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Seid MG, Chae SH, Lee C, Cho K, Hong SW. Nitrosamine formation driven by electrochemical chlorination of urine-containing source waters: Effects of operational conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 263:122190. [PMID: 39106622 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the formation of nitrosamines from urine during electrochemical chlorination (EC) using dimensionally stable anodes. Short-term electrolysis (< 1 h) of urine at 25 mA cm-2 generated seven nitrosamines (0.1-7.4 µg L-1), where N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosomethylethylamine, and N-nitrosodiethylamine were predominant with concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 7.4 µg L-1. Mechanistic studies showed that the formation kinetics of nitrosamines was influenced by urine aging and composition, with fresh urine generating the highest levels (0.9-5.8 µg L-1) compared with aged, centrifuged, or filtered urine (0.2-4.1 µg L-1). Concurrently, studies on urine pretreatment through filtration and centrifugation underscored the significance of nitrogenous metabolites (such as protein-like products and urinary amino acids) and particle-associated humic fractions in nitrosamine formation during EC of urine. This finding was confirmed through chromatographic and spectroscopic studies utilizing LCOCD, Raman spectra, and 3DEEM fluorescence spectra. Parametric studies demonstrated that the ultimate [nitrosamines] increased at a pH range of 4.5-6.2, and with increasing [bromide], [ammonium], and current density. Conversely, sulfate and carbonate ions inhibited nitrosamine formation. Moreover, the implications of EC in urine-containing source waters were evaluated. The results indicate that regardless of the urine source (individual volunteers, septic tank, swimming pool, untreated municipal wastewater), high levels of nitrosamines (0.1-17.6 µg L-1) were generated, surpassing the potable reuse guideline of 10 ng L-1. Overall, this study provides insights to elucidate the mechanisms underlying nitrosamine formation and optimize the operating conditions. Such insights facilitate suppressing the generation of nitrosamine byproducts during electrochemical treatment of urine-containing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingizem Gashaw Seid
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Chae
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), and Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwoo Cho
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University International Campus, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok Won Hong
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Mensah AT, Xiang Y, Berne F, Soreau S, Gallard H. Reactions of Monobromamine and Dibromamine with Phenolic Compounds and Organic Matter: Kinetics and Formation of Bromophenols and Bromoform. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18981-18990. [PMID: 37226837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Monobromamine (NH2Br) and dibromamine (NHBr2) produced from reactions of hypobromous acid (HOBr) with ammonia can react with phenolic structures of natural organic matter (NOM) to produce disinfection byproducts such as bromoform (CHBr3). The reactivity of NH2Br was controlled by the reaction of the bromoammonium ion (NH3Br+) with phenolate species, with specific rate constants ranging from 6.32 × 102 for 2,4,6-tribromophenol to 1.22 × 108 M-1 s-1 for phenol. Reactions of NHBr2 with phenol and bromophenols were negligible compared to its self-decomposition; rate constants could be determined only with resorcinol for pH > 7. At pH 8.1-8.2, no formation of CHBr3 was observed from the reaction of NH2Br with phenol while the reaction of NH2Br with resorcinol produced a significant concentration of CHBr3. In contrast to NH2Br, a significant amount of CHBr3 produced with an excess of NHBr2 over phenol was explained by the reactions of HOBr produced from NHBr2 decomposition. A comprehensive kinetic model including the formation and decomposition of bromamines and the reactivity of HOBr and NH2Br with phenolic compounds was developed at pH 8.0-8.3. Furthermore, the kinetic model was used to evaluate the significance of the NH2Br and NHBr2 reactions with the phenolic structures of two NOM isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette T Mensah
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Florence Berne
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Sylvie Soreau
- EDF - Recherche et Développement, Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), 6 quai Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex, France
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
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3
