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Holder AL, Sullivan AP. Emissions, Chemistry, and the Environmental Impacts of Wildland Fire. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39133033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c07631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
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2
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Li J, Huang C, Zhang C, Wang H, Song L, Wang B. Underestimated contribution of open biomass burning to terpenoid emissions revealed by a novel hourly dynamic inventory. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172764. [PMID: 38670379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry, contributing significantly to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol. However, the accurate quantification of terpenoid emissions from biomass burning is currently lacking, leading to underestimated air quality impacts. This study developed a near real-time hourly open biomass burning (OBB) emission inventory named OBEIC, which incorporated geostationary and polar-orbiting satellite fire radiative power. The OBEIC inventory provided emission estimates of 69 terpenoids, categorized into four groups, at an hourly resolution. Monoterpenes were the dominant contributors to the total emissions, accounting for 58 % of the total terpenoid emissions from OBB. Notably, only 24 % of the total monoterpenes emitted from OBB were accounted for by α-pinene and β-pinene, indicating the importance of quantifying emissions of other monoterpene species such as limonene and camphene. Additionally, oxygenated terpenoids, which were previously overlooked, contribute to 20 % of total terpenoid emissions from OBB. Diurnally, the emissions of terpenoids were primarily concentrated during the daytime (61 %); however, this study revealed the significance of nighttime emissions (39 %) as well. When compared to the biogenic and anthropogenic emissions, OBB made substantial contributions to nighttime isoprene (99.8 %), monoterpene (66.8 %), and sesquiterpene (61.7 %) emissions where OBB occurs (in 3 km range), suggesting its significant role in nighttime secondary pollutant formation. The methodology developed in this study has the potential to reduce uncertainties in OBB emissions estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyong Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Caibao Huang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chunlin Zhang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lin Song
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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3
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Chen K, Hamilton C, Ries B, Lum M, Mayorga R, Tian L, Bahreini R, Zhang H, Lin YH. Relative Humidity Modulates the Physicochemical Processing of Secondary Brown Carbon Formation from Nighttime Oxidation of Furan and Pyrrole. ACS ES&T AIR 2024; 1:426-437. [PMID: 38751608 PMCID: PMC11091849 DOI: 10.1021/acsestair.4c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Light-absorbing secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), also known as secondary brown carbon (BrC), are major components of wildfire smoke that can have a significant impact on the climate system; however, how environmental factors such as relative humidity (RH) influence their formation is not fully understood, especially for heterocyclic precursors. We conducted chamber experiments to investigate secondary BrC formation from the nighttime oxidation of furan and pyrrole, two primary heterocyclic precursors in wildfires, in the presence of pre-existing particles at RH < 20% and ∼ 50%. Our findings revealed that increasing RH significantly affected the size distribution dynamics of both SOAs, with pyrrole SOA showing a stronger potential to generate ultrafine particles via intensive nucleation processes. Higher RH led to increased mass fractions of oxygenated compounds in both SOAs, suggesting enhanced gas-phase and/or multiphase oxidation under humid conditions. Moreover, higher RH reduced the mass absorption coefficients of both BrC, contrasting with those from homocyclic precursors, due to the formation of non-absorbing high-molecular-weight oxygenated compounds and the decreasing mass fractions of molecular chromophores. Overall, our findings demonstrate the unique RH dependence of secondary BrC formation from heterocyclic precursors, which may critically modulate the radiative effects of wildfire smoke on climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Chen
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Caitlin Hamilton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Bradley Ries
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Michael Lum
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Raphael Mayorga
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Linhui Tian
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Roya Bahreini
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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4
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Czech H, Popovicheva O, Chernov DG, Kozlov A, Schneider E, Shmargunov VP, Sueur M, Rüger CP, Afonso C, Uzhegov V, Kozlov VS, Panchenko MV, Zimmermann R. Wildfire plume ageing in the Photochemical Large Aerosol Chamber (PHOTO-LAC). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:35-55. [PMID: 37873726 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00280b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Plumes from wildfires are transported over large distances from remote to populated areas and threaten sensitive ecosystems. Dense wildfire plumes are processed by atmospheric oxidants and complex multiphase chemistry, differing from processes at typical ambient concentrations. For studying dense biomass burning plume chemistry in the laboratory, we establish a Photochemical Large Aerosol Chamber (PHOTO-LAC) being the world's largest aerosol chamber with a volume of 1800 m3 and provide its figures of merit. While the photolysis rate of NO2 (jNO2) is comparable to that of other chambers, the PHOTO-LAC and its associated low surface-to-volume ratio lead to exceptionally low losses of particles to the walls. Photochemical ageing of toluene under high-NOx conditions induces substantial formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) and brown carbon (BrC). Several individual nitrophenolic compounds could be detected by high resolution mass spectrometry, demonstrating similar photochemistry to other environmental chambers. Biomass burning aerosols are generated from pine wood and debris under flaming and smouldering combustion conditions and subsequently aged under photochemical and dark ageing conditions, thus resembling day- and night-time atmospheric chemistry. In the unprecedented long ageing with alternating photochemical and dark ageing conditions, the temporal evolution of particulate matter and its chemical composition is shown by ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry. Due to the spacious cavity, the PHOTO-LAC may be used for applications requiring large amounts of particulate matter, such as comprehensive chemical aerosol characterisation or cell exposures under submersed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendryk Czech
- Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Olga Popovicheva
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitriy G Chernov
- V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Kozlov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Eric Schneider
- Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Vladimir P Shmargunov
- V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Maxime Sueur
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000, Rouen, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, 76700, Harfleur, France
| | - Christopher P Rüger
- Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000, Rouen, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, 76700, Harfleur, France
| | - Viktor Uzhegov
- V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Valerii S Kozlov
