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Niu B, E S, Song Q, Xu Z, Han B, Qin Y. Physicochemical reactions in e-waste recycling. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:569-586. [PMID: 38862738 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) recycling is becoming a global concern owing to its immense quantity, hazardous character and the potential loss of valuable metals. The many processes involved in e-waste recycling stem from a mixture of physicochemical reactions, and understanding the principles of these reactions can lead to more efficient recycling methods. In this Review, we discuss the principles behind photochemistry, thermochemistry, mechanochemistry, electrochemistry and sonochemistry for metal recovery, polymer decomposition and pollutant elimination from e-waste. We also discuss how these processes induce or improve reaction rates, selectivity and controllability of e-waste recycling based on thermodynamics and kinetics, free radicals, chemical bond energy, electrical potential regulation and more. Lastly, key factors, limitations and suggestions for improvements of these physicochemical reactions for e-waste recycling are highlighted, wherein we also indicate possible research directions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Niu
- Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Environment of Hebei Province, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
| | - Shanshan E
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Qingming Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Han
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yufei Qin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Jiangxi Green Recycling Co., Ltd, Fengcheng, China
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2
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Xi Y, Li F, Shen W, Li X, Zhang P, Zhu N, Wu P, Dang Z. Novel pathway of stabilized Cu 2S volatilization by derivated CH 3Cl. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134656. [PMID: 38776817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Stabilized heavy metals-containing phases and low chlorine utilization limit heavy metals chlorination reactions. The traditional method of adding chlorinating agents can promote heavy metals chlorination volatilization, but the limiting factor has not been resolved and more chlorides are emitted. Herein, a new reaction pathway to promote heavy metals chlorination volatilization through the transformation of stabilized heavy metals-containing phases and chlorine species by the addition of biomass at the sintering is first reported. The Cu volatilization efficiency increased sharply from 50.50% to 93.21% compared with the control, Zn, Pb, and Cd were nearly completely volatilized. Results show that the biomass carbonization process was more important for Cu chlorination volatilization. Stabilized heavy metals-containing phases were converted from Cu2S to CuO and Cu2O with the biochar and oxygen, increasing the activity of Cu. The chlorine species KCl reacted with CH3-containing groups to form CH3Cl, which reacted with CuO with a lower Delta G than HCl and Cl2, increasing the tendency for the conversion of CuO to CuCl. Cu chlorination volatilization process, following shrinking core kinetic model and controlled by chemical reactions. The outcomes fundamentally addresses the limiting step for heavy metals chlorination volatilization, supporting the incineration fly ash harmless treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Xi
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Weiqing Shen
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Nengwu Zhu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Pingxiao Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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3
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Yu W, Li M, Liang S, Xu Q, Zhang P, Hou H, Hu J, Yang J. Novel PbO@C composite material directly derived from spent lead-acid batteries by one-step spray pyrolysis process. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 165:51-58. [PMID: 37084643 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A one-step spray pyrolysis process is investigated for the first time in the field of spent lead-acid batteries (LABs) recycling. The spent lead paste that derived from spent LAB is desulfurized and then leached to generate the lead acetate (Pb(Ac)2) solution, which is then sprayed directly into a tube furnace to prepare the lead oxide (PbO) product by pyrolysis. The low-impurity lead oxide product (9 mg/kg Fe and 1 mg/kg Ba) is obtained under the optimized conditions (the temperature of 700 °C, the pumping rate of 50 L/h, and the spray rate of 0.5 mL/min). The major crystalline phases of the synthesized products are identified to be α-PbO and β-PbO. In the spray pyrolysis process, Pb(Ac)2 droplets are sequentially transformed into various intermediate products: H2O(g)@Pb(Ac)2 solution, Pb(Ac)2 crystals@PbO, and the final PbO@C product. Owning its carbon skeleton structure, the recovered PbO@C product (carbon content of 0.14%) shows better performance than the commercial ball-milled lead oxide powder in battery tests, with higher initial capacity and better cycling stability. This study could provide a strategy for the short-route recovery of spent LABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
| | - Qi Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Peiyuan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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4
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Wang J, Sun Q, Gao J, Xie Y, Si Q, Liang X, Liu J, Hu D, Huang P, Wang S, Liu G, Mi A. Primary study on the recovery of lead from waste flexible X/Gamma ray shielding materials using pyrolysis. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2023.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Zhao L, Tan Z, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Wang W, Deng Q, Ma J, Pan D. Research on process modeling and simulation of spent lead paste desulfurization enhanced reactor. Chin J Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2023.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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6
