1
|
Caux B, De Saint Jores C, Abou-Naccoul R, Horie S, West C. Advantages of online supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry to analyse plastic additives in laboratory gloves. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1735:465323. [PMID: 39244911 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Plastic additives are introduced in plastic material formulations, along with organic polymers, to offer different properties such as stability, plasticity or color. However, plastic additives may migrate from the plastic material to the content (in case of plastic containers) or to the material in contact with the plastic, like human skin. In the case of plastic medical devices, this migration is of particular interest, as plastic additives may be deleterious to health. In the present paper, we examined the interest of combining supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) hyphenated to mass spectrometry (MS) in an online system to characterize plastic additives in laboratory gloves, taken as samples of medical devices. A set of target compounds comprising 18 plasticizers, 4 antioxidants and 2 lubricants was defined and their detectability with MS was examined, where it appeared that electrospray ionization (ESI) provided better detectability than atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). After examining possible stationary phases with the help of Derringer desirability function, an isocratic chromatographic method (CO2:methanol 95:5) was developed on Shim-pack UC Phenyl column. The extraction method was examined with a 3-level full factorial design of experiments to optimize the extraction temperature (40 °C) and pressure (200 bar). The online SFE-SFC-MS method was compared to offline methods where the samples were extracted with liquid solvents at atmospheric pressure or high pressure then analysed with SFC-MS. In all cases, offline methods showed significant contaminants (like the oleamide lubricant) issuing from laboratory plastic materials as nitrogen drying station, syringes and filters, while the online method allowed a complete elimination of laboratory contaminations. Furthermore, the online method saved time, solvents and laboratory consumables. It will also show that transferring a compressible fluid from a loading loop is favourable to high efficiency, as the resulting chromatographic peaks are much thinner than when transferring a liquid. Compared to injecting liquid heptane, the efficiency increase was 3.4-fold, while compared to injecting liquid methanol (a common practice in SFC), the efficiency increase was 13-fold. Finally, the additive composition of different laboratory gloves was compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Caux
- ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, University of Orleans, Pôle de chimie, rue de Chartres - BP 6759 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France; Shimadzu France, Le luzard 2, Bat A, Bd Salvador Allende Noisiel, Marne-la-Vallée 77448, France
| | - Clément De Saint Jores
- ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, University of Orleans, Pôle de chimie, rue de Chartres - BP 6759 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Ramy Abou-Naccoul
- Shimadzu France, Le luzard 2, Bat A, Bd Salvador Allende Noisiel, Marne-la-Vallée 77448, France
| | - Shinnosuke Horie
- Shimadzu Europa Gmbh, Albert-Hahn-Straße 6-10, Duisburg, 47269, Germany
| | - Caroline West
- ICOA, CNRS UMR 7311, University of Orleans, Pôle de chimie, rue de Chartres - BP 6759 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Y, Chen Q, Weng D, Sun H, Zhu F, Shen F, Zhou Y, Su G. A proposed biomarker for human citric acid ester (CAE) exposure, and the potential disturbance on human lipid metabolism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 263:120045. [PMID: 39313169 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.120045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Citric acid esters (CAEs), as one class of important alternative plasticizers, have been proven to be ubiquitous in the environments, leading to an increasing concern regarding their potential health risk to humans. However, information regarding the biomarkers for human CAE biomonitoring is currently unknown. In the present study, we investigated the metabolism characteristics of CAEs by use of in vitro rat liver microsomes (RLMs) and in vivo mice. We observed that CAEs would undergo a rapid metabolism in both in vitro and in vivo conditions, implying that parent CAEs could be not suitable for biomonitoring of human CAE exposure. By use of high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS), ten molecules were tentatively identified as CAE potential metabolites on the basis of their MS and MS/MS characteristics, and CAEs could be metabolized via multiple pathways, i.e. hydrolyzation, hydroxylation, O-dealkylation. Further MS screening in human serum samples demonstrated that most of parent CAEs were not detectable, whereas numerous CAE metabolites were detected in the same batch of analyzed samples. Especially, one of metabolites of tributyl citrate (named with TBC-M1), exhibited a high detection frequency of 73.3%. By use of TBC-M1 as the biomarker of human CAE exposure, alteration of lipid metabolism was further examined in human serum. Interestingly, we observed statistically significant correlations between TBC-M1 levels and population characteristics (i.e., age, BMI, and drinking). Beyond that, we also observed statistically significant correlation between levels of TBC-M1 and lipid molecules (phosphatidylinositol (18:0/20:4) and sphingomyelin (d34:1)). Collectively, this study underscored the property of rapid metabolism of CAEs in exposed organism, and proposed a potential biomarker that could be greatly helpful for further investigating the human CAE exposure and understanding their potential health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Qianyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Dan Weng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsum, 210009, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsum, 210009, China
| | - Fei Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsum, 210009, China
| | - Yonglin Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsum, 210009, China.