- V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Panchenko
- V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Department of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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5
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Ninneman M, Lyman S, Hu L, Cope E, Ketcherside D, Jaffe D. Investigation of Ozone Formation Chemistry during the Salt Lake Regional Smoke, Ozone, and Aerosol Study (SAMOZA). ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:2521-2534. [PMID: 38148992 PMCID: PMC10749563 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Salt Lake City (SLC), UT, is an urban area where ozone (O3) concentrations frequently exceed health standards. This study uses an observationally constrained photochemical box model to investigate the drivers of O3 production during the Salt Lake Regional Smoke, Ozone, and Aerosol Study (SAMOZA), which took place from August to September 2022 in SLC. During SAMOZA, a suite of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and other parameters were measured at the Utah Technical Center, a high-NOx site in the urban core. We examined four high-O3 cases: 4 August and 3, 11, and 12 September, which were classified as a nonsmoky weekday, a weekend day with minimal smoke influence, a smoky weekend day, and a smoky weekday, respectively. The modeled O3 production on 4 August and 3 September was highly sensitive to VOCs and insensitive to NOx reductions of ≤50%. Box model results suggest that the directly emitted formaldehyde contributed to the rapid increase in morning O3 concentrations on 3 September. Model sensitivity tests for September 11-12 indicated that smoke-emitted VOCs, especially aldehydes, had a much larger impact on O3 production than NOx and/or anthropogenic VOCs. On 11 and 12 September, smoke-emitted VOCs enhanced model-predicted maximum daily 8 h average O3 concentrations by 21 and 13 parts per billion (ppb), respectively. Overall, our results suggest that regionwide VOC reductions of at least 30-50% or NOx reductions of at least 60% are needed to bring SLC into compliance with the national O3 standard of 70 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ninneman
- School
of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, Washington 98011, United States
| | - Seth Lyman
- Bingham
Research Center, Utah State University, 320 North Aggie Boulevard, Vernal, Utah 84078, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State
University, 4820 Old
Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Lu Hu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Emily Cope
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Damien Ketcherside
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Daniel Jaffe
- School
of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, Washington 98011, United States
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, 3920 Okanogan Lane, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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6
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Chen K, Mayorga R, Hamilton C, Bahreini R, Zhang H, Lin YH. Contribution of Carbonyl Chromophores in Secondary Brown Carbon from Nighttime Oxidation of Unsaturated Heterocyclic Volatile Organic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20085-20096. [PMID: 37983166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The light absorption properties of brown carbon (BrC), which are linked to molecular chromophores, may play a significant role in the Earth's energy budget. While nitroaromatic compounds have been identified as strong chromophores in wildfire-driven BrC, other types of chromophores remain to be investigated. Given the electron-withdrawing nature of carbonyls ubiquitous in the atmosphere, we characterized carbonyl chromophores in BrC samples from the nighttime oxidation of furan and pyrrole derivatives, which are important but understudied precursors of secondary organic aerosols primarily found in wildfire emissions. Various carbonyl chromophores were characterized and quantified in BrC samples, and their ultraviolet-visible spectra were simulated by using time-dependent density functional theory. Our findings suggest that chromophores with carbonyls bonded to nitrogen (i.e., imides and amides) derived from N-containing heterocyclic precursors substantially contribute to BrC light absorption. The quantified N-containing carbonyl chromophores contributed to over 40% of the total light absorption at wavelengths below 350 nm and above 430 nm in pyrrole BrC. The contributions of chromophores to total light absorption differed significantly by wavelength, highlighting their divergent importance in different wavelength ranges. Overall, our findings highlight the significance of carbonyl chromophores in secondary BrC and underscore the need for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Raphael Mayorga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Caitlin Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Roya Bahreini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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7
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Chakrabarty RK, Shetty NJ, Thind AS, Beeler P, Sumlin BJ, Zhang C, Liu P, Idrobo JC, Adachi K, Wagner NL, Schwarz JP, Ahern A, Sedlacek AJ, Lambe A, Daube C, Lyu M, Liu C, Herndon S, Onasch TB, Mishra R. Shortwave absorption by wildfire smoke dominated by dark brown carbon. NATURE GEOSCIENCE 2023; 16:683-688. [PMID: 37564378 PMCID: PMC10409647 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-023-01237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires emit large amounts of black carbon and light-absorbing organic carbon, known as brown carbon, into the atmosphere. These particles perturb Earth's radiation budget through absorption of incoming shortwave radiation. It is generally thought that brown carbon loses its absorptivity after emission in the atmosphere due to sunlight-driven photochemical bleaching. Consequently, the atmospheric warming effect exerted by brown carbon remains highly variable and poorly represented in climate models compared with that of the relatively nonreactive black carbon. Given that wildfires are predicted to increase globally in the coming decades, it is increasingly important to quantify these radiative impacts. Here we present measurements of ensemble-scale and particle-scale shortwave absorption in smoke plumes from wildfires in the western United States. We find that a type of dark brown carbon contributes three-quarters of the short visible light absorption and half of the long visible light absorption. This strongly absorbing organic aerosol species is water insoluble, resists daytime photobleaching and increases in absorptivity with night-time atmospheric processing. Our findings suggest that parameterizations of brown carbon in climate models need to be revised to improve the estimation of smoke aerosol radiative forcing and associated warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan K. Chakrabarty
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Nishit J. Shetty
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Arashdeep S. Thind
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Payton Beeler
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Benjamin J. Sumlin
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Chenchong Zhang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Pai Liu
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
- Present Address: Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Juan C. Idrobo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
- Present Address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Kouji Adachi
- Department of Atmosphere, Ocean and Earth System Modeling Research, Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nicholas L. Wagner
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
- Present Address: Ball Aerospace, Broomfield, CO USA
| | - Joshua P. Schwarz
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Adam Ahern