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Qu G, Wei Y, Liu C, Yao S, Zhou S, Li B. Efficient separation and recovery of lithium through volatilization in the recycling process of spent lithium-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 150:66-74. [PMID: 35803158 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) comprise different kinds of valuable metals with recovery and reuse value. Aiming to address the difficulty of recycling lithium from spent LIBs through conventional pyrometallurgy, a new method of high-efficiency separation and recovery of lithium through volatilization is proposed. In this new method, spent LIBs as the raw material, copper slag as the only flux and CaCl2 as an additive are utilized to recover lithium from spent LIBs. Under the optimal conditions, the volatilization rate of Li was 96.87%. During the smelting process, lithium is volatilized into the gas phase in the form of LiCl, where lithium can be recycled from the dust. In light of the experimental results, the addition of CaCl2 contributes to the formation of LiCl. The kinetics study showed that the volatilization of LiCl was controlled by an interfacial chemical reaction, and the apparent activation energy was 42.57 kJ/mol. In addition, Li2CO3 could be obtained from lithium-containing dust using a precipitation process. This method achieves efficient separation of lithium during the reduction smelting process. The phase transformation and kinetics of the separation process were investigated, and reaction mechanism was revealed. Importantly, the novel process provides new ideas and perspectives for the separation of lithium from spent LIBs through a pyrometallurgical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yonggang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Engineering Research Center of Metallurgical Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, Ministry of Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Metallurgical Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, Ministry of Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Shiwen Yao
- YCC Southwest Copper Branch, Kunming 650102, China
| | - Shiwei Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Metallurgical Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, Ministry of Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Engineering Research Center of Metallurgical Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, Ministry of Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
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7
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Li H, Wang J, Zhu X, Yang T, Deng J, Yan B, Mao X, Zhang Y, Li S. Evaluation of a green-sustainable industrialized cleaner utilization for refractory cyanide tailings containing sulfur. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154359. [PMID: 35259380 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In order to achieve the clean treatment of refractory cyanide tailings containing sulfur, a novel microwave-assisted chlorination thermal treatment recovery technology was proposed in this paper. On the basis of studying the mineralogy of cyanide tailings, the treatment capacity of common chlorinated agents for refractory cyanide tailings containing sulfur was compared. CaCl2 as the best chlorination agent, gold recovery and chlorine removal rates were 85.2% and 95%, under the optimal conditions. The specific action mechanism of CaCl2 in the process of microwave roasting was studied. Under the action of microwave, CaCl2 accelerated decomposition into chlorine-containing gas and rapidly diffused in cracks caused by thermal stress to ensure gold volatilization and chlorination. Finally, the approach and mechanism of removing residual harmful substances in roasting slag were proposed based on the environmental assessment of roasting slag. Environmental pollution and corrosion of building materials can be effectively avoided in the later transportation and secondary utilization of roasting slag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617000, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617000, China; Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry of Sichuan Institutes of Higher Education, Zigong, Sichuan 643033, China
| | - Xuejun Zhu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617000, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Lab of Process Equipment and Control, Yibin, SiChuan 644004, China
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617000, China
| | - Jun Deng
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617000, China
| | - Beilei Yan
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617000, China
| | - Xuehua Mao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617000, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617000, China
| | - Shiwei Li
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.
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8
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Tian X, Xie J, Xu M, Wang Y, Liu Y. An infinite life cycle assessment model to re-evaluate resource efficiency and environmental impacts of circular economy systems. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 145:72-82. [PMID: 35525000 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Challenges exist in life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate resource efficiency and environmental impacts of circular economy systems. Rules attributing recycling benefits/burdens are inconsistent, causing system boundary ambiguity. Besides, LCAs covering one or several life cycles fail to capture the complete resource path, which leads to unfair assessment results for the primary life cycle. This paper develops an infinite life cycle assessment model, which integrates LCA, substance flow analysis, and a state transition matrix into an infinite-life-cycle framework. On this basis, algorithms are formulated to quantify the resource efficiency and attribute environmental impacts following the principle of whole first, then allocation. Our model is demonstrated by a case study of lead-acid batteries. Results show that the resource efficiency of lead in the infinite life cycle assessment model is at least 118.75% higher than that of primary lead derived from the typical finite life cycle models. Measured by the index of environmental toxicity potential, environmental impacts are transferred from the primary product life cycle to recycled product life cycles, with the range fluctuating from 66.26% to 68.12%. Our model enables scholars to make more reasonable assessments for circular economy systems based on traditional LCA adjustment. From the infinite-life-cycle perspective, sustainable production policies should focus on increasing the recycling rate of waste products rather than limiting the exploitation of natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Tian
- Research Center for Central China Economic and Social Development, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China; Jiangxi Ecological Civilization Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China; School of Economics and Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Jinliang Xie
- School of Economics and Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Ming Xu
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1041, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125, United States
| | - Yutao Wang
- Fudan Tyndall Center, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), No.3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Yaobin Liu
- Research Center for Central China Economic and Social Development, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China; School of Economics and Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China.