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Ebert RU, Kühne R, Schüürmann G. Henry's Law Constant─A General-Purpose Fragment Model to Predict Log Kaw from Molecular Structure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:160-167. [PMID: 36520977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Henry's law constant is important for assessing the environmental fate of organic compounds, including polar accumulation, indoor contamination, and the impact of airborne predominance on persistence. Moreover, it can be used in the context of alternative 3R bioassays to inform about the compound loss through volatilization as a confounding factor. For 2636 compounds, curated experimental log Kaw (air/water partition coefficient) data at 25° covering 23.6 orders of magnitude (from -18.6 to 5.0) have been collected from the literature. Subsequently, a new fragment model for predicting log Kaw from molecular structures has been developed. According to the root-mean-squared error (rms) and the maximum negative and positive errors (mne and mpe), this general-purpose model outperforms COSMOtherm, EPISuite HENRYWIN, OPERA, and LSER with calculated input parameters significantly (rms 0.50 vs 0.92 vs 1.25 vs 1.28 vs 1.38, mne -2.74 vs -6.78 vs -9.11 vs -6.24 vs -6.27, mpe 2.25 vs 6.22 vs 8.27 vs 11.5 vs 7.69 log units). Initial separation into a training and prediction set (80%:20%), mutual leave-50%-out validation, and target value scrambling (temporarily wrong compound-Kaw allocations) demonstrate the prediction capability, statistical robustness, and mechanistically sound basis of the fragment scheme. The new model is available to the public in fully computerized form through the ChemProp software, and can be combined with a separate existing model to extend the log Kaw prediction to temperatures different from 25 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf-Uwe Ebert
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralph Kühne
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
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Kinani S, Roumiguières A, Bouchonnet S. A Critical Review on Chemical Speciation of Chlorine-Produced Oxidants (CPOs) in Seawater. Part 1: Chlorine Chemistry in Seawater and Its Consequences in Terms of Biocidal Effectiveness and Environmental Impact. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:1837-1850. [PMID: 36325800 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2139590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Seawater chlorination has three main industrial uses: disinfection of water and installations, control of biofouling, and preventing the transport of aquatic invasive species. Once in contact with seawater, chlorine reacts rapidly with water constituents (e.g. bromide ions, ammonia, and nitrogen-containing compounds) to form a range of oxidative species (e.g. bromine and N-haloamines), termed "chlorine-produced oxidants" (CPOs) or "total residual oxidants" (TRO). The chemical nature of CPOs and their concentration are a function of two categories of parameters related to treatment modality (e.g. chlorine dose) and water quality (e.g. temperature, pH, ammonia concentration, and organic constituents). The chlorination process may result in continuous or intermittent releases of CPOs in seawater. The reactivity and potential ecotoxicity of CPO species largely depend on their physical and chemical properties. Therefore, evaluation of the biocidal effectiveness of chlorination and its potential impacts requires not only determining the sum of CPOs (via a bulk parameter), but also their chemical speciation. The aim of this article - which is the first of a trilogy dedicated to the chemical speciation of CPOs in seawater - is to provide an overview of current knowledge about chlorine chemistry in seawater and to discuss the biocidal efficacy and the environmental fate of resulting CPOs. The 2nd and 3rd articles delineate a comprehensive and critical review of analytical methods and approaches for the determination of CPOs in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Kinani
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex 01, France
| | - Adrien Roumiguières
- Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Division Recherche et Développement, Electricité de France (EDF), Chatou Cedex 01, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS - Institut polytechnique de Paris - Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphane Bouchonnet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS - Institut polytechnique de Paris - Route de Saclay, Palaiseau, France
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Mensah AT, Berne F, Allard S, Soreau S, Gallard H. Kinetic modelling of the bromine-ammonia system: Formation and decomposition of bromamines. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119058. [PMID: 36096028 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bromamines i.e. monobromamine (NH2Br), dibromamine (NHBr2), and tribromamine (NBr3) can be formed during oxidative treatment of waters containing bromide and ammonia. The formation and decomposition of bromamines in aqueous solution was investigated and a comprehensive kinetic model of the bromine-ammonia system was developed at 23 ± 1 °C. Determination of rate constants and model validation were primarily performed at pH 8.0 - 8.3 for subsequent application to seawater disinfection. The rate constant of NHBr2 self-decomposition was determined by second-order rate law linearization with k9 = 5.5 (± 0.8) M-1s-1 at pH 8.10. The rate constant of NBr3 self-decomposition increased proportionately to the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) according to the equation k10 = 4.4 (± 0.1) × 107. [OH-] over the pH range 6.0 - 8.5, which gave k10 = 56 (± 1) M-1s-1 at pH 8.10. The rate constants of NHBr2 and NBr3 formation were obtained by fitting model-predicted data to the experimental results and were found to be k3 = 2.3 (± 0.2) × 104M-1s-1 and k5 = 4.0 (± 0.6) × 103M-1s-1, respectively at pH 8.10. NBr3 was also found to react with NHBr2 with k11 = 3.4 (± 0.2) × 103M-1s-1 at pH 8.10. A kinetic model was proposed based on these experimental rate constants and literature values, which provided a good prediction of bromamines formation and decomposition for various initial bromine and ammonia concentrations. The kinetic model was also used to accurately predict the total oxidant concentration and the speciation of bromamines during breakpoint bromination. This study provides kinetic data to model more complex oxidative systems such as seawater chlorination in the presence of ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette T Mensah
