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Li Y, Xu G, Wang J, Yu Y. Freeze-thaw aging increases the toxicity of microplastics to earthworms and enriches pollutant-degrading microbial genera. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 479:135651. [PMID: 39208630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Freeze-thaw (FT) aging can change the physicochemical characteristics of microplastics (MPs). The toxic impacts of FT-aged-MPs to soil invertebrates are poorly understood. Here the toxic mechanisms of FT-aged-MPs were investigated in earthworms after 28 d exposure. Results showed that FT 50 µm PE-MPs significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 5.78-9.04 % compared to pristine 50 µm PE-MPs (41.80-45.05 ng/mgprot), whereas FT 500 µm PE-MPs reduced ROS by 7.52-7.87 % compared to pristine 500 µm PE-MPs (51.44-54.46 ng/mgprot). FT-PP-MPs significantly increased ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in earthworms by 14.82-44.06 % and 46.75-110.21 %, respectively, compared to pristine PP-MPs (40.56-44.66 ng/mgprot, 0.41-2.53 nmol/mgprot). FT-aged PE- and PP-MPs caused more severe tissue damage to earthworms. FT-aged PE-MPs increased the alpha diversity of the gut flora of earthworms compared to pristine MPs. Earthworm guts exposed to FT-aged-MPs were enriched with differential microbial genera of contaminant degradation capacity. FT-PE-MPs affected membrane translocation by up-regulating lipids and lipid-like molecules, whereas FT-PP-MPs changed xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism by down-regulating organoheterocyclic compounds compared to the pristine PE- and PP-MPs. This study concludes that FT-aged MPs cause greater toxicity to earthworms compared to pristine MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Guanghui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
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Wang J, Wang Y, Li Z, Wang J, Zhao H, Zhang X. Gut microbiota, a key to understanding the knowledge gaps on micro-nanoplastics-related biological effects and biodegradation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173799. [PMID: 38852863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Micro-nanoplastics (MNPs) pollution as a global environmental issue has received increasing interest in recent years. MNPs can enter and accumulate in the organisms including human beings mainly via ingestion and inhalation, and large amounts of foodborne MNPs have been frequently detected in human intestinal tracts and fecal samples. MNPs regulate the structure composition and metabolic functions of gut microbiota, which may cause the imbalance of intestinal ecosystems of the hosts and further mediate the occurrence and development of various diseases. In addition, a growing number of MNPs-degrading strains have been isolated from organismal feces. MNPs-degraders colonize the plastic surfaces and form the biofilms, and the long-chain polymers of MNPs can be biologically depolymerized into short chains. In general, MNPs are gradually degraded into small molecule substances (e.g., N2, CH4, H2O, and CO2) via a series of enzymatic catalyses, mainly including biodeterioration, fragmentation, assimilation, and mineralization. In this review, we outline the current progress of MNPs effects on gut microbiota and MNPs degradation by gut microbiota, which provide a certain theoretical basis for fully understanding the knowledge gaps on MNPs-related biological effect and biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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3
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Ma C, Zhang R, He Z, Su P, Wang L, Yao Y, Zhang X, Liu X, Yang F. Biochar alters the soil fauna functional traits and community diversity: A quantitative and cascading perspective. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135302. [PMID: 39053065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
With the widespread use of biochar, the cascading effects of biochar exposure on soil fauna urgently require deeper understanding. A meta-analysis quantified hierarchical changes in functional traits and community diversity of soil fauna under biochar exposure. Antioxidant enzymes (24.1 %) did not fully mitigate the impact of MDA (13.5 %), leading to excessive DNA damage in soil fauna (21.2 %). Concurrently, reproduction, growth, and survival rates decreased by 20.2 %, 8.5 %, and 21.2 %, respectively. Due to a 39.7 % increase in avoidance behavior of soil fauna towards biochar, species richness ultimately increased by 80.2 %. Compared to other feeding habits, biochar posed a greater threat to the survival of herbivores. Additionally, macrofauna were the most sensitive to biochar. The response of soil fauna also depended on the type, size, concentration, and duration of biochar exposure. It should be emphasized that as exposure concentration increased, the damage to soil fauna became more severe. Furthermore, the smaller the biochar sizes, the greater the damage to soil fauna. To mitigate the adverse effects on soil fauna, this study recommens applying biochar at appropriate times and selecting large sizes in low to medium concentrations. These findings confirm the threat of biochar to soil health from the perspective of soil fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ma
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Runjie Zhang
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Zhe He
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
| | - Pinjie Su
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Lukai Wang
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Yanzhong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Fengshuo Yang