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Arthur J. Sedlacek
- Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | | | | | - Ming Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Chao Liu
- China Meteorological Administration Aerosol–Cloud–Precipitation Key Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Rohan Mishra
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
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8
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Liu Y, Huang Y, Liggio J, Hayden K, Mihele C, Wentzell J, Wheeler M, Leithead A, Moussa S, Xie C, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Han T, Li SM. A newly developed Lagrangian chemical transport scheme: Part 1. Simulation of a boreal forest fire plume. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163232. [PMID: 37023817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Forest fire research over the last several decades has improved the understanding of fire emissions and impacts. Nevertheless, the evolution of forest fire plumes remains poorly quantified and understood. Here, a Lagrangian chemical transport model, the Forward Atmospheric Stochastic Transport model coupled with the Master Chemical Mechanism (FAST-MCM), has been developed to simulate the transport and chemical transformations of plumes from a boreal forest fire over several hours since their emission. The model results for NOx (NO and NO2), O3, HONO, HNO3, pNO3 and 70 VOC species are compared with airborne in-situ measurements within plume centers and their surrounding portions during the transport. Comparisons between simulation results and measurements show that the FAST-MCM model can properly reproduce the physical and chemical evolution of forest fire plumes. The results indicate that the model can be an important tool used to aid the understanding of the downwind impacts of forest fire plumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayong Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Yufei Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871
| | - John Liggio
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Katherine Hayden
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Cris Mihele
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Jeremy Wentzell
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Michael Wheeler
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Amy Leithead
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Samar Moussa
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Conghui Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Yanrong Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Yuheng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Tianran Han
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871.
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9
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Rickly PS, Coggon MM, Aikin KC, Alvarez RJ, Baidar S, Gilman JB, Gkatzelis GI, Harkins C, He J, Lamplugh A, Langford AO, McDonald BC, Peischl J, Robinson MA, Rollins AW, Schwantes RH, Senff CJ, Warneke C, Brown SS. Influence of Wildfire on Urban Ozone: An Observationally Constrained Box Modeling Study at a Site in the Colorado Front Range. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1257-1267. [PMID: 36607321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Increasing trends in biomass burning emissions significantly impact air quality in North America. Enhanced mixing ratios of ozone (O3) in urban areas during smoke-impacted periods occur through transport of O3 produced within the smoke or through mixing of pyrogenic volatile organic compounds (PVOCs) with urban nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) to enhance local O3 production. Here, we analyze a set of detailed chemical measurements, including carbon monoxide (CO), NOx, and speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), to evaluate the effects of smoke transported from relatively local and long-range fires on O3 measured at a site in Boulder, Colorado, during summer 2020. Relative to the smoke-free period, CO, background O3, OH reactivity, and total VOCs increased during both the local and long-range smoke periods, but NOx mixing ratios remained approximately constant. These observations are consistent with transport of PVOCs (comprised primarily of oxygenates) but not NOx with the smoke and with the influence of O3 produced within the smoke upwind of the urban area. Box-model calculations show that local O3 production during all three periods was in the NOx-sensitive regime. Consequently, this locally produced O3 was similar in all three periods and was relatively insensitive to the increase in PVOCs. However, calculated NOx sensitivities show that PVOCs substantially increase O3 production in the transition and NOx-saturated (VOC-sensitive) regimes. These results suggest that (1) O3 produced during smoke transport is the main driver for O3 increases in NOx-sensitive urban areas and (2) smoke may cause an additional increase in local O3 production in NOx-saturated (VOC-sensitive) urban areas. Additional detailed VOC and NOx measurements in smoke impacted urban areas are necessary to broadly quantify the effects of wildfire smoke on urban O3 and develop effective mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Rickly
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Kenneth C Aikin
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Raul J Alvarez
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Sunil Baidar
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | | | - Colin Harkins
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Jian He
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Aaron Lamplugh
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Andrew O Langford
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Brian C McDonald
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Michael A Robinson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Andrew W Rollins
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | | | - Christoph J Senff
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Steven S Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
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10
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Rana MS, Guzman MI. Oxidation of Catechols at the Air-Water Interface by Nitrate Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15437-15448. [PMID: 36318667 PMCID: PMC9670857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Abundant substituted catechols are emitted to, and created in, the atmosphere during wildfires and anthropogenic combustion and agro-industrial processes. While ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (HO•) efficiently react in a 1 μs contact time with catechols at the air-water interface, the nighttime reactivity dominated by nitrate radicals (NO3) remains unexplored. Herein, online electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (OESI-MS) is used to explore the reaction of NO3(g) with a series of representative catechols (catechol, pyrogallol, 3-methylcatechol, 4-methylcatechol, and 3-methoxycatechol) on the surface of aqueous microdroplets. The work detects the ultrafast generation of nitrocatechol (aromatic) compounds, which are major constituents of atmospheric brown carbon. Two mechanisms are proposed to produce nitrocatechols, one (equivalent to H atom abstraction) following fast electron transfer from the catechols (QH2) to NO3, forming NO3- and QH2•+ that quickly deprotonates into a semiquinone radical (QH•). The second mechanism proceeds via cyclohexadienyl radical intermediates from NO3 attack to the ring. Experiments in the pH range from 4 to 8 showed that the production of nitrocatechols was favored under the most acidic conditions. Mechanistically, the results explain the interfacial production of chromophoric nitrocatechols that modify the absorption properties of tropospheric particles, making them more susceptible to photooxidation, and alter the Earth's radiative forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sohel Rana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky40506, United States