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Florence Berne
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water, underwood Ave, Floreat, Western Australia 6014, Australia
| | - Sylvie Soreau
- EDF - Recherche et Développement, Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), 6 quai Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France.
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Xue J, Zhou Y, Liu YD, Zhong R. Transformation mechanisms of acetaldehyde and its substituted aldehydes into the corresponding nitriles and (N-chloro)amides during chloramination: A computational study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155592. [PMID: 35504377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative disinfectant to free chlorine, monochloramine reduces the formation of regulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs); however, it also contributes to the formation of highly toxic nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs), especially through the aldehyde pathway. The current understanding of aldehyde pathway mechanisms is limited. In this study, the transformation pathways of acetaldehyde and its substituted aldehydes into the corresponding nitriles and (N-chloro)amides during chloramination were investigated using quantum chemical calculations. Consistent with previous studies, 1-chloroamino alcohol first forms in the chloramination of aldehydes and then undergoes competitive dehydration and HCl elimination branch reactions to generate the nitrile and (N-chloro)amide, respectively. Iminol was found to be a key intermediate for (N-chloro)amide formation. Moreover, the results indicated that acetaldehydes substituted with electron-donating groups (EDGs) and electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) are beneficial to the formation of the respective nitriles and N-chloro-amides, while those substituted with conjugated groups (CGs) are favourable for both. Based upon the above results, in addition to acetaldehyde, other aldehydes, such as propionaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, 3-butenal, and phenylacetaldehyde, which are the α-H of acetaldehydes substituted with -CH3, -OH, -CH=CH2, and -C6H5 groups, respectively, are potential precursors of toxic nitriles and (N-chloro)amides during chloramination. Thus, more attention should be given to these aldehydes. The findings of this work are helpful for further understanding the aldehyde pathway mechanisms and predicting potential precursors of toxic nitriles and (N-chloro)amides during chloramination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yong Dong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Mensah AT, Allard S, Berne F, Soreau S, Gallard H. Brominated trihalamines in chlorinated seawaters: Quantification of tribromamine and identification of bromochloramines by Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154667. [PMID: 35314219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During chlorination of seawater, the presence of bromide and ammonia alters the speciation of the oxidant and lead to the formation of chlorinated and brominated amines. This can affect the effectiveness of the disinfection treatment and the formation of disinfection by-products released to the environment. In this study, a Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry (MIMS) analytical method was developed to differentiate brominated trihalamines (i.e. tribromamine NBr3, dibromochloramine NBr2Cl and bromodichloramine NBrCl2) in synthetic and natural chlorinated seawater. A mass-to-charge ratio of m/z = 253 corresponding to the parent ion was used for the quantification of NBr3 in absence of organic matter and the signal of the fragment at m/z = 177 was chosen in presence of high concentration of organic matter. Limits of detection were 0.23 μM (49 μg Cl2/L) and 0.18 μM (38 μg Cl2/L) for m/z 253 and m/z 177, respectively. Both NBr2Cl and NBrCl2 were monitored in chlorinated seawaters with their respective parent ion at m/z = 207 and m/z = 163 but were not quantified. MIMS results also showed that reaction of brominated trihalamines with natural organic matter (NOM) was a minor pathway for 1-2 mg C/L compared to their auto-decomposition in natural or synthetic seawater. Overall, MIMS was able to unambiguously differentiate and monitor brominated trihalamines for the first time in chlorinated seawater, which was not possible by using UV measurement, titration and colorimetric methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette T Mensah
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia; Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Florence Berne
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Sylvie Soreau
- EDF - Recherche et Développement, Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), 6 quai Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex, France
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France.
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8
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MacKeown H, von Gunten U, Criquet J. Iodide sources in the aquatic environment and its fate during oxidative water treatment - A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118417. [PMID: 35452971 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is a naturally-occurring halogen in natural waters generally present in concentrations between 0.5 and 100 µg L-1. During oxidative drinking water treatment, iodine-containing disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) can be formed. The formation of I-DBPs was mostly associated to taste and odor issues in the produced tap water but has become a potential health problem more recently due to the generally more toxic character of I-DBPs compared to their chlorinated and brominated analogues. This paper is a systematic and critical review on the reactivity of iodide and on the most common intermediate reactive iodine species HOI. The first step of oxidation of I- to HOI is rapid for most oxidants (apparent second-order rate constant, kapp > 103 M-1s-1 at pH 7). The reactivity of hypoiodous acid with inorganic and organic compounds appears to be intermediate between chlorine and bromine. The life times of HOI during oxidative treatment determines the extent of the formation of I-DBPs. Based on this assessment, chloramine, chlorine dioxide and permanganate are of the highest concern when treating iodide-containing waters. The conditions for the formation of iodo-organic compounds are also critically reviewed. From an evaluation of I-DBPs in more than 650 drinking waters, it can be concluded that one third show low levels of I-THMs (<1 µg L-1), and 18% exhibit concentrations > 10 µg L-1. The most frequently detected I-THM is CHCl2I followed by CHBrClI. More polar I-DBPs, iodoacetic acid in particular, have been reviewed as well. Finally, the transformation of iodide to iodate, a safe iodine-derived end-product, has been proposed to mitigate the formation of I-DBPs in drinking water processes. For this purpose a pre-oxidation step with either ozone or ferrate(VI) to completely oxidize iodide to iodate is an efficient process. Activated carbon has also been shown to be efficient in reducing I-DBPs during drinking water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry MacKeown
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy for Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Justine Criquet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy for Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, Lille F-59000, France.
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Hu W, Lee Y, Allard S. Kinetic and mechanistic investigations of the decomposition of bromamines in the presence of Cu(II). WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117791. [PMID: 34740164 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that Cu(II) can significantly enhance the decomposition rate of bromamines. Apparent second order rate constants of 2.31 ± 0.01 M-1s-1 and 0.36 ± 0.01 M-1s-1 at pH 7.5 were determined for the reaction of Cu(II) with bromamines and the self-decomposition of bromamines, respectively. Increasing the pH from 6.0 to 8.5, the rate of bromamines self-decomposition decreased while the rate of Cu(II)-catalysed decomposition of bromamines increased. Species-specific rate constants indicated that Cu(OH)2 was the most reactive copper species towards NH2Br and NHBr2. Experiments were carried out with 15N-labelled bromamines to analyse the nitrogenous degradation products of bromamines in the presence and absence of Cu(II). Nitrogen gas (N2) was found to be the major product from the self-decomposition of bromamines, with N2O, NO2-, and NO3- as additional minor products. When Cu(II) was present, the product distribution changed and NO2- and N2O became significant, while N2 and NO3- were produced at low levels. Increasing the Cu(II) concentration from 1.0 to 5.0 mg/L increased the N2O production while decreased the NO2- formation. Based on these results, a mechanism for Cu(II)-catalysed decomposition of bromamines is proposed. This work provides new insights related to the chemistry of bromamines in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems where copper is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
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10
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Comprehensive kinetics of electrochemically assisted ammonia removal in marine aquaculture recirculating systems. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Sanchís J, Petrović M, Farré MJ. Emission of (chlorinated) reclaimed water into a Mediterranean River and its related effects to the dissolved organic matter fingerprint. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143881. [PMID: 33341619 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was used to investigate the dissolved organic matter (DOM) profile of a reclamation water trial performed in the Llobregat River (Spain) during summer 2019. 