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
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4
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Yao X, Lv H, Wang Q, Ding J, Kong W, Mu B, Dong C, Hu X, Sun H, Li X, Wang J. Novel Insights into Stereoselective Reproductive Toxicity Induced by Mefentrifluconazole in Earthworms ( Eisenia fetida): First Report of Estrogenic Effects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:19304-19311. [PMID: 39013151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c04168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Widespread use of the new chiral triazole fungicide mefentrifluconazole (MFZ) poses a threat to soil organisms. Although triazole fungicides have been reported to induce reproductive disorders in vertebrates, significant research gaps remain regarding their impact on the reproductive health of soil invertebrates. Here, reproduction-related toxicity end points were explored in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) after exposure for 28 d to soil containing 4 mg/kg racemic MFZ, R-(-)-MFZ, and S-(+)-MFZ. The S-(+)-MFZ treatment resulted in a more pronounced reduction in the number of cocoons and juveniles compared to R-(-)-MFZ treatment, and the expression of annetocin gene was significantly downregulated following exposure to both enantiomers. This reproductive toxicity has been attributed to the disruption of ovarian steroidogenesis at the transcriptional level. Further studies revealed that MFZ enantiomers were able to activate the estrogen receptor (ER). Indirect evidence for this estrogenic effect is provided by the introduction of 17β-estradiol, which also induces reproductive disorders through ER activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Huijuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jia Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Weizheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Baoyan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Chang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Hongda Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xianxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
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Sampsonidis I, Michailidou K, Spritinoudi K, Dimitriadi A, Ainali NM, Bobori DC, Lambropoulou DA, Kyzas GZ, Bikiaris DN, Kalogiannis S. Genotoxicity and metabolic changes induced via ingestion of virgin and UV-aged polyethylene microplastics by the freshwater fish Perca fluviatilis. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142619. [PMID: 38880257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The present study aims to compare and assess the toxicity induced by aged (irradiated with ultraviolet radiation for 120 days) polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) in comparison to virgin (non-irradiated) ones, after feeding the freshwater fish Perca fluviatilis. To this end, MPs mediated genotoxicity was assessed by the investigation of micronucleus nuclear abnormalities frequency in fish blood, and the degree of DNA damage in the liver and muscle tissues, while metabolic alterations were also recorded in both tissues. Results showed that both virgin and aged PE-MPs induced signaling pathways leading to DNA damage and nuclear abnormalities, as well as metabolites changes in all tissues studied. Metabolic changes revealed that the metabolism of nucleic acids, energy, amino acids, and neurotransmitters was more disrupted in the liver and by aged PE-MPs compared to muscles. Fish fed with aged PE-MPs exhibited greater DNA damage, while blood cells of fish fed with virgin PE-MPs seemed to be more vulnerable to nuclear abnormalities in relation to those fed with aged PE-MPs. Moreover, aged PE-MPs induced more acute overall effects on the metabolic profiles of fish tissues, and initiated stronger stress responses, inflammation, and cellular damages in fish tissues in relation to virgin ones. Characterization of both virgin and aged MPs revealed that the latter exhibited lower crystallinity and melting point, more irregular shapes and higher moiety of oxygen and carbonyl groups, which could be attributed for their observed higher toxicity. The research outcomes provide significant insights for advancing toxicological investigations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sampsonidis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, GR-57400, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kostantina Michailidou
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Spritinoudi
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Nina Maria Ainali
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra C Bobori
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, GR-570 01, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Z Kyzas
- Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala, GR-654 04, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Stavros Kalogiannis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, GR-57400, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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6
