution, but also lists the technologies that are available and/or can be modified and used for air pollution control. The article also gives a detailed analysis of this topic in the form of strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-challenges (SWOC). The strategies mentioned in this review would help to attain corporate Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), while reducing carbon footprint in the urban scenario. The review aims to emphasise that urbanization is possible while tackling air pollution using facile, green techniques involving plants and associated microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anina James
- J & K Pocket, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India.
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Abubakar M Bilyaminu
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, the Netherlands
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9
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Lao ZL, Wu D, Li HR, Feng YF, Zhang LW, Jiang XY, Liu YS, Wu DW, Hu JJ. Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in plants and health perspective for human: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118431. [PMID: 38346481 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Plant uptake, accumulation, and transformation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) play vital roles in their geochemical cycles and exposure risks. Here we reviewed the recent research advances in OPEs in plants. The mean OPE concentrations based on dry/wet/lipid weight varied in 4.80-3,620/0.287-26.8/12,000-315,000 ng g-1 in field plants, and generally showed positive correlations with those in plant habitats. OPEs with short-chain substituents and high hydrophilicity, particularly the commonly used chlorinated OPEs, showed dominance in most plant samples, whereas some tree barks, fruits, seeds, and roots demonstrated dominance of hydrophobic OPEs. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic OPEs can enter plants via root and foliar uptake, and the former pathway is mainly passively mediated by various membrane proteins. After entry, different OPEs undergo diverse subcellular distributions and acropetal/basipetal/intergenerational translocations, depending on their physicochemical properties. Hydrophilic OPEs mainly exist in cell sap and show strong transferability, hydrophobic OPEs demonstrate dominant distributions in cell wall and limited migrations owing to the interception of Casparian strips and cell wall. Additionally, plant species, transpiration capacity, growth stages, commensal microorganisms, and habitats also affect OPE uptake and transfer in plants. OPE metabolites derived from various Phase I transformations and Phase II conjugations are increasingly identified in plants, and hydrolysis and hydroxylation are the most common metabolic processes. The metabolisms and products of OPEs are closely associated with their structures and degradation resistance and plant species. In contrast, plant-derived food consumption contributes considerably to the total dietary intakes of OPEs by human, particularly the cereals, and merits specifical attention. Based on the current research limitations, we proposed the research perspectives regarding OPEs in plants, with the emphases on their behavior and fate in field plants, interactions with plant-related microorganisms, multiple uptake pathways and mechanisms, and comprehensive screening analysis and risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Lang Lao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Research Groups Microbiology and Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hui-Ru Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yu-Fei Feng
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Long-Wei Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xue-Yi Jiang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yi-Shan Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dong-Wei Wu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
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Yang J, Yao Y, Li X, He A, Chen S, Wang Y, Dong X, Chen H, Wang Y, Wang L, Sun H. Nontarget Identification of Novel Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Indoor Air and Dust from Multiple Microenvironments in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7986-7997. [PMID: 38657129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The indoor environment is a typical source for organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPFRs), yet the source characteristics of OPFRs in different microenvironments remain less clear. This study collected 109 indoor air samples and 34 paired indoor dust samples from 4 typical microenvironments within a university in Tianjin, China, including the dormitory, office, library, and information center. 29 target OPFRs were analyzed, and novel organophosphorus compounds (NOPs) were identified by fragment-based nontarget analysis. Target OPFRs exhibited the highest air and dust concentrations of 46.2-234 ng/m3 and 20.4-76.0 μg/g, respectively, in the information center, where chlorinated OPFRs were dominant. Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) was the primary OPFR in office air, while tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate dominated in the dust. TPHP was predominant in the library. Triethyl phosphate (TEP) was ubiquitous in the dormitory, and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate was particularly high in the dust. 9 of 25 NOPs were identified for the first time, mainly from the information center and office, such as bis(chloropropyl) 2,3-dichloropropyl phosphate. Diphenyl phosphinic acid, two hydroxylated and methylated metabolites of tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl) phosphite (AO168), and a dimer phosphate were newly reported in the indoor environment. NOPs were widely associated with target OPFRs, and their human exposure risk and environmental behaviors warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ana He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shijie Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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11