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Huang Q, Wang Q, Liu X, Li X, Zheng J, Gao H, Li L, Xu W, Wang S, Xie M, Xiao Y, Lin Z. Effective separation and recovery of Zn, Cu, and Cr from electroplating sludge based on differential phase transformation induced by chlorinating roasting. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153260. [PMID: 35065102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals in electroplating sludge (ES) are usually amorphous and easily released in the environment. Especially for the ES containing multiple heavy metals, owing to the complex composition and lack of effective disposal method, it has been storage for a long time. In order to avoid environmental pollution, effective treatment methods are very urgent and necessary. Here, chlorinating roasting method was developed to enlarge the phase difference of heavy metals to fulfill the utilization of ES containing multiple heavy metals (Zn, Cr, and Cu). When CaCl2 was used as additive, Zn and Cu were volatilized to the gas phase, while Cr was oxidized to Cr(V)/(VI) and retained in the solid phase with readily leachable state. The recovery percentage of Zn, Cu, and Cr can reach 99%, 98%, and 96% respectively by chlorinating roasting for 4 h at 1000 °C with the CaCl2 addition proportion of 100%. After further extraction and purification, the purity of Cr and Zn can reach 92% and 99% respectively. Moreover, the mechanism of the differential phase transformation induced by chlorinating roasting was analyzed by the method of thermodynamics and kinetics. The kinetic reaction equation of the ZnCl2 and CuCl2 volatilization process can be described by phase boundary reaction and the function is G(α) = 1-(1-α)1/3. This work provides a simple and effective method for the treatment of ES containing multiple heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Huang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control &Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control &Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Xueming Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Jiayi Zheng
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Huiqin Gao
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Li Li
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
| | - Wenbin Xu
- Dongjiang Environmental Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, PR China
| | - Shi Wang
- Dongjiang Environmental Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, PR China
| | - Mengqin Xie
- Baoshan Iron and Steel Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201900, PR China
| | - Yongli Xiao
- Baoshan Iron and Steel Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201900, PR China
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control &Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
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Yanamandra K, Pinisetty D, Daoud A, Gupta N. Recycling of Li-Ion and Lead Acid Batteries: A Review. J Indian Inst Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Zhou J, Liu X, Zheng J, Li L, Liu W, Lin L, Lin Z. Simultaneous separation and immobilization of Cr(VI) from layered double hydroxide via reconstruction of the key phases. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125807. [PMID: 33865107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Layered double hydroxide (LDH) is one of the key host phases of Cr(VI) in the natural environment and chromite ore processing residue (COPR), causing serious pollution by Cr(VI). Therefore, efficient extraction or immobilization of the incorporated Cr(VI) in LDH is urgently needed. In this work, simultaneous separation and immobilization of Cr(VI) in LDH by using MgCl2·6H2O under thermal treatment is innovatively proposed. Cr was volatilized as CrCl3 and was immobilized as MgCr2O4 accounted for 62.2% and 37.8%, respectively, under the optimal condition (the mole ratio of Cl/Cr is 9, 700 °C and 120 min). The underlying reaction mechanisms are as follows: (i) HCl produced by MgCl2·6H2O accelerates the destruction of Cr(VI)-LDH layer structure, completely exposing the incorporated Cr(VI), (ii) Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III) by Cl-, part of which is directly immobilized as MgCr2O4, and the other part generates CrCl3, which is volatilized or further combined with Mg2+ to form MgCr2O4. The total Cr leaching concentration of the practical COPR sample treated by this method dramatically decreases from 421 to 0.7 mg/L, well below the landfill standard limit (4.5 mg/L). This work provides an attainable strategy for thorough remediation of COPR and inspires the treatment of heavy metal-containing LDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xueming Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Sino-Singapore Guangzhou Knowledge City, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jiayi Zheng
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Li Li
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Weizhen Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Le Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, PR China.