| | - Marcelo I. Guzman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky40506, United States
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11
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Al Ali F, Coeur C, Houzel N, Bouya H, Tomas A, Romanias MN. Rate Coefficients for the Gas-Phase Reactions of Nitrate Radicals with a Series of Furan Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8674-8681. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Al Ali
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Dunkerque59140, France
- Institut Mines Télécom Nord Europe, Univ. Lille, Center for Energy and Environment, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Cécile Coeur
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Dunkerque59140, France
| | - Nicolas Houzel
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Dunkerque59140, France
| | - Houceine Bouya
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Dunkerque59140, France
| | - Alexandre Tomas
- Institut Mines Télécom Nord Europe, Univ. Lille, Center for Energy and Environment, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Manolis N. Romanias
- Institut Mines Télécom Nord Europe, Univ. Lille, Center for Energy and Environment, F-59000Lille, France
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12
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Wang H, Ma X, Tan Z, Wang H, Chen X, Chen S, Gao Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Yang X, Yuan B, Zeng L, Huang C, Lu K, Zhang Y. Anthropogenic monoterpenes aggravating ozone pollution. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac103. [PMID: 36128459 PMCID: PMC9477203 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoterpenes have been known to have a critical influence on air quality and climate change through their impact on the formation of fine particles. Here we present field evidence that monoterpene oxidations largely enhanced local ozone production in a regional site in eastern China. The observed monoterpene was most likely from biomass burning rather than biogenic emissions, as indicated by the high correlation with CO at night-time, and the observed ratio of these two species was consistent with previously determined values from biomass burning experiments. Fast monoterpene oxidations were determined experimentally based on direct radical measurements, leading to a daily ozone enhancement of 4-18 parts per billion by volume (ppb), which was 6%-16% of the total ozone production, depending on the speciation of monoterpenes. It demonstrates that the previously overlooked anthropogenic monoterpenes make an important contribution to O3 production in eastern China. The role could possibly be important at similar locations across China and other parts of the world that are characterized by massive emissions, especially where there are high NO x levels. Our results highlight that anthropogenic monoterpenes should be taken into account when proceeding with the coordinated mitigation of O3 and particulate matter pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xuefei Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaofeng Tan
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200223, China
| | - Xiaorui Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200223, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinping Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200223, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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13
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Liang Y, Weber RJ, Misztal PK, Jen CN, Goldstein AH. Aging of Volatile Organic Compounds in October 2017 Northern California Wildfire Plumes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1557-1567. [PMID: 35037463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the western United States, the number and severity of large wildfires have been growing for decades. Biomass burning (BB) is a major source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere both globally and regionally. Following emission, BB VOCs are oxidized while being transported downwind, producing ozone, secondary organic aerosols, and secondary hazardous VOCs. In this research, we measured VOCs using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) in an urban area 55-65 km downwind of the October 2017 Northern California wildfires. Nonaromatic oxygenated compounds were the dominant component of BB VOCs measured. In the smoke plumes, the VOCs account for 70-75% of the total observed organic carbon, with the remainder being particulate matter (with a diameter of <2.5 μm, PM2.5). We show that the correlation of VOCs with furan (primary BB VOC) and maleic anhydride (secondary BB VOC) can indicate the origin of the VOCs. This was further confirmed by the diurnal variations of the VOCs and their concentration-weighted trajectories. Oxidation during transport consumed highly reactive compounds including benzenoids, furanoids, and terpenoids and produced more oxygenated VOCs. Furthermore, wildfire VOCs altered the ozone formation regime and raised the O3 levels in the San Francisco Bay Area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert J Weber
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Coty N Jen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United State
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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14
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Kodros JK, Kaltsonoudis C, Paglione M, Florou K, Jorga S, Vasilakopoulou C, Cirtog M, Cazaunau M, Picquet-Varrault B, Nenes A, Pandis SN. Secondary aerosol formation during the dark oxidation of residential biomass burning emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:1221-1236. [PMID: 36277744 PMCID: PMC9476557 DOI: 10.1039/d2ea00031h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter from biomass burning emissions affects air quality, ecosystems and climate; however, quantifying these effects requires that the connection between primary emissions and secondary aerosol production is firmly established. We performed atmospheric simulation chamber experiments on the chemical oxidation of residential biomass burning emissions under dark conditions. Biomass burning organic aerosol was found to age under dark conditions, with its oxygen-to-carbon ratio increasing by 7–34% and producing 1–38 μg m−3 of secondary organic aerosol (5–80% increase over the fresh organic aerosol) after 30 min of exposure to NO3 radicals in the chamber (corresponding to 1–3 h of exposure to typical nighttime NO3 radical concentrations in an urban environment). The average mass concentration of SOA formed under dark-oxidation conditions was comparable to the mass concentration formed after 3 h (equivalent to 7–10 h of ambient exposure) under ultraviolet lights (6 μg m−3 or a 47% increase over the emitted organic aerosol concentration). The dark-aging experiments showed a substantial increase in secondary nitrate aerosol (0.12–3.8 μg m−3), 46–100% of which is in the form of organic nitrates. The biomass burning aerosol pH remained practically constant at 2.8 throughout the experiment. This value promotes inorganic nitrate partitioning to the particulate phase, potentially contributing to the buildup of nitrate aerosol in the boundary layer and enhancing long-range transport. These results suggest that oxidation through reactions with the NO3 radical is an additional secondary aerosol formation pathway in biomass burning emission plumes that should be accounted for in atmospheric chemical-transport models. Biomass burning emissions age rapidly in the dark due to oxidation reactions with nitrate radicals.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- John K. Kodros
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, ICE-HT, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | | | - Marco Paglione
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Italian National Research Council, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Kalliopi Florou