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Deng Y, Zhao H, Zhang X, Li X, Chi G. The dissipation of organophosphate esters mediated by ryegrass root exudate oxalic acid in soil: Analysis of enzymes activities, microorganism. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141896. [PMID: 38579949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Complex rhizoremediation is the main mechanism of phytoremediation in organic-contaminated soil. Low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) in root exudates have been shown to increase the bioavailability of contaminants and are essential for promoting the dissipation of contaminants. The effects of root exudates on the dissipation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soil are unclear. Consequently, we studied the combined effects of root exudates, soil enzymes and microorganisms on OPEs (tri (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP)) dissipation through pot experiments. Oxalic acid (OA) was confirmed to be the main component of LMWOAs in root exudates of ryegrass. The existence of OA increased the dissipation rate of OPEs by 6.04%-25.50%. Catalase and dehydrogenase activities were firstly activated and then inhibited in soil. While, urease activity was activated and alkaline phosphatase activity was inhibited during the exposure period. More bacteria enrichment (e.g., Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Flavisolibacter, Pontibacter, Methylophilus and Massilia) improved the biodegradation of OPEs. In addition, the transformation paths of OPEs hydrolysis and methylation under the action of root exudates were observed. This study provided theoretical insights into reducing the pollution risk of OPEs in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxi Deng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Xiaonuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xintong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Goujian Chi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
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12
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Luo W, Yao S, Huang J, Wu H, Zhou H, Du M, Jin L, Sun J. Distribution and Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Esters in Agricultural Soils and Plants in the Coastal Areas of South China. TOXICS 2024; 12:286. [PMID: 38668509 PMCID: PMC11054690 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are frequently used as flame retardants and plasticizers in various commercial products. While initially considered as substitutes for brominated flame retardants, they have faced restrictions in some countries due to their toxic effects on organisms. We collected 37 soil and crop samples in 20 cities along the coast of South China, and OPEs were detected in all of them. Meanwhile, we studied the contamination and potential human health risks of OPEs. In soil samples, the combined concentrations of eight OPEs varied between 74.7 and 410 ng/g, averaging at 255 ng/g. Meanwhile, in plant samples, the collective concentrations of eight OPEs ranged from 202 to 751 ng/g, with an average concentration of 381 ng/g. TDCIPP, TCPP, TCEP, and ToCP were the main OPE compounds in both plant and soil samples. Within the study area, the contaminants showed different spatial distributions. Notably, higher OPEs were found in coastal agricultural soils in Guangdong Province and crops in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The results of an ecological risk assessment show that the farmland soil along the southern coast of China is at high or medium ecological risk. The average non-carcinogenic risk and the carcinogenic risk of OPEs in soil through ingestion and dermal exposure routes are within acceptable levels. Meanwhile, this study found that the dietary intake of OPEs through food is relatively low, but twice as high as other studies, requiring serious attention. The research findings suggest that the human risk assessment indicates potential adverse effects on human health due to OPEs in the soil-plant system along the coast of South China. This study provides a crucial foundation for managing safety risks in agricultural operations involving OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangxing Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
- Iron Man Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Foshan 528000, China
| | - Siyu Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong; (S.Y.); (L.J.)
| | - Jiahui Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
| | - Haochuan Wu
- School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Haijun Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
| | - Mingjiang Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong; (S.Y.); (L.J.)
| | - Jianteng Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (W.L.); (H.Z.); (M.D.)