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12
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Yu Y, Huang Q, Zhou J, Wu Z, Deng H, Liu X, Lin Z. One-step extraction of high-purity CuCl 2·2H 2O from copper-containing electroplating sludge based on the directional phase conversion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125469. [PMID: 33930976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of heavy metals is a vital way to turn electroplating sludge into resources and reduce its environmental hazards. However, the complex compositions of the polymetallic electroplating sludge severely limit the selective recovery of metal resources such as copper. In this study, we took a kind of copper-containing electroplating sludge (C-ES) as an example present and investigated the process of copper extraction. The copper and other metals were directional converted through an accurate phase transformation process carried out by chlorination combined with thermal regulation. Eventually, the copper was selectively recovered in the form of CuCl2·2H2O, while the rest of the metals were converted into stable metal salts or oxides. The HCl solution was the best regulator for selective copper recovery. Under the optimal conditions, the recovery of copper approached 97% and the purity of the CuCl2·2H2O product was about 95%. The kinetic reaction equation of the CuCl2 volatilization process can be described by Power Low, G(α) = α1/15. The economic estimate based on experimentation indicates the profit of recycling CuCl2·2H2O is about $23.2/kg. This work provides a novel, simple, and efficient approach to the selective recovery of heavy metal from polymetallic solid wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Qiuyun Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jin Zhou
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhen Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Hong Deng
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xueming Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
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13
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A fluorescent tool for sensing the battery-pollution event in soil samples based on Zn2+-triggering ratiometric signals. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Zhong F, Yang M, Ding M, Jia C. Organic Electroactive Molecule-Based Electrolytes for Redox Flow Batteries: Status and Challenges of Molecular Design. Front Chem 2020; 8:451. [PMID: 32637392 PMCID: PMC7317337 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a critical review of the advances in the molecular design of organic electroactive molecules, which are the key components for redox flow batteries (RFBs). As a large-scale energy storage system with great potential, the redox flow battery has been attracting increasing attention in the last few decades. The redox molecules, which bridge the interconversion between chemical energy and electric energy for RFBs, have generated wide interest in many fields such as energy storage, functional materials, and synthetic chemistry. The most widely used electroactive molecules are inorganic metal ions, most of which are scarce and expensive, hindering the broad deployment of RFBs. Thus, there is an urgent motivation to exploit novel cost-effective electroactive molecules for the commercialization of RFBs. RFBs based on organic electroactive molecules such as quinones and nitroxide radical derivatives have been studied and have been a hot topic of research due to their inherent merits in the last decade. However, few comprehensive summaries regarding the molecular design of organic electroactive molecules have been published. Herein, the latest progress and challenges of organic electroactive molecules in both non-aqueous and aqueous RFBs are reviewed, and future perspectives are put forward for further developments of RFBs as well as other electrochemical energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Mei Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China.,National Engineering Laboratory of Highway Maintenance Technology, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Chuankun Jia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China.,National Engineering Laboratory of Highway Maintenance Technology, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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15
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Silva LFO, Milanes C, Pinto D, Ramirez O, Lima BD. Multiple hazardous elements in nanoparticulate matter from a Caribbean industrialized atmosphere. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124776. [PMID: 31526988 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Modern microscopy studies are capable of revealing ultra-fine particles (UFPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) that are produced in the processes related to traffic vehicular, industrial, metropolitan, and marine aerosol dry deposition in the coastal zones. Especially, secondary aerosol passages complexes categories of NPs and UFPs, which can be accumulated on construction compounds and by dry deposition, encourages multiples monuments deterioration routes. The advanced electron microscopies method is one of the most utilized in environmental studies. Between the different industrial areas in the world, the Caribbean area is the most relevant symbols of air quality due to climatic conditions with strong winds, but this study shows that regionally the most industrialized region does not have an adequate air quality. In the present work, electron microscopy analyses are used to describe of the extent of ultra-fine particle and nanoparticles in walls in contact to weathering. Numerous phases were recognized by advanced mineralogy methods. Thanks to the new analytical procedure it was feasible to understand NPs and UFPs; the occurrence of potential hazardous elements (PHEs), most of them as minerals but also combined in multiple accumulations with Al-Cr-Fe-K-Mg-Pb-Si-Ti-Zn amorphous; and carbonaceous phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia; Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, Av. Unisinos, 950-Cristo Rei, RS, 93022-000, Brazil.