23 water samples (including tertiary effluents, surface river and drinking water), taken during five sampling campaigns, were analyzed and their van Krevelen diagrams were compared. The reclaimed water fingerprint was substantially different from the natural profile of the river, showing a higher number of heteroatomic signals (i.e. CHON, CHOS and CHONS) and the presence of high-intensity S-containing features. As a result, reclaimed water discharge introduced substantial changes in the signature of the lignin-like and soot-like compositional-spaces of the river DOM fingerprint. However, the effect on the drinking water fingerprint was, ultimately, very limited. Only a limited number of features (up to 34) were detected as exclusively emitted with the reclaimed water. During the second phase of the trial, the tertiary effluent was chlorinated for disinfection purposes. This process triggered the unexpected formation of a myriad of new features along the Llobregat River. Notably, 109 brominated/chlorinated features were detected, probably generated as a consequence of the photochemical decay of the emitted chloramines and their free-radical reaction with DOM, and three of them persisted in the final drinking water. The formation of halogenated species in situ in the Llobregat River entails uncertainty at ecological and water treatment levels and should be studied carefully to fully disclose the risks associated to wastewater effluent disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Sanchís
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Mira Petrović
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit, 101, E17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain.
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12
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Hu W, Lauritsen FR, Allard S. Identification and quantification of chloramines, bromamines and bromochloramine by Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry (MIMS). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:142303. [PMID: 33182003 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry (MIMS) method was developed to differentiate and quantify the different chlorinated and brominated-amines, present in drinking water during chloramination. The representative mass to charge ratios (m/z) of 53, 85, 97, 175 and 131 corresponding to the mass of the parent compounds were selected to monitor NH2Cl, NHCl2, NH2Br, NHBr2 and NHBrCl and the detection limits were found to be 0.034, 0.034, 0.10, 0.12 and 0.36 mg/L as Cl2, respectively. NHCl2, NHBr2 and NHBrCl fragments interfere with the analysis/quantification of NH2Cl and NH2Br via protonation reactions at hot metal surfaces inside the mass spectrometer. To accurately quantify NH2Cl or NH2Br in mixtures of NH2Cl/NHCl2 or NH2Br/NHBr2, the interference from NHCl2 or NHBr2 was subtracted to the signal of the parent compound. If NHBrCl is present, NH2Br and NH2Cl cannot be accurately quantified since the interference from the NHBrCl fragment cannot be distinguished from the signal of the parent compound. Under drinking water conditions, the interference from NHBrCl on NH2Cl was negligible. The different halamines were monitored and quantified for the first time in two surface waters and one seawater that were chloraminated to mimic a realistic disinfection scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
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13
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Simon F, Kiss E, Szabó M, Fábián I. The Chlorination of N-Methyl Amino Acids with Hypochlorous Acid: Kinetics and Mechanisms. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2189-2196. [PMID: 32633499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The formation and decomposition kinetics of N-chloro-N-methyl amino acids were studied to predict the fate and impact of these compounds in water treatment technologies and biological systems. These compounds form in fast second-order reactions between N-methyl amino acids and hypochlorous acid. The comparison of the activation parameters for the reactions of N-methyl substituted and nonsubstituted branched-chain amino acids reveals the transition-state features less organized structure and stronger bonds between the reactants in the reactions with the N-methyl derivatives. This is due to a combined positive inductive effect of the N-methyl group and the alkyl side chain as well as to the steric effects of the substituents. N-Methyl-N-chloro amino acids decompose much faster than the nonsubstituted compounds. The reaction rates do not depend on the pH, and the same final product is formed in the entire pH range. N-Chlorosarcosine is an exception, as it decomposes via competing paths, kdobs = kd + kdOH[OH-], yielding different final products. This feature is most likely due to the lack of an alkyl substituent on the α-carbon atom. Under physiological pH, aldehydes and methylamine form in these reactions, which are not particularly toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fruzsina Simon
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kiss
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mária Szabó
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Fábián
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Redox and Homogeneous Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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14
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Fehér PP, Purgel M, Lengyel A, Stirling A, Fábián I. The mechanism of monochloramine disproportionation under acidic conditions. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16713-16721. [PMID: 31670733 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03789f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Monochloramine is a widely employed agent in water treatment technologies. However, its utilization has some drawbacks like the transformation of the active species into the undesired dichloramine. Although it is more pronounced in acidic solutions, the features of this reaction have still remained largely unexplored in the pH < 4 region. In this study the decomposition of monochloramine is examined under such conditions by using kinetic and computational methods. Fast kinetics measurements have convincingly showed that the disproportion into dicloramine is relatively fast and can be studied without any interference from side reactions. By varying the pH, the deprotonation constant of monochloramine has been determined by UV spectroscopy (Ka = 0.023 ± 0.005 M for I = 1.0 M NaClO4, and T = 25.0 °C). Dichloramine formation via monochloramine disproportion was found to follow second-order kinetics. The computations have provided the reaction mechanism and its free energy profile in accord with the proposed kinetic model. This involves the reaction between the protonated and unprotonated forms of monochloramine, with a rate constant k = 335.3 ± 11.8 M-1 s-1, corresponding to an activation free energy barrier of 14.1 kcal mol-1. The simulations predicted a barrier of 14.9 kcal mol-1 and revealed a key short-lived chlorine-bridged intermediate which yields dichloroamine and ammonium ion through a deprotonation-coupled chlorine shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Pál Fehér
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary and Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
| | - Mihály Purgel
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Lengyel
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary.
| | - András Stirling
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
| | - István Fábián
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary. and MTA-DE Redox and Homogeneous Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032 Hungary
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15
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Rose MR, Roberts AL. Iodination of Dimethenamid in Chloraminated Water: Active Iodinating Agents and Distinctions between Chlorination, Bromination, and Iodination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11764-11773. [PMID: 31556600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have elucidated the agent(s) that generate iodinated disinfection byproducts during drinking water treatment. We present a kinetic investigation of iodination of dimethenamid (DM), a model compound lacking acid-base speciation. Water chemistry parameters (pH, [Cl-], [Br-], [I-], and [pH buffer]) were systematically varied. As pH increased (4-9), DM iodination rate decreased. Conventional wisdom considers hypoiodous acid (HOI) as the predominant iodinating agent; nevertheless, HOI (pKHOI = 10.4) could not have produced this result, as its concentration is essentially invariant from pH 4-9. In contrast, [H2OI+] and [ICl] both decrease as pH increases. To distinguish their contributions to DM iodination, [Cl-] was added at constant pH and ionic strength. Although chloride addition did increase the iodination rate, the reaction order in [Cl-] was fractional (≤0.36). The contribution of ICl to DM iodination remained below 47% under typical drinking water conditions ([Cl-] ≤ 250 mg/L), implicating H2OI+ as the predominant iodinating agent. Distinctions between DM iodination versus chlorination or bromination include a more pronounced role for the hypohalous acidium ion (H2OX+), negligible contributions by hypohalous acid and molecular halogen (X2), and a more muted influence of XCl, leading to lesser susceptibility to catalysis by chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Rose
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , 313 Ames Hall, 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - A Lynn Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , 313 Ames Hall, 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
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16
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Tentscher PR, Lee M, von Gunten U. Micropollutant Oxidation Studied by Quantum Chemical Computations: Methodology and Applications to Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Reaction Mechanisms. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:605-614. [PMID: 30829468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The abatement of organic micropollutants during oxidation processes has become an emerging issue for various urban water systems such as drinking water, wastewater, and water reuse. Reaction kinetics and mechanisms play an important role in terms of efficiency of these processes and the formation of transformation products, which are controlled by functional groups in the micropollutants and the applied oxidants. So far, the kinetic and mechanistic information on the underlying reactions was obtained by experimental studies; additionally, predictive quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) were applied to determine reaction kinetics for the oxidation of emerging compounds. Since this experimental approach is very laborious and there are tens of thousands potential contaminants, alternative strategies need to be developed to predict the fate of micropollutants during oxidative water treatment. Due to significant developments in quantum chemical (QC) computations in recent years and increased computational capacity, QC-based methods have become an alternative or a supplement to the current experimental approach. This Account provides a critical assessment of the current state-of-the-art of QC-based methods for the assessment of oxidation of micropollutants. Starting from a given input structure, QC computations need to locate energetic minima on the potential energy surface (PES). Then, useful thermodynamic and kinetic information can be estimated by different approaches: Experimentally determined reaction mechanisms can be validated by identification of transition structures on the PES, which can be obtained for addition reactions, heavy atom transfer (Cl+, Br+, O·) and H atom transfer (simultaneous proton and electron transfer) reactions. However, transition structures in the PES cannot be obtained for e--transfer reactions. Second-order rate constants k for the reactions of micropollutants with chemical oxidants can be obtained by ab initio calculations or by QSARs with various QC descriptors. It has been demonstrated that second-order rate constants from ab initio calculations are within factors 3-750 of the measured values, whereas QSAR-based methods can achieve factors 2-4 compared to the experimental data. The orbital eigenvalue of the highest occupied molecular orbital ( EHOMO) is the most commonly used descriptor for QSAR-based computations of k-values. In combination with results from experimental studies, QC computations can also be applied to investigate reaction mechanisms for verification/understanding of oxidative mechanisms, calculation of branching ratios or regioselectivity, evaluation of the experimental product distribution and assessment of substitution effects. Furthermore, other important physical-chemical constants such as unknown equilibria for species, which are not measurable due to low concentrations, or p Ka values of reactive transient species can be estimated. With further development of QC-based methods, it will become possible to implement kinetic and mechanistic information from such computations in in silico models to predict oxidative transformation of micropollutants. Such predictions can then be complemented by tailored experimental studies to confirm/falsify the computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Tentscher
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Minju Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Wahman DG, Speitel GE, Katz LE. Bromamine Decomposition Revisited: A Holistic Approach for Analyzing Acid and Base Catalysis Kinetics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13205-13215. [PMID: 29072449 PMCID: PMC6058976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chloramine chemistry is complex, with a variety of reactions occurring in series and parallel and many that are acid or base catalyzed, resulting in numerous rate constants. Bromide presence increases system complexity even further with possible bromamine and bromochloramine formation. Therefore, techniques for parameter estimation must address this complexity through thoughtful experimental design and robust data analysis approaches. The current research outlines a rational basis for constrained data fitting using Brønsted theory, application of the microscopic reversibility principle to reversible acid or base catalyzed reactions, and characterization of the relative significance of parallel reactions using fictive product tracking. This holistic approach was used on a comprehensive and well-documented data set for bromamine decomposition, allowing new interpretations of existing data by revealing that a previously published reaction scheme was not robust; it was not able to describe monobromamine or dibromamine decay outside of the conditions for which it was calibrated. The current research's simplified model (3 reactions, 17 constants) represented the experimental data better than the previously published model (4 reactions, 28 constants). A final model evaluation was conducted based on representative drinking water conditions to determine a minimal model (3 reactions, 8 constants) applicable for drinking water conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Wahman
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH 45268
| | - Gerald E. Speitel
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Lynn E. Katz
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Austin, TX 78712
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