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Lin D, Cen Z, Zhang C, Lin X, Liang T, Xu Y, Zheng L, Qiao Q, Huang L, Xiong K. Triclosan-loaded aged microplastics exacerbate oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles via increased bioaccumulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173457. [PMID: 38782285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics and chlorine-containing triclosan (TCS) are widespread in aquatic environments and may pose health risks to organisms. However, studies on the combined toxicity of aged microplastics and TCS are limited. To investigate the toxic effects and potential mechanisms associated with co-exposure to TCS adsorbed on aged polyethylene microplastics (aPE-MPs) at environmentally relevant concentrations, a 7-day chronic exposure experiment was conducted using Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles. The results showed that the overall particle size of aPE-MPs decreased after 30 days of UV aging, whereas the increase in specific surface area improved the adsorption capacity of aPE-MPs for TCS, resulting in the bioaccumulation of TCS under dual-exposure conditions in the order of aPE-TCS > PE-TCS > TCS. Co-exposure to aPE-MPs and TCS exacerbated oxidative stress and neurotoxicity to a greater extent than a single exposure. Significant upregulation of pro-symptomatic factors (IL-β and IL-6) and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and CAT) indicated that the aPE-TCS combination caused more severe oxidative stress and inflammation. Molecular docking revealed the molecular mechanism of the direct interaction between TCS and SOD, CAT, and AChE proteins, which explains why aPE-MPs promote the bioaccumulation of TCS, causing increased toxicity upon combined exposure. These results emphasize the need to be aware of the combined toxicity caused by the increased ability of aged microplastics to carry contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawu Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zifeng Cen
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chaonan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaojun Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taojie Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanbin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Li Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Qingxia Qiao
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kairong Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Zhang H, Zhou Q, Liu R, Zhao Z, Liu J, Siddique KHM, Mao H. Enhancing zinc biofortification and mitigating cadmium toxicity in soil-earthworm-spinach systems using different zinc sources. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135243. [PMID: 39029182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) pollution poses significant threats to soil organisms and human health by contaminating the food chain. This study aimed to assess the impact of various concentrations (50, 250, and 500 mg·kg-1) of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), bulk ZnO, and ZnSO4 on morphological changes and toxic effects of Cd in the presence of earthworms and spinach. The results showed that Zn application markedly improved spinach growth parameters (such as fresh weight, plant height, root length, and root-specific surface area) and root morphology while significantly reducing Cd concentration and Cd bioconcentration factors (BCF-Cd) in spinach and earthworms, with ZnO NPs exhibiting the most pronounced effects. Earthworm, spinach root, and shoot Cd concentration decreased by 82.3 %, 77.0 %, and 75.6 %, respectively, compared to CK. Sequential-step extraction (BCR) analysis revealed a shift in soil Cd from stable to available forms, consistent with the available Cd (DTPA-Cd) results. All Zn treatments significantly reduced Cd accumulation, alleviated Cd-induced stress, and promoted spinach growth, with ZnO NPs demonstrating the highest Cd reduction and Zn bioaugmentation efficiencies compared to bulk ZnO and ZnSO4 at equivalent concentrations. Therefore, ZnO NPs offer a safer and more effective option for agricultural production and soil heavy metal pollution management than other Zn fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qianqian Zhou
- Lanzhou Industry Research Institute, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Ruiyu Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zimo Zhao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinshan Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
| | - Hui Mao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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8
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Qiao Z, Sun X, Fu M, Zhou S, Han Y, Zhao X, Gong K, Peng C, Zhang W, Liu F, Ye C, Yang J. Co-exposure of decabromodiphenyl ethane and cadmium increases toxicity to earthworms: Enrichment, oxidative stress, damage and molecular binding mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134684. [PMID: 38788581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The increase of electronic waste worldwide has resulted in the exacerbation of combined decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and cadmium (Cd) pollution in soil, posing a serious threat to the safety of soil organisms. However, whether combined exposure increases toxicity remains unclear. Therefore, this study primarily investigated the toxic effects of DBDPE and Cd on earthworms at the individual, tissue, and cellular levels under single and combined exposure. The results showed that the combined exposure significantly increased the enrichment of Cd in earthworms by 50.32-90.42 %. The toxicity to earthworms increased with co-exposure, primarily resulting in enhanced oxidative stress, inhibition of growth and reproduction, intensified intestinal and epidermal damage, and amplified coelomocyte apoptosis. PLS-PM analysis revealed a significant and direct relationship between the accumulation of target pollutants in earthworms and oxidative stress, damage, as well as growth and reproduction of earthworms. Furthermore, IBR analysis indicated that SOD and POD were sensitive biomarkers in earthworms. Molecular docking elucidated that DBDPE and Cd induced oxidative stress responses in earthworms through the alteration of the conformation of the two enzymes. This study enhances understanding of the mechanisms behind the toxicity of combined pollution and provides important insights for assessing e-waste contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinlin Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Mengru Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shanqi Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yanna Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kailin Gong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chunmei Ye