| | - Celene Milanes
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Diana Pinto
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Omar Ramirez
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia; Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Facultad de Ingeniería, Programa Ingeniería Ambiental, Km 2 vía Cajicá-Zipaquirá, Colombia
| | - Bianca D Lima
- Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, Av. Unisinos, 950-Cristo Rei, RS, 93022-000, Brazil
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16
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Dai F, Huang H, Chen B, Zhang P, He Y, Guo Z. Recovery of high purity lead from spent lead paste via direct electrolysis and process evaluation. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Cleaner Recycling of Spent Lead-Acid Battery Paste and Co-Treatment of Pyrite Cinder via a Reductive Sulfur-Fixing Method for Valuable Metal Recovery and Sulfur Conservation. METALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/met9080911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study proposes a cleaner lead-acid battery (LAB) paste and pyrite cinder (PyC) recycling method without excessive generation of SO2. PyCs were employed as sulfur-fixing reagents to conserve sulfur as condensed sulfides, which prevented SO2 emissions. In this work, the phase transformation mechanisms in a PbSO4-Na2CO3-Fe3O4-C reaction system were studied in detail. Furthermore, the co-treatment of spent LAB and PyCs was conducted to determine the optimal recycling conditions and to detect the influences of different processing parameters on lead recovery and sulfur fixation. In addition, a bench-scale experiment was carried out to confirm the feasibility and reliability of this novel process. The results reveal that the products were separated into three distinct layers: slag, ferrous matte, and crude lead. 98.3% of lead and 99% of silver in the feed materials were directly enriched in crude lead. Crude lead with purity of more than 98 wt.% (weight percent) was obtained by a one-step extraction. Lead contents in the produced matte and slag were below 2.7 wt.% and 0.6 wt.%, respectively. At the same time, 99.2% total sulfur was fixed and recovered.
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18
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Liu W, Zheng J, Ou X, Liu X, Song Y, Tian C, Rong W, Shi Z, Dang Z, Lin Z. Effective Extraction of Cr(VI) from Hazardous Gypsum Sludge via Controlling the Phase Transformation and Chromium Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13336-13342. [PMID: 30353724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Through controlling the phase transformation and chromium species under hydrothermal condition, the Cr(VI) was extracted fully from hazardous Cr(VI)-containing gypsum sludge, with a very high efficiency of more than 99.5%. Scanning transmission electron microscopy, X-ray absorption fine structure, and density functional theory calculation results revealed that the dissolution-recrystallization of CaSO4·2H2O into CaSO4 was the key factor to fully release the encapsulated Cr(VI). Moreover, the mineralizer (persulfate salt) provided H+ and SO42- ions, the former made an acidic condition to transform the released CrO42- into the specie (Cr2O72-) with less similarity to SO42-, which further prevented the recombination of the released Cr(VI) with gypsum; and the latter was essential to accelerate crystal growth of calcium sulfate so as to enhance Cr(VI) extraction. This work would provide an instructive guidance to fully extract heavy metals from hazardous solid wastes via the control of crystal transformation and the pollutant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Liu
- School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters (Ministry of Education), Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Jiayi Zheng
- School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters (Ministry of Education), Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Xinwen Ou
- School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Xueming Liu
- School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters (Ministry of Education), Guangzhou , 510006 , China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Nanomaterials, Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Yao Song
- School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters (Ministry of Education), Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Chen Tian
- School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters (Ministry of Education), Guangzhou , 510006 , China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Nanomaterials, Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Wencong Rong
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Nanomaterials, Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Zhenqing Shi
- School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters (Ministry of Education), Guangzhou , 510006 , China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Nanomaterials, Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters (Ministry of Education), Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters (Ministry of Education), Guangzhou , 510006 , China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Nanomaterials, Guangzhou , 510006 , China
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19
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Zhang X, Li L, Fan E, Xue Q, Bian Y, Wu F, Chen R. Toward sustainable and systematic recycling of spent rechargeable batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7239-7302. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00297e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive and novel view on battery recycling is provided in terms of the science and technology, engineering, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Ersha Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Qing Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Yifan Bian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Feng Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
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