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, ICE-HT, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - Spiro Jorga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213, USA
| | - Christina Vasilakopoulou
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, ICE-HT, Patras, 26504, Greece
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Manuela Cirtog
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Mathieu Cazaunau
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, ICE-HT, Patras, 26504, Greece
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Spyros N. Pandis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, ICE-HT, Patras, 26504, Greece
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
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15
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Decker ZCJ, Wang S, Bourgeois I, Campuzano Jost P, Coggon MM, DiGangi JP, Diskin GS, Flocke FM, Franchin A, Fredrickson CD, Gkatzelis GI, Hall SR, Halliday H, Hayden K, Holmes CD, Huey LG, Jimenez JL, Lee YR, Lindaas J, Middlebrook AM, Montzka DD, Neuman JA, Nowak JB, Pagonis D, Palm BB, Peischl J, Piel F, Rickly PS, Robinson MA, Rollins AW, Ryerson TB, Sekimoto K, Thornton JA, Tyndall GS, Ullmann K, Veres PR, Warneke C, Washenfelder RA, Weinheimer AJ, Wisthaler A, Womack C, Brown SS. Novel Analysis to Quantify Plume Crosswind Heterogeneity Applied to Biomass Burning Smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15646-15657. [PMID: 34817984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel method, the Gaussian observational model for edge to center heterogeneity (GOMECH), to quantify the horizontal chemical structure of plumes. GOMECH fits observations of short-lived emissions or products against a long-lived tracer (e.g., CO) to provide relative metrics for the plume width (wi/wCO) and center (bi/wCO). To validate GOMECH, we investigate OH and NO3 oxidation processes in smoke plumes sampled during FIREX-AQ (Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality, a 2019 wildfire smoke study). An analysis of 430 crosswind transects demonstrates that nitrous acid (HONO), a primary source of OH, is narrower than CO (wHONO/wCO = 0.73-0.84 ± 0.01) and maleic anhydride (an OH oxidation product) is enhanced on plume edges (wmaleicanhydride/wCO = 1.06-1.12 ± 0.01). By contrast, NO3 production [P(NO3)] occurs mainly at the plume center (wP(NO3)/wCO = 0.91-1.00 ± 0.01). Phenolic emissions, highly reactive to OH and NO3, are narrower than CO (wphenol/wCO = 0.96 ± 0.03, wcatechol/wCO = 0.91 ± 0.01, and wmethylcatechol/wCO = 0.84 ± 0.01), suggesting that plume edge phenolic losses are the greatest. Yet, nitrophenolic aerosol, their oxidation product, is the greatest at the plume center (wnitrophenolicaerosol/wCO = 0.95 ± 0.02). In a large plume case study, GOMECH suggests that nitrocatechol aerosol is most associated with P(NO3). Last, we corroborate GOMECH with a large eddy simulation model which suggests most (55%) of nitrocatechol is produced through NO3 in our case study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C J Decker
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Siyuan Wang
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ilann Bourgeois
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joshua P DiGangi
- NASA Langley Research Center, MS 483, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Glenn S Diskin
- NASA Langley Research Center, MS 483, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Frank M Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Alessandro Franchin
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Carley D Fredrickson
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Georgios I Gkatzelis
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Samuel R Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Hannah Halliday
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Katherine Hayden
- Air Quality Research Division (AQRD), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto M3H 5T4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher D Holmes
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32304, United States
| | - L Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Young Ro Lee
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jakob Lindaas
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ann M Middlebrook
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Denise D Montzka
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - J Andrew Neuman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - John B Nowak
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc. (SSAI), Hampton, Virginia 23666, United States
| | - Demetrios Pagonis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Felix Piel
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Pamela S Rickly
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Michael A Robinson
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Andrew W Rollins
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Thomas B Ryerson
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Kanako Sekimoto
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Geoff S Tyndall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Patrick R Veres
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Andrew J Weinheimer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Caroline Womack
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Steven S Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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16
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Liu Y, Meng X, Wu Z, Huang D, Wang H, Chen J, Chen J, Zong T, Fang X, Tan T, Zhao G, Chen S, Zeng L, Guo S, Huang X, He L, Zeng L, Hu M. The particle phase state during the biomass burning events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148035. [PMID: 34153758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The phase state of biomass burning aerosols (BBA) remains largely unclear, impeding our understanding of their effects on air quality, climate and human health, due to its profound roles in mass transfer between gaseous and particulate phase. In this study, the phase state of BBA was investigated by measuring the particle rebound fraction ƒ combining field observations and laboratory experiments. We found that both ambient and laboratory-generated BBA had unexpectedly lower rebound fraction ƒ (<0.6) under the dry conditions (RH = 20-50%), indicating that BBA were in non-solid state at such low RH. This was obviously different from the secondary organic aerosols (SOA) derived from the oxidation of both anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds, typically with a rebound fraction ƒ larger than 0.8 at RH below 50%. Therefore, we proposed that the diffusion coefficient of gaseous molecular in the bulk of BBA might be much higher than SOA under the dry conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechen Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangxinyue Meng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Dandan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingchuan Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Taomou Zong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianyi Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liwu Zeng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lingyan He
- Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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17