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jeon H, Yeo S, Park EA, Kang D, Shen K, Kim M, Lee I, Jeon J, Moon B, Ji K, Kim S, Kho Y. Identification and quantification of acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) metabolites using human liver microsomes and human urine. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142840. [PMID: 39019193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Plasticizers are chemicals that make plastics flexible, and phthalates are commonly used. Due to the toxic effects of phthalates, there is increasing use of non-phthalate plasticizers like acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC). ATBC has emerged as a safer alternative, yet concerns about its long-term safety persist due to its high leachability and potential endocrine-disrupting effects. This study aims to identify ATBC metabolites using human liver microsomes and suspect screening methods, and to explore potential urinary biomarkers for ATBC exposure. Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, we identified ATBC metabolites, including acetyl dibutyl citrate (ADBC), tributyl citrate (TBC), and dibutyl citrate (DBC). Urine samples from 15 participants revealed the presence of ADBC in 5, TBC in 11, and DBC in all samples, with DBC concentrations pointedly higher than the other metabolites. These metabolites show promise as biomarkers for ATBC exposure, though further validation with human data is required. Our results underscore the need for comprehensive studies on ATBC metabolism, exposure pathways, and urinary excretion to accurately assess human exposure levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeri Jeon
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, 553 Sanseong-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Yeo
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, 553 Sanseong-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ah Park
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, 553 Sanseong-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si, 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Kailin Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si, 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhye Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si, 51140, Republic of Korea; School of Smart and Green Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjin Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Ji
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yongin University, 134 Yongindaehak-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, 553 Sanseong-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13135, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Weng X, Zhu Q, Liao C, Jiang G. Cumulative Exposure to Phthalates and Their Alternatives and Associated Female Reproductive Health: Body Burdens, Adverse Outcomes, and Underlying Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37196176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The global birth rate has recently shown a decreasing trend, and exposure to environmental pollutants has been identified as a potential factor affecting female reproductive health. Phthalates have been widely used as plasticizers in plastic containers, children's toys, and medical devices, and their ubiquitous presence and endocrine-disrupting potential have already raised particular concerns. Phthalate exposure has been linked to various adverse health outcomes, including reproductive diseases. Given that many phthalates are gradually being banned, a growing number of phthalate alternatives are becoming popular, such as di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH), di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and they are beginning to have a wide range of environmental effects. Studies have shown that many phthalate alternatives may disrupt female reproductive function by altering the estrous cycle, causing ovarian follicular atresia, and prolonging the gestational cycle, which raises growing concerns about their potential health risks. Herein, we summarize the effects of phthalates and their common alternatives in different female models, the exposure levels that influence the reproductive system, and the effects on female reproductive impairment, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and offspring development. Additionally, we scrutinize the effects of phthalates and their alternatives on hormone signaling, oxidative stress, and intracellular signaling to explore the underlying mechanisms of action on female reproductive health, because these chemicals may affect reproductive tissues directly or indirectly through endocrine disruption. Given the declining global trends of female reproductive capacity and the potential ability of phthalates and their alternatives to negatively impact female reproductive health, a more comprehensive study is needed to understand their effects on the human body and their underlying mechanisms. These findings may have an important role in improving female reproductive health and in turn decreasing the number of complications during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyu Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhong Z, Liu X, Ruan Y, Li Z, Li J, Sun L, Hou S. Enhanced toxicity of 2,2-bis(chloromethyl) trimethylene bis[bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate] (V6) by nanopolystyrene particles towards HeLa cells. Nanotoxicology 2023; 17:203-217. [PMID: 37115599 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2023.2203238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