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13
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Wang H, Qin Z, Bian R, Stubbings WA, Liu LY, Li F, Zhao X, Wu F, Wang S. Single injection by LC-ESI-MS/MS for simultaneous determination of organophosphate tri- and di-esters in plant tissue based on ultrasonic-assisted sequential extraction and single-step purification. Food Chem 2024; 437:137917. [PMID: 37944391 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel methodology based on ultrasonic-assisted sequential extraction, dispersive-SPE purification, and single-injection on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is proposed, for the first time, to simultaneously measure 14 tri-OPEs and 9 di-OPEs in plant tissues. The samples were successively ultrasonicated with a mixture of hexane:dichloromethane (1:1, v/v) and 8% acetic acid in acetonitrile for extracting tri- and di-OPEs purified with graphitized carbon black and quantitated on LC-MS/MS at the same time. The recoveries of targeted tri- and di-OPEs in the matrix spike ranged from 66% to 120% and 71% to 110% respectively. The proposed method was validated by processing eight types of common vegetables including spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), carrot (Daucus carota var. sativa Hoffm.), sweet potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), and cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), with the recoveries of surrogates ranging from 84% to 98%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Wang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Zifei Qin
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Renjie Bian
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - William A Stubbings
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Fangbai Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shaorui Wang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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14
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Ai T, Yao S, Yu Y, Peng K, Jin L, Zhu X, Zhou H, Huang J, Sun J, Zhu L. Transformation process and phytotoxicity of sulfamethoxazole and N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole in rice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170857. [PMID: 38340847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Sulfonamide antibiotics, extensively used in human and veterinary therapy, accumulate in agroecosystem soils through livestock manure and sewage irrigation. However, the interaction between sulfonamides and rice plants remains unclear. This study investigated the transformation behavior and toxicity of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and its main metabolite, N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (NASMX) in rice. SMX and NASMX were rapidly taken up by roots and translocated acropetally. NASMX showed higher accumulating capacity, with NASMX concentrations up to 20.36 ± 1.98 μg/g (roots) and 5.62 ± 1.17 μg/g (shoots), and with SMX concentrations up to 15.97 ± 2.53 μg/g (roots) and 3.22 ± 0.789 μg/g (shoots). A total of 18 intermediate transformation products of SMX were identified by nontarget screening using Orbitrap-HRMS, revealing pathways such as deamination, hydroxylation, acetylation, formylation, and glycosylation. Notably, NASMX transformed back into SMX in rice, a novel finding. Transcriptomic analysis highlights the involvements of cytochrome P450 (CYP450), acetyltransferase (ACEs) and glycosyltransferases (GTs) in these biotransformation pathways. Moreover, exposure to SMX and NASMX disrupts TCA cycle, amino acid, linoleic acid, nucleotide metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways of rice, with NASMX exerting a stronger impact on metabolic networks. These findings elucidate the sulfonamides' metabolism, phytotoxicity mechanisms, and contribute to assessing food safety and human exposure risk amid antibiotic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyu Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xifen Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Haijun Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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15
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Lao ZL, Wu D, Li HR, Liu YS, Zhang LW, Feng YF, Jiang XY, Wu DW, Hu JJ, Ying GG. Uptake mechanism, translocation, and transformation of organophosphate esters in water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): A hydroponic study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122933. [PMID: 37977360 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their dominant wastewater origin, bioavailability, and toxicity, the occurrence and behavior of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in aquatic systems have attracted considerable attention over the past two decades. Aquatic plants can accumulate and metabolize OPEs in water, thereby playing an important role in their behavior and fate in waterbodies. However, their uptake, translocation and transformation mechanisms in plants remain incompletely characterized. We investigated the accumulation and transformation of OPEs in water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) through a series of hydroponic experiments using three representative OPEs, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP). These OPEs can not only be adsorbed onto and enter plant roots via passive diffusion pathways, which are facilitated by anion channels and/or aquaporins, but also can return to the solution when concentration gradients exist. After entry, hydrophilic TCEP showed a dominant distribution in the cell sap, strong acropetal transportability, and rapid translocation rate, whereas hydrophobic TPP was mostly retained in the root cell wall and therefore demonstrated weak acropetal transportability; TBEP with moderate hydrophilicity remained in the middle. All these OPEs can be transformed into diesters, which presented higher proportions in the cell sap and therefore have stronger acropetal transferability than their parent OPEs. TCEP exhibits the lowest biodegradability, followed by TPP and TBEP. These OPEs exerted apparent effects on plant growth, photosynthesis, and the diversity and composition of the rhizosphere microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Lang Lao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dan Wu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui-Ru Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yi-Shan Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Long-Wei Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu-Fei Feng