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Robinson MA, Decker ZCJ, Barsanti KC, Coggon MM, Flocke FM, Franchin A, Fredrickson CD, Gilman JB, Gkatzelis GI, Holmes CD, Lamplugh A, Lavi A, Middlebrook AM, Montzka DM, Palm BB, Peischl J, Pierce B, Schwantes RH, Sekimoto K, Selimovic V, Tyndall GS, Thornton JA, Van Rooy P, Warneke C, Weinheimer AJ, Brown SS. Variability and Time of Day Dependence of Ozone Photochemistry in Western Wildfire Plumes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10280-10290. [PMID: 34255503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the efficiency and variability of photochemical ozone (O3) production from western wildfire plumes is important to accurately estimate their influence on North American air quality. A set of photochemical measurements were made from the NOAA Twin Otter research aircraft as a part of the Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) experiment. We use a zero-dimensional (0-D) box model to investigate the chemistry driving O3 production in modeled plumes. Modeled afternoon plumes reached a maximum O3 mixing ratio of 140 ± 50 ppbv (average ± standard deviation) within 20 ± 10 min of emission compared to 76 ± 12 ppbv in 60 ± 30 min in evening plumes. Afternoon and evening maximum O3 isopleths indicate that plumes were near their peak in NOx efficiency. A radical budget describes the NOx volatile - organic compound (VOC) sensitivities of these plumes. Afternoon plumes displayed a rapid transition from VOC-sensitive to NOx-sensitive chemistry, driven by HOx (=OH + HO2) production from photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO) (48 ± 20% of primary HOx) and formaldehyde (HCHO) (26 ± 9%) emitted directly from the fire. Evening plumes exhibit a slower transition from peak NOx efficiency to VOC-sensitive O3 production caused by a reduction in photolysis rates and fire emissions. HOx production in evening plumes is controlled by HONO photolysis (53 ± 7%), HCHO photolysis (18 ± 9%), and alkene ozonolysis (17 ± 9%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Robinson
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Zachary C J Decker
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kelley C Barsanti
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Frank M Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Alessandro Franchin
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Carley D Fredrickson
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Georgios I Gkatzelis
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher D Holmes
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Aaron Lamplugh
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Avi Lavi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Ann M Middlebrook
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Denise M Montzka
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Brad Pierce
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - Rebecca H Schwantes
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kanako Sekimoto
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Vanessa Selimovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Geoffrey S Tyndall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Paul Van Rooy
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Andrew J Weinheimer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Steven S Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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18
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He Q, Tomaz S, Li C, Zhu M, Meidan D, Riva M, Laskin A, Brown SS, George C, Wang X, Rudich Y. Optical Properties of Secondary Organic Aerosol Produced by Nitrate Radical Oxidation of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2878-2889. [PMID: 33596062 PMCID: PMC8023652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nighttime oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) by nitrate radicals (NO3·) represents one of the most important interactions between anthropogenic and natural emissions, leading to substantial secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. The direct climatic effect of such SOA cannot be quantified because its optical properties and atmospheric fate are poorly understood. In this study, we generated SOA from the NO3· oxidation of a series BVOCs including isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. The SOA were subjected to comprehensive online and offline chemical composition analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry and optical properties measurements using a novel broadband (315-650 nm) cavity-enhanced spectrometer, which covers the wavelength range needed to understand the potential contribution of the SOA to direct radiative forcing. The SOA contained a significant fraction of oxygenated organic nitrates (ONs), consisting of monomers and oligomers that are responsible for the detected light absorption in the 315-400 nm range. The SOA created from β-pinene and α-humulene was further photochemically aged in an oxidation flow reactor. The SOA has an atmospheric photochemical bleaching lifetime of >6.2 h, indicating that some of the ONs in the SOA may serve as atmosphere-stable nitrogen oxide sinks or reservoirs and will absorb and scatter incoming solar radiation during the daytime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfu He
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sophie Tomaz
- Univ
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chunlin Li
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ming Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory
of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daphne Meidan
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Univ
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado, 216 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christian George
- Univ
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xinming Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory
of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center
for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban
Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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19
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Rapid dark aging of biomass burning as an overlooked source of oxidized organic aerosol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:33028-33033. [PMID: 33318218 PMCID: PMC7776776 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010365117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To quantify the full implications of biomass burning emissions on the atmosphere, it is essential to accurately represent the emission plume after it has undergone chemical aging in the atmosphere. Atmospheric models typically consider the predominant aging pathway of biomass burning emissions to take place in the presence of sunlight (via the OH radical); however, this mechanism leads to consistent underpredictions of oxidized organic aerosol in wintertime urban areas. Here, we show, through a combination of laboratory experiments, ambient field measurements, and chemical transport modeling, that biomass burning emission plumes exposed to NO2 and O3 age rapidly without requiring any sunlight, thus providing an overlooked source of oxidized organic aerosol previously not accounted for in models. Oxidized organic aerosol (OOA) is a major component of ambient particulate matter, substantially impacting climate, human health, and ecosystems. OOA is readily produced in the presence of sunlight, and requires days of photooxidation to reach the levels observed in the atmosphere. High concentrations of OOA are thus expected in the summer; however, our current mechanistic understanding fails to explain elevated OOA during wintertime periods of low photochemical activity that coincide with periods of intense biomass burning. As a result, atmospheric models underpredict OOA concentrations by a factor of 3 to 5. Here we show that fresh emissions from biomass burning exposed to NO2 and O3 (precursors to the NO3 radical) rapidly form OOA in the laboratory over a few hours and without any sunlight. The extent of oxidation is sensitive to relative humidity. The resulting OOA chemical composition is consistent with the observed OOA in field studies in major urban areas. Additionally, this dark chemical processing leads to significant enhancements in secondary nitrate aerosol, of which 50 to 60% is estimated to be organic. Simulations that include this understanding of dark chemical processing show that over 70% of organic aerosol from biomass burning is substantially influenced by dark oxidation. This rapid and extensive dark oxidation elevates the importance of nocturnal chemistry and biomass burning as a global source of OOA.