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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9
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Jiang X, Wang X, Kah M, Li M. Environmentally relevant concentrations of microplastics from agricultural mulch and cadmium negatively impact earthworms by triggering neurotoxicity and disrupting homeostasis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135158. [PMID: 39002475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted the ecological risk posed by microplastics (MPs) from mulching film and heavy metals to soil organisms. However, most studies overlooked real environmental levels of MPs and heavy metals. To address this gap, pristine and aged polyethylene (PE) mulching film-derived MPs (PMPs, 500 mg/kg; AMPs, 500 mg/kg) were combined with cadmium (Cd, 0.5 mg/kg) to assess the acute toxicity to earthworms and investigate associated molecular mechanisms (oxidative stress, osmoregulation pressure, gut microbiota, and metabolic responses) at environmentally relevant concentrations. Compared to Cd alone and Cd + PMPs treatments (11.15 ± 4.19 items/g), Cd + AMPs treatment resulted in higher MPs bioaccumulation (23.73 ± 13.14 items/g), more severe tissue lesions, and increased cell membrane osmotic pressure in earthworms' intestines. Cd + AMPs induced neurotoxicity through elevated levels of glutamate and acetylcholinesterase. Earthworm intestines (0.98 ± 0.49 to 3.33 ± 0.37 mg/kg) exhibited significantly higher Cd content than soils (0.19 ± 0.01 to 0.51 ± 0.06 mg/kg) and casts (0.15 ± 0.01 to 0.25 ± 0.05 mg/kg), indicating PE-MPs facilitated Cd transport in earthworms' bodies. Metabolomic analysis showed Cd + AMPs exposure depleted energy and nucleotide metabolites, disrupted cell homeostasis more profoundly than Cd and Cd + PMPs treatments. Overall, co-exposure to AMPs + Cd induced more severe neurotoxicity and disruption of homeostasis in earthworm than Cd and PMPs + Cd treatments. Our study, using Cd and MPs with environmental relevance, underscores MPs' role in amplifying Cd accumulation and toxicity in earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Melanie Kah
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Meng X, Ge L, Zhang J, Xue J, Gonzalez-Gil G, Vrouwenvelder JS, Guo S, Li Z. Nanoplastics induced health risk: Insights into intestinal barrier homeostasis and potential remediation strategy by dietary intervention. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134509. [PMID: 38704907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Aged nanoplastics (aged-NPs) have unique characteristics endowed by environmental actions, such as rough surface, high oxygen content. Although studies have highlighted the potential hazards of aged-NPs, limited research has provided strategies for aged-NPs pollution remediation. The dietary intervention of quercetin is a novel insight to address the health risks of aged-NPs. This study explored the impact of aged-NPs on intestinal barrier homeostasis at the environmentally relevant dose and investigated the alleviating effects of quercetin on aged-NPs toxicity through transcriptomics and molecular biology analysis. It indicated that aged-NPs induced intestinal barrier dysfunction, which was characterized by higher permeability, increased inflammation, and loss of epithelial integrity, while quercetin restored it. Aged-NPs disrupted redox homeostasis, upregulated inflammatory genes controlled by AP-1, and led to Bax-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis. Quercetin intervention effectively mitigated inflammation and apoptosis by activating the Nrf2. Thus, quercetin decreased intestinal free radical levels, inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK. This study unveiled the harmful effects of aged-NPs on intestinal homeostasis and the practicability of dietary intervention against aged-NPs toxicity. These findings broaden the understanding of the NPs toxicity and provide an effective dietary strategy to relieve the health risks of NPs. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS: Growing levels of NPs pollution have represented severe health hazards to the population. This study focuses on the toxic mechanism of aged-NPs on the intestinal barrier and the alleviating effect of quercetin dietary intervention, which considers the environmental action and relevant dose. It revealed the harmful effects of aged-NPs on intestinal inflammation with the key point of free radical generation. Furthermore, a quercetin-rich diet holds significant promise for addressing and reversing intestinal damage caused by aged-NPs by maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis. These findings provide an effective dietary strategy to remediate human health risks caused by NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, PR China
| | - Lei Ge
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Jinkai Xue
- Cold-Region Water Resource Recovery Laboratory (CRWRRL), Environmental Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Graciela Gonzalez-Gil
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johannes S Vrouwenvelder
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaomin Guo
- Northwest A&F University Hospital, Northwest A&F University Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China.