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xue-Yi Jiang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dong-Wei Wu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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16
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Zhu X, Yu Y, Meng W, Huang J, Su G, Zhong Y, Yu X, Sun J, Jin L, Peng P, Zhu L. Aerobic Microbial Transformation of Fluorinated Liquid Crystal Monomer: New Pathways and Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:510-521. [PMID: 38100654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated liquid crystal monomers (FLCMs) have been suggested as emerging contaminants, raising global concern due to their frequent occurrence, potential toxic effects, and endurance capacity in the environment. However, the environmental fate of the FLCMs remains unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated the aerobic microbial transformation mechanisms of an important FLCM, 4-[difluoro(3,4,5-trifluorophenoxy)methyl]-3, 5-difluoro-4'-propylbiphenyl (DTMDPB), using an enrichment culture termed as BG1. Our findings revealed that 67.5 ± 2.1% of the initially added DTMDPB was transformed in 10 days under optimal conditions. A total of 14 microbial transformation products obtained due to a series of reactions (e.g., reductive defluorination, ether bond cleavage, demethylation, oxidative hydroxylation and aromatic ring opening, sulfonation, glucuronidation, O-methylation, and thiolation) were identified. Consortium BG1 harbored essential genes that could transform DTMDPB, such as dehalogenation-related genes [e.g., glutathione S-transferase gene (GST), 2-haloacid dehalogenase gene (2-HAD), nrdB, nuoC, and nuoD]; hydroxylating-related genes hcaC, ubiH, and COQ7; aromatic ring opening-related genes ligB and catE; and methyltransferase genes ubiE and ubiG. Two DTMDPB-degrading strains were isolated, which are affiliated with the genus Sphingopyxis and Agromyces. This study provides a novel insight into the microbial transformation of FLCMs. The findings of this study have important implications for the development of bioremediation strategies aimed at addressing sites contaminated with FLCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Weikun Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Yin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaolong Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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17
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Qiao Z, Sun X, Gong K, Zhan X, Luo K, Fu M, Zhou S, Han Y, He Y, Peng C, Zhang W. Toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane on lettuce: Evaluation through growth, oxidative defense, microstructure, and metabolism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122724. [PMID: 37832780 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) as the most widely used novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), has become a ubiquitous emerging pollutant in the environment. However, its toxic effects on vegetable growth during agricultural production have not been reported. In this study, we investigated the response mechanisms of hydroponic lettuce to DBDPE accumulation, antioxidant stress, cell structure damage, and metabolic pathways after exposure to DBDPE. The concentration of DBDPE in the root of lettuce was significantly higher than that in the aboveground part. DBDPE induced oxidative stress on lettuce, which stimulated the defense of the antioxidative system of lettuce cells, and the cell structure produced slight plasma-wall separation. In terms of metabolism, metabolic pathway disorders were caused, which are mainly manifested as inhibiting amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism-related pathways, interfering with the biosyntheses of amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, and other substances, and ultimately manifested as decreased total chlorophyll content and root activity. In turn, metabolic regulation alleviated antioxidant stress. The mechanisms of the antioxidative reaction of lettuce to DBDPE were elucidated by IBR, PLS-PM analysis, and molecular docking. Our results provide a theoretical basis and research necessity for the evaluation of emerging pollutants in agricultural production and the safety of vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xinlin Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Kailin Gong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiuping Zhan
- Shanghai Agricultural Extension and Service Center, Shanghai, 201103, China
| | - Kailun Luo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Mengru Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shanqi Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yanna Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuyou He
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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