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20
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Li C, He Q, Fang Z, Brown SS, Laskin A, Cohen SR, Rudich Y. Laboratory Insights into the Diel Cycle of Optical and Chemical Transformations of Biomass Burning Brown Carbon Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11827-11837. [PMID: 32870663 PMCID: PMC7547865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Transformations of biomass burning brown carbon aerosols (BB-BrC) over their diurnal lifecycle are currently not well studied. In this study, the aging of BB tar proxy aerosols processed by NO3• under dark conditions followed by the photochemical OH• reaction and photolysis were investigated in tandem flow reactors. The results show that O3 oxidation in the dark diminishes light absorption of wood tar aerosols, resulting in higher particle single-scattering albedo (SSA). NO3• reactions augment the mass absorption coefficient (MAC) of the aerosols by a factor of 2-3 by forming secondary chromophores, such as nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) and organonitrates. Subsequent OH• oxidation and direct photolysis both decompose the organic nitrates (ONs, representing bulk functionalities of NACs and organonitrates) in the NO3•-aged wood tar aerosols, thus decreasing particle absorption. Moreover, NACs degrade faster than organonitrates by photochemical aging. The NO3•-aged wood tar aerosols are more susceptible to photolysis than to OH• reactions. The photolysis lifetimes for the ONs and for the absorbance of the NO3•-aged aerosols are on the order of hours under typical solar irradiation, while the absorption and ON lifetimes toward OH• oxidation are substantially longer. Overall, nighttime aging via NO3• reactions increases the light absorption of wood tar aerosols and shortens their absorption lifetime under daytime conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Li
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Quanfu He
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Zheng Fang
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Steven S. Brown
- NOAA
Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sidney R. Cohen
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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21
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Jaffe DA, O’Neill SM, Larkin NK, Holder AL, Peterson DL, Halofsky JE, Rappold AG. Wildfire and prescribed burning impacts on air quality in the United States. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:583-615. [PMID: 32240055 PMCID: PMC7932990 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1749731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Air quality impacts from wildfires have been dramatic in recent years, with millions of people exposed to elevated and sometimes hazardous fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) concentrations for extended periods. Fires emit particulate matter (PM) and gaseous compounds that can negatively impact human health and reduce visibility. While the overall trend in U.S. air quality has been improving for decades, largely due to implementation of the Clean Air Act, seasonal wildfires threaten to undo this in some regions of the United States. Our understanding of the health effects of smoke is growing with regard to respiratory and cardiovascular consequences and mortality. The costs of these health outcomes can exceed the billions already spent on wildfire suppression. In this critical review, we examine each of the processes that influence wildland fires and the effects of fires, including the natural role of wildland fire, forest management, ignitions, emissions, transport, chemistry, and human health impacts. We highlight key data gaps and examine the complexity and scope and scale of fire occurrence, estimated emissions, and resulting effects on regional air quality across the United States. The goal is to clarify which areas are well understood and which need more study. We conclude with a set of recommendations for future research. IMPLICATIONS In the recent decade the area of wildfires in the United States has increased dramatically and the resulting smoke has exposed millions of people to unhealthy air quality. In this critical review we examine the key factors and impacts from fires including natural role of wildland fire, forest management, ignitions, emissions, transport, chemistry and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Jaffe
- School of STEM and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Amara L. Holder
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David L. Peterson
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Jessica E. Halofsky
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Ana G. Rappold
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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22
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Zhang Q, Shen Z, Zhang L, Zeng Y, Ning Z, Zhang T, Lei Y, Wang Q, Li G, Sun J, Westerdahl D, Xu H, Cao J. Investigation of Primary and Secondary Particulate Brown Carbon in Two Chinese Cities of Xi'an and Hong Kong in Wintertime. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3803-3813. [PMID: 32150391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC), an aerosol carbonaceous matter component, impacts atmospheric radiation and global climate because of its absorption in the near-ultraviolet-visible region. Simultaneous air sampling was conducted in two megacities of Xi'an (northern) and Hong Kong (southern) in China in winter of 2016-2017. The aim of this study is to determine and characterize the BrC compounds in collected filter samples. Characteristic absorption peaks corresponding to aromatic C-C stretching bands, organo-nitrates, and C═O functional groups were seen in spectra of Xi'an samples, suggesting that the BrC was derived from freshly smoldering biomass and coal combustion as well as aqueous formation of anthropogenic secondary organic carbon. In Hong Kong, the light absorption of secondary BrC accounted for 76% of the total absorbances of BrC. The high abundance of strong C═O groups, biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and atmospheric oxidants suggest secondary BrC was likely formed from photochemical oxidation of BVOCs in Hong Kong. Several representative BrC molecular markers were detected using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and their absorption properties were simulated by quantum chemistry. The results demonstrate that light absorption capacities of secondary anthropogenic BrC with nitro-functional groups were stronger than those of biogenic secondary BrC and anthropogenic primary BrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yaling Zeng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Dane Westerdahl