| | - Zhenyu Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, PR China; Water Technologies Innovation Institute & Research advancement (WTIIRA), Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC), P.O. Box 8328, Al-Jubail 31951, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Zhang L, García-Pérez P, Muñoz-Palazon B, Gonzalez-Martinez A, Lucini L, Rodriguez-Sanchez A. A metabolomics perspective on the effect of environmental micro and nanoplastics on living organisms: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172915. [PMID: 38719035 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The increasing trend regarding the use of plastics has arisen an exponential concern on the fate of their derived products to the environment. Among these derivatives, microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) have been featured for their associated environmental impact due to their low molecular size and high surface area, which has prompted their ubiquitous transference among all environmental interfaces. Due to the heterogenous chemical composition of MNPs, the study of these particles has focused a high number of studies, as a result of the myriad of associated physicochemical properties that contribute to the co-transference of a wide range of contaminants, thus becoming a major challenge for the scientific community. In this sense, both primary and secondary MNPs are well-known to be adscribed to industrial and urbanized areas, from which they are massively released to the environment through a multiscale level, involving the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. Consequently, much research has been conducted on the understanding of the interconnection between those interfaces, that motivate the spread of these contaminants to biological systems, being mostly represented by the biosphere, especially phytosphere and, finally, the anthroposphere. These findings have highlighted the potential hazardous risk for human health through different mechanisms from the environment, requiring a much deeper approach to define the real risk of MNPs exposure. As a result, there is a gap of knowledge regarding the environmental impact of MNPs from a high-throughput perspective. In this review, a metabolomics-based overview on the impact of MNPs to all environmental interfaces was proposed, considering this technology a highly valuable tool to decipher the real impact of MNPs on biological systems, thus opening a novel perspective on the study of these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhang
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Pascual García-Pérez
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
| | | | - Alejandro Gonzalez-Martinez
- Department of Microbiology, Campus Universitario de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, University of Granada, Spain; Institute of Water Research, Calle Ramon y Cajal 4, 18001, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Alejandro Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology, Campus Universitario de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, University of Granada, Spain; Institute of Water Research, Calle Ramon y Cajal 4, 18001, University of Granada, Spain
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12
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Lv M, Meng F, Man M, Lu S, Ren S, Yang X, Wang Q, Chen L, Ding J. Aging increases the particulate- and leachate-induced toxicity of tire wear particles to microalgae. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121653. [PMID: 38678723 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The toxic effects of tire wear particles (TWPs) on organisms have attracted widespread concerns over the past decade. However, the underlying toxicity mechanism of TWPs, especially aged TWPs to marine microalgae remains poorly understood. This study investigated the physiological and metabolic responses of Phaeodactylum tricornutum to different concentrations of TWPs (Experiment 1), virgin and differently aged TWPs (Experiment 2) as well as their leachates and leached particles (Experiment 3). Results demonstrated that TWPs promoted the growth of microalgae at low concentrations (0.6 and 3 mg L-1) and inhibited their growth at high concentrations (15 and 75 mg L-1). Moreover, aged TWPs induced more profound physiological effects on microalgae than virgin TWPs, including inhibiting microalgae growth, decreasing the content of Chla, promoting photosynthetic efficiency, and causing oxidative damage to algal cells. Untargeted metabolomics analysis confirmed that aged TWPs induced more pronounced metabolic changes than virgin TWPs. This study represented the first to demonstrate that both particulate- and leachate-induced toxicity of TWPs was increased after aging processes, which was confirmed by the changes in the surface morphology of TWPs and enhanced release of additives. Through the significant correlations between the additives and the microalgal metabolites, key additives responsible for the shift of microalgal metabolites were identified. These results broaden the understanding of the toxicity mechanism of aged TWPs to microalgae at the physiological and metabolic levels and appeal for considering the effects of long-term aging on TWP toxicity in risk assessment of TWPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Fanyu Meng
