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Borgmeyer T, Zhou L, Breider F, Rossi MJ, Ludwig C. Natural and simulated weathering of polystyrene: A molecular view of the polymeric interface. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174609. [PMID: 38997043 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
This work presents the changing abundance of surface functional groups (SFGs) on polystyrene (PS) upon weathering within one or a few molecular monolayers from a molecular point of view. PS particles were aged by exposing it to a gas flow of typically (5 %) O3 in O2 (PSO3), UV radiation using a solar simulator under controlled conditions in the laboratory (PSSS) and to the water/air interface immerged in a freshwater lake for 2 months (PSL). The chemical composition of the interface of weathered, compared to pristine (virgin or PSV) material was established using a titration technique that probed the chemical composition of the molecular interface of the polymer. The main conclusions of this exploratory study are: (a) The interface of PS changes significantly compared to ATR-FTIR spectra that do not show additional absorptions in the mid-IR spectrum over a penetration depth of more than hundred monolayers at 10 μm; (b) The average surface functionalization of the gas-solid interface, corresponding to the sum of all examined types of SFG, increases from 20 % of a monolayer for PSV to 40, 50 and 84 % for PSL, PSO3 and PSSS, respectively; (c) in all cases the most important SFG was surface -OH ranging from 11.2 to 64 % for PSV and PSSS, respectively; (d) each PS sample shows a characteristic SFG pattern or fingerprint using several probe gases; (e) O3 interaction led to interface acidification; (f) UV treatment leads to the highest degree of surface -OH functionalization compared to PSO3 and PSL. The accumulation of SFG's renders the interface more reactive towards adsorption of probe gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Borgmeyer
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE GR-LUD, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - L Zhou
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE GR-CEL, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - F Breider
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE GR-CEL, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - M J Rossi
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE GR-LUD, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - C Ludwig
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE GR-LUD, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Paul Scherrer Institute, PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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Wang S, Chang H, Dong Z, Ren Y, Tan T, Deng H. Dephenolization pyrolysis fluid improved physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of saline-alkali soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:20223-20234. [PMID: 36251190 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Saline-sodic soil is widely distributed around the world and has induced severe impacts on ecosystems and agriculture. Biomass pyrolysis fluid (BPF), as a substance rich in organic acids, has been proposed as a saline-alkali soil conditioner. One of the main problems with BPF applications is the potential contamination of the phenolic substances it contains. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to reduce the phenolic substances in BFP and study the improvement effect of BFP on saline-alkali soil. Firstly, we explored the physicochemical properties of BPF prepared at different temperatures (300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C, and 700 °C). Then BPF was separated into upper phases (UP) and lower phases (LP) by a simple one-step salting-out extraction method. We found that phenolic substances were mainly concentrated in the UP (average content was 193.27 mg/g), and the content of phenolic substances in the LP was effectively reduced (average content was 64.52 mg/g). Next, we added the LP diluted at different times (0, 50, 100, 200, 400) into saline-alkali soil for improvement experiments. The experimental results show that the lower phase diluted 400 times at the pyrolysis temperature of 500℃ was added into saline-alkali soil, which greatly increased the content of soil available nutrients. Under the action of organic acids, soil pH (the average was 7.43) and total salt content could be reduced effectively, and soil enzyme activities can be increased. Microbial community analysis showed that the addition of LP could increase the proportion of Actinomycetes, which played a beneficial role in improving soil fertility and then improved the growth of Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Hanyu Chang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Zhenfei Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Yansen Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Tianle Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Hui Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
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Mirghaffari N, Iannarelli R, Ludwig C, Rossi MJ. Coexistence of reactive functional groups at the interface of a powdered activated amorphous carbon: a molecular view. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1966110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Riccardo Iannarelli
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Safety Competence Center, EPFL RHO DSPS-SCC, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Ludwig
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE GR-LUD, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), ENE LBK CPM, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Michel J. Rossi
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE GR-LUD, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Yu G, Ma H, Wang J, Qin S, Yang Z, Li Y. Highly flexible and active potassium-supported sepiolite paper catalysts for soot oxidation. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02609f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly flexible and active potassium-supported sepiolite paper catalysts were fabricated via a facile wet paper-making method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shijiazhuang Tiedao University
- Shijiazhuang
- P. R. China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Metamaterial and Micro-device
| | - Hongmei Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shijiazhuang Tiedao University
- Shijiazhuang
- P. R. China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Metamaterial and Micro-device
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shijiazhuang Tiedao University
- Shijiazhuang
- P. R. China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Metamaterial and Micro-device
| | - Shengjian Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shijiazhuang Tiedao University
- Shijiazhuang
- P. R. China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Metamaterial and Micro-device
| | - Zhigang Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shijiazhuang Tiedao University
- Shijiazhuang
- P. R. China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Metamaterial and Micro-device
| | - Yanting Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shijiazhuang Tiedao University
- Shijiazhuang
- P. R. China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Metamaterial and Micro-device
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Slukvin II, Kumar A. The mesenchymoangioblast, mesodermal precursor for mesenchymal and endothelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3507-3520. [PMID: 29992471 PMCID: PMC6328351 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2871-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymoangioblast (MB) is the earliest precursor for endothelial and mesenchymal cells originating from APLNR+PDGFRα+KDR+ mesoderm in human pluripotent stem cell cultures. MBs are identified based on their capacity to form FGF2-dependent compact spheroid colonies in a serum-free semisolid medium. MBs colonies are composed of PDGFRβ+CD271+EMCN+DLK1+CD73- primitive mesenchymal cells which are generated through endothelial/angioblastic intermediates (cores) formed during first 3-4 days of clonogenic cultures. MB-derived primitive mesenchymal cells have potential to differentiate into mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), pericytes, and smooth muscle cells. In this review, we summarize the specification and developmental potential of MBs, emphasize features that distinguish MBs from other mesenchymal progenitors described in the literature and discuss the value of these findings for identifying molecular pathways leading to MSC and vasculogenic cell specification, and developing cellular therapies using MB-derived progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor I Slukvin
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 1220 Capitol Ct., Madison, WI, 53715, USA.