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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23
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Li C, He Q, Hettiyadura APS, Käfer U, Shmul G, Meidan D, Zimmermann R, Brown SS, George C, Laskin A, Rudich Y. Formation of Secondary Brown Carbon in Biomass Burning Aerosol Proxies through NO 3 Radical Reactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1395-1405. [PMID: 31730747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) is an important contributor to the radiative forcing of climate by organic aerosols. Because of the molecular diversity of BrC compounds and their dynamic transformations, it is challenging to predictively understand BrC optical properties. OH radical and O3 reactions, together with photolysis, lead to diminished light absorption and lower warming effects of biomass burning BrC. The effects of night-time aging on the optical properties of BrC aerosols are less known. To address this knowledge gap, night-time NO3 radical chemistry with tar aerosols from wood pyrolysis was investigated in a flow reactor. This study shows that the optical properties of BrC change because of transformations driven by reactions with the NO3 radical that form new absorbing species and lead to significant absorption enhancement over the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) range. The overnight aging increases the mass absorption coefficients of the BrC by a factor of 1.3-3.2 between 380 nm and 650 nm. Nitrated organic compounds, particularly nitroaromatics, were identified as the main products that contribute to the enhanced light absorption in the secondary BrC. Night-time aging of BrC aerosols represents an important source of secondary BrC and can have a pronounced effect on atmospheric chemistry and air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Li
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Quanfu He
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | | | - Uwe Käfer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre , University of Rostock , Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 , 18059 Rostock , Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA) , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1 , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Guy Shmul
- Department of Chemical Research Support , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Daphne Meidan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre , University of Rostock , Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 , 18059 Rostock , Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA) , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1 , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Steven S Brown
- Chemical Science Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309-0215 , United States
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , CNRS, IRCELYON , F-69626 , Villeurbanne , France
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
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24
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Song J, Li M, Fan X, Zou C, Zhu M, Jiang B, Yu Z, Jia W, Liao Y, Peng P. Molecular Characterization of Water- and Methanol-Soluble Organic Compounds Emitted from Residential Coal Combustion Using Ultrahigh-Resolution Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13607-13617. [PMID: 31682114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) and methanol-soluble organic compounds (MSOC) in smoke particles emitted from residential coal combustion were characterized by ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. The results showed that the molecular compositions of WSOC and MSOC are different. S-containing compounds (CHOS and CHONS) are found to be the dominant components (65-87%) of the WSOC, whereas CHO and CHON compounds make a great contribution (79-96%) to the MSOC samples. It is worth noting that greater abundance of S-containing compounds was found in smoke produced from coal combustion compared to biomass burning and atmospheric samples. The molecular compositions of WSOC and MSOC also varied significantly depending on the maturity of the coal. The WSOC and MSOC derived from the combustion of low-maturity coal contained a higher proportion of oxidized functional groups but with a lower degree of aromaticity than the compounds derived from the combustion of high-maturity coal. Our findings suggest that organic molecules with a high modified aromaticity index, low O/C ratio, and low polarity showed stronger light absorption. This study also suggests that CHO and CHON compounds significantly contributed to the light absorption of WSOC and MSOC and that the contribution of CHON may be stronger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Meiju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xingjun Fan
- College of Resource and Environment , Anhui Science and Technology University , Anhui 233100 , China
| | - Chunlin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Mengbo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Wanglu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Yuhong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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Goldberger LA, Jahl LG, Thornton JA, Sullivan RC. N 2O 5 reactive uptake kinetics and chlorine activation on authentic biomass-burning aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1684-1698. [PMID: 31580371 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00330d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We examined the reactive uptake of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) to authentic biomass-burning aerosol (BBA) using a small chamber reservoir in combination with an entrained aerosol flow tube. BBA was generated from four different fuel types and the reactivity of N2O5 was probed from 30 to 70% relative humidity (RH). The N2O5 reactive uptake coefficient, γ(N2O5), depended upon RH, fuel type, and to a lesser degree on aerosol chloride mass fractions. The γ(N2O5) ranged from 2.0 (±0.4) ×10-3 on black needlerush derived BBA at 30% RH to 6.0 (±0.6) ×10-3 on wiregrass derived BBA at 65% RH. Major N2O5 reaction products were observed including gaseous ClNO2 and HNO3 and particulate nitrate, and used to create a reactive nitrogen budget. Black needlerush BBA