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Mingsan Man
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Shuang Lu
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Suyu Ren
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Xiaoyong Yang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Qiaoning Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Jing Ding
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
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Li Y, Xu G, Yu Y. Freeze-thaw aged polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics alter enzyme activity and microbial community composition in soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134249. [PMID: 38603909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
In cold regions, microplastics (MPs) in the soil undergo freeze-thaw (FT) aging process. Little is known about how FT aged MPs influence soil physico-chemical properties and microbial communities. Here, two environmentally relevant concentrations (50 and 500 mg/kg) of 50 and 500 µm polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) MPs treated soils were subjected to 45-day FT cycles (FTCs). Results showed that MPs experienced surface morphology, hydrophobicity and crystallinity alterations after FTCs. After 45-day FTCs, the soil urease (SUE) activity in control (MPs-free group that underwent FTCs) was 33.49 U/g. SUE activity in 50 µm PE group was reduced by 19.66 %, while increased by 21.16 % and 37.73 % in 500 µm PE and PP groups compared to control. The highest Shannon index was found in 50 µm PP-MPs group at 50 mg/kg, 2.26 % higher than control (7.09). Compared to control (average weighted degree=8.024), all aged MPs increased the complexity of network (0.19-1.43 %). Bacterial biomarkers of aged PP-MPs were associated with pollutant degradation. Aged PP-MPs affected genetic information, cellular processes, and disrupted the biosynthesis of metabolites. This study provides new insights into the potential hazards of MPs after FTCs on soil ecosystem in cold regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guanghui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
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Ferreira-Filipe DA, Paço A, Pinho B, Silva R, Silva SAM, Jesus F, Pereira JL, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos TAP, Patrício-Silva AL. Microplastics from agricultural mulch films: Biodegradation and ecotoxicity in freshwater systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169287. [PMID: 38103621 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The application of bio-based biodegradable mulch films in agriculture has raised environmental concerns regarding their potential impacts on adjacent freshwater ecosystems. This study investigated the biodegradation of microplastics derived from a bio-based biodegradable mulch (bio-MPs) and its acute and chronic ecotoxicity considering relevant scenarios (up to 200 and 250 mg/kg of sediment, using pristine and/or UV-aged particles), using the fungus Penicillium brevicompactum and the dipteran Chironomus riparius as model organisms, respectively, due to their ecological relevance in freshwater environments. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis suggested changes in the fungus's carbohydrate reserves and bio-MP degradation through the appearance of low molecular weight esters throughout a 28 day biodegradation test. In a short-term exposure (48 h), C. riparius larvae exposed to pristine or UV-aged bio-MPs had up to 2 particles in their gut. Exposure to pristine bio-MPs decreased larval aerobic metabolism (<20 %) and increased neurotransmission (>15 %), whereas exposure to UV-aged bio-MPs activated larval aerobic metabolism (>20 %) and increased antioxidant defences (catalase activity by >30 % and glutathione-s-transferase by >20 %) and neurotransmission (>30 %). Longer-term (28-d) exposure to UV-aged bio-MPs did not affect larval survival and growth nor the dipteran's emergence but increased male numbers (>30 %) at higher concentrations. This study suggests that the selected agricultural bio-based mulch film is prone to biodegradation by a naturally occurring fungus. However, there is a potential for endocrine disruption in the case of prolonged exposures to UV-aged microplastics. This study emphasises the importance of further research to elucidate the potential ecological effects of these plastic products, to ensure effective management practices, and to establish new regulations governing their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo A Ferreira-Filipe
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Paço
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruna Pinho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rafael Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sara A M Silva
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fátima Jesus
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana L Pereira
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando C Duarte
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teresa A P Rocha-Santos
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana L Patrício-Silva
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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