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53707, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 1220 Capitol Ct., Madison, WI, 53715, USA
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Plausibility of potassium ion-exchanged ZSM-5 as soot combustion catalysts. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3300. [PMID: 28607466 PMCID: PMC5468242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium (K) ion-exchanged ZSM-5 zeolites were investigated for catalytic soot combustion. X-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS), Raman, in situ IR and NH3-temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD) confirmed the location of K+ at the ion-exchanged sites. Temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) reactions showed that K-ZSM-5 decreased ignition tempeatures of soot combustion and increased selectivity to CO2. The improved activity for soot combustion by increasing K+-exchanged amounts via decreasing the Si/Al ratio reinforced the K+ ions participating in soot combustion. 18O2 isotopic isothermal reactions suggested the activation of gaseous oxygen by the K+ ions. This demonstrated a new appliction of alkali metal exchanged zeolites and the strategy for enhancement of catalytic soot combustion activity.
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Tapia A, Salgado MS, Martín MP, Rodríguez-Fernández J, Rossi MJ, Cabañas B. Chemical characterization of diesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) soot after reactive gas probing using diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy (DRIFTS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:7534-7543. [PMID: 28116624 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A chemical characterization of diesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) soot has been developed using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) before and after the reaction with different probe gases. Samples were generated under combustion conditions corresponding to an urban operation mode of a diesel engine and were reacted with probe gas-phase molecules in a Knudsen flow reactor. Specifically, NH2OH, O3 and NO2 were used as reactants (probes) and selected according to their reactivities towards specific functional groups on the sample surface. Samples of previously ground soot were diluted with KBr and were introduced in a DRIFTS accessory. A comparison between unreacted and reacted soot samples was made in order to establish chemical changes on the soot surface upon reaction. It was concluded that the interface of diesel and HVO soot before reaction mainly consists polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitro and carbonyl compounds, as well as ether functionalities. The main difference between both soot samples was observed in the band of the C=O groups that in diesel soot was observed at 1719 cm-1 but not in HVO soot. After reaction with probe gases, it was found that nitro compounds remain on the soot surface, that the degree of unsaturation decreases for reacted samples, and that new spectral bands such as hydroxyl groups are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tapia
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M S Salgado
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - M P Martín
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Rodríguez-Fernández
- Grupo de Combustibles y Motores, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M J Rossi
- Labor für Atmosphärenchemie (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), OBBA006, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - B Cabañas
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Chen C, Huang W. Aggregation Kinetics of Diesel Soot Nanoparticles in Wet Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2077-2086. [PMID: 28090765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Soot produced during incomplete combustion consists mainly of carbonaceous nanoparticles (NPs) with severe adverse environmental and health effects, and its environmental fate and transport are largely controlled by aggregation. In this study, we examined the aggregation behavior for diesel soot NPs under aqueous condition in an effort to elucidate the fundamental processes that govern soot particle-particle interactions in wet environments such as rain droplets or surface aquatic systems. The influence of electrolytes and aqueous pH on colloidal stability of these NPs was investigated by measuring their aggregation kinetics in different aqueous solution chemistries. The results showed that the NPs had negatively charged surfaces and exhibited both reaction- and diffusion-limited aggregation regimes with rates depended upon solution chemistry. The aggregation kinetics data were in good agreement with the classic Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The critical coagulation concentrations (CCC) were quantified and the Hamaker constant was derived for the soot (1.4 × 10-20 J) using the colloidal chemistry approach. The study indicated that, depending upon local aqueous chemistry, single soot NPs could remain stable against self-aggregation in typical freshwater environments and in neutral cloud droplets but are likely to aggregate under salty (e.g., estuaries) or acidic (e.g., acid rain droplets) aquatic conditions or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Weilin Huang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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