2,2-bis(chloromethyl) trimethylene bis[bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate] (V6) has been widely used as an additive in a variety of plastics due to its extremely low toxicity. However, we showed in the study that once mixed with nanopolystyrene particles (NPs), the nontoxic V6 could exhibit significant toxicity to HeLa cells. The enhanced toxicity was much higher than the toxicity of NPs alone and was related to the size of NPs. The mixture of V6 and small polystyrene NPs (10 nm and 15 nm in radius) showed obvious toxicity to HeLa cells. The toxicity increased with the concentrations of both V6 and NPs. On the contrary, the mixture of V6 and larger NPs (25 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, and 500 nm in radius) showed almost no toxicity even at extremely high concentrations (NPs: 100 mg/L; V6: 50 mg/L). The small NPs could enter the cells and accumulated in cytoplasm. However, the larger NPs did not distribute inside the cells. NPs efficiently adsorbed V6 on the surface. The mechanism of the enhanced toxicity was attributed to the increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the regulation of gene expression concerning apoptosis and ROS scavenging. Our study not only showed that a safe chemical V6 could be turned to be toxic by NPs, but also pointed out a potential risk caused by the joint toxicity of 'safe' chemicals and plastic particles with small size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science in Guangdong Province of Community of Life for Man and Nature, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science in Guangdong Province of Community of Life for Man and Nature, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Ruan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science in Guangdong Province of Community of Life for Man and Nature, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science in Guangdong Province of Community of Life for Man and Nature, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junxian Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science in Guangdong Province of Community of Life for Man and Nature, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Guangzhou Inspection Testing and Certification Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sen Hou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science in Guangdong Province of Community of Life for Man and Nature, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Shandong Huapu Testing Technology Co., Ltd, Yantai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barros B, Oliveira M, Morais S. Biomonitoring of firefighting forces: a review on biomarkers of exposure to health-relevant pollutants released from fires. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:127-171. [PMID: 36748115 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2172119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure as a firefighter has recently been classified as a carcinogen to humans by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Biomonitoring has been increasingly used to characterize exposure of firefighting forces to contaminants. However, available data are dispersed and information on the most relevant and promising biomarkers in this context of firefighting is missing. This review presents a comprehensive summary and critical appraisal of existing biomarkers of exposure including volatile organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, several other persistent other organic pollutants as well as heavy metals and metalloids detected in biological fluids of firefighters attending different fire scenarios. Urine was the most characterized matrix, followed by blood. Firefighters exhaled breath and saliva were poorly evaluated. Overall, biological levels of compounds were predominantly increased in firefighters after participation in firefighting activities. Biomonitoring studies combining different biomarkers of exposure and of effect are currently limited but exploratory findings are of high interest. However, biomonitoring still has some unresolved major limitations since reference or recommended values are not yet established for most biomarkers. In addition, half-lives values for most of the biomarkers have thus far not been defined, which significantly hampers the design of studies. These limitations need to be tackled urgently to improve risk assessment and support implementation of better more effective preventive strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bela Barros
- REQUIMTE-LAQV,Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Oliveira
- REQUIMTE-LAQV,Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE-LAQV,Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cao G, Wang W, Zhang J, Wu P, Zhao X, Yang Z, Hu D, Cai Z. New Evidence of Rubber-Derived Quinones in Water, Air, and Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4142-4150. [PMID: 35316033 PMCID: PMC8988306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
p-Phenylenediamines (PPDs) have been extensively used in the rubber industry and found to be pervasive in various environmental compartments for decades, while their transformation products and associated ecological and human health risks remain largely unknown. Herein, we developed and implemented a mass spectrometry-based platform combined with self-synthesized standards for the investigation of rubber-derived quinones formed from PPD antioxidants. Our results demonstrated that five quinones are ubiquitously present in urban runoff, roadside soils, and air particles. All of the identified sources are closely related to mankind's activities. Among the identified quinones, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone has been recently found to be highly toxic, causing acute mortality of coho salmon in the Pacific Northwest. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was then applied for quantification of the five quinones and their corresponding PPD antioxidants. The results revealed interesting distinct distribution and concentration patterns of PPD-derived quinones in different environmental matrices. Daily intake rates of these quinones in a compact city of Hong Kong were estimated to be varied from 1.08 ng/(kg·day) for adults to 7.30 ng/(kg·day) for children, which were higher than the exposure levels of their parent compounds. Considering the prevalence of the use of rubber products, the outcome of this study strongly suggests for additional toxicological studies to investigate potential ecological and human health risks of the newly discovered quinones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Di Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental
and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schwedler G, Rucic E, Koch HM, Lessmann F, Brüning T, Conrad A, Schmied-Tobies MI, Kolossa-Gehring M. Metabolites of the substitute plasticiser Di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) in urine of children and adolescents investigated in the German Environmental Survey GerES V, 2014–2017. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 230:113589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
9
|
Been F, Malarvannan G, Bastiaensen M, Yin S, van Nuijs AL, Covaci A. Development and validation of a bioanalytical assay based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for measuring biomarkers of exposure of alternative plasticizers in human urine and serum. Talanta 2019; 198:230-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
10
|
Lin Y, Yang J, Fu Q, Ruan T, Jiang G. Exploring the Occurrence and Temporal Variation of ToxCast Chemicals in Fine Particulate Matter Using Suspect Screening Strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5687-5696. [PMID: 31045341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Existence of emerging contaminants in the environment is of great importance for health risk assessment. The consensus on categories and numbers of the emerging contaminants in airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is still extremely deficient. In this study, an in-house data set was constructed containing 890 unique ToxCast (Phase I and Phase II) chemicals. Occurrence and temporal variation of the chemicals was investigated by a suspect screening workflow in 60 PM2.5 samples from January to December of 2016 in Beijing. Eighty-nine compounds were identified in 12 substance categories, which covered a broad range of physicochemical properties. Quantification/semiquantification results showed that phthalates, phenols, and carboxylic esters were the three most predominant categories, with mean concentrations of 7.82, 4.42, and 4.11 ng/m3, respectively. Four diverse temporal variation patterns were discerned, which could be explained by correlations of chemical concentrations (or instrumental responses) with meteorological parameters. An extended retrospective suspect screening was also performed to reveal the presence of several analogues of the identified chemicals that were not included in the data set. Another 75 pollutants were tentatively recognized, and comparison of estimated composition profiles based on instrumental responses suggested the identified ToxCast chemicals are a notable subset of typical emerging contaminants. The results might facilitate ranking of organic pollutants with active biological effects in PM2.5 samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring , China National Environmental Monitoring Center , Beijing 100012 , P. R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring , China National Environmental Monitoring Center , Beijing 100012 , P. R. China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Internal exposure of young German adults to di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP): Trends in 24-h urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank 1999–2017. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:419-424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
12
|
Christiaens MER, Udert KM, Arends JBA, Huysman S, Vanhaecke L, McAdam E, Rabaey K. Membrane stripping enables effective electrochemical ammonia recovery from urine while retaining microorganisms and micropollutants. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 150:349-357. [PMID: 30530129 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia recovery from urine avoids the need for nitrogen removal through nitrification/denitrification and re-synthesis of ammonia (NH3) via the Haber-Bosch process. Previously, we coupled an alkalifying electrochemical cell to a stripping column, and achieved competitive nitrogen removal and energy efficiencies using only electricity as input, compared to other technologies such as conventional column stripping with air. Direct liquid-liquid extraction with a hydrophobic gas membrane could be an alternative to increase nitrogen recovery from urine into the absorbent while minimizing energy requirements, as well as ensuring microbial and micropollutant retention. Here we compared a column with a membrane stripping reactor, each coupled to an electrochemical cell, fed with source-separated urine and operated at 20 A m-2. Both systems achieved similar nitrogen removal rates, 0.34 ± 0.21 and 0.35 ± 0.08 mol N L-1 d-1, and removal efficiencies, 45.1 ± 18.4 and 49.0 ± 9.3%, for the column and membrane reactor, respectively. The membrane reactor improved nitrogen recovery to 0.27 ± 0.09 mol N L-1 d-1 (38.7 ± 13.5%) while lowering the operational (electrochemical and pumping) energy to 6.5 kWhe kg N-1 recovered, compared to the column reactor, which reached 0.15 ± 0.06 mol N L-1 d-1 (17.2 ± 8.1%) at 13.8 kWhe kg N-1. Increased cell concentrations of an autofluorescent E. coli MG1655 + prpsM spiked in the urine influent were observed in the absorbent of the column stripping reactor after 24 h, but not for the membrane stripping reactor. None of six selected micropollutants spiked in the urine were found in the absorbent of both technologies. Overall, the membrane stripping reactor is preferred as it improved nitrogen recovery with less energy input and generated an E. coli- and micropollutant-free product for potential safe reuse. Nitrogen removal rate and efficiency can be further optimized by increasing the NH3 vapor pressure gradient and/or membrane surface area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlies E R Christiaens
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kai M Udert
- Department of Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jan B A Arends
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Steve Huysman
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133 D1, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133 D1, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ewan McAdam
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, College Road, MK43 OAL, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Korneel Rabaey
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Gent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pinguet J, Kerckhove N, Eljezi T, Lambert C, Moreau E, Bernard L, Boeuf B, Decaudin B, Genay S, Masse M, Storme L, Sautou V, Richard D. New SPE-LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination in urine of 22 metabolites of DEHP and alternative plasticizers from PVC medical devices. Talanta 2019; 198:377-389. [PMID: 30876575 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DiEthylHexylPhthalate (DEHP) can leach out of plasticized PVC medical devices (MD) and may enter into contact with patients. This phthalate is known for its reprotoxic and endocrine disrupting effects. Its use in medical devices (MD) has been restricted and alternative plasticizers have been developed. Nevertheless, no published clinical studies exist concerning patient exposure to these alternative plasticizers during medical care. This is particularly worrisome when high-risk populations, such as newborns, are exposed to these new plasticizers in intensive care units. Our study aimed to develop a novel sensitive and selective method to simultaneously identify and quantify DEHP and 17 other plasticizer metabolites (free or glucuronide conjugates), which are specific biomarkers of DEHTP, TOTM, DINP, DINCH and DEHA exposure in human urine. This robust method uses turbulent-flow online extraction technology coupled to high performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. Special care was taken to address two major problems in plasticizer analysis: contamination and chromatographic separation of interfering analogue structures. The validation was assessed in synthetic urine and the linearity of response was demonstrated for all compounds (R2 > 0.99), with limits of quantification from 0.01 to 0.1 ng/ml. Accuracies ranged from 86% to 117% and inter- and intra-day precisions were <20%. The clinical applicability and suitability of our new method was assessed in patients in a neonatal intensive care unit to measure urinary concentrations of DEHP and alternative plasticizer metabolites. These metabolites were found in the majority of urine samples, with a median detection frequency of 95.2% (ranging from 12.5% to 100%). The high sensitivity, selectivity and ruggedness make the method suitable for large-scale biomonitoring studies of high-risk and general populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Pinguet
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, service de Pharmacologie médicale, UMR INSERM 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Nicolas Kerckhove
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, service de Pharmacologie médicale, UMR INSERM 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Délégation Recherche Clinique & Innovation, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Teuta Eljezi
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHRU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Céline Lambert
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Unité de Biostatistiques, Délégation Recherche Clinique & Innovation, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuel Moreau
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INSERM U1240 Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, F-63000 Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Lise Bernard
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Boeuf
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, service de réanimation pédiatrique et périnatalogie, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bertrand Decaudin
- Université Lille II, EA 7365 - GRITA, F-59000 Lille, France; CHRU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stéphanie Genay
- Université Lille II, EA 7365 - GRITA, F-59000 Lille, France; CHRU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Morgane Masse
- Université Lille II, EA 7365 - GRITA, F-59000 Lille, France; CHRU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurent Storme
- CHRU Lille, Service de Médecine Néonatale, F-59000 Lille, France; Université Lille I, UPRES EA 4489, Laboratoire de Périnatalité et croissance, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Valérie Sautou
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Damien Richard
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, service de Pharmacologie médicale, UMR INSERM 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hair as an alternative matrix to monitor human exposure to plasticizers – Development of a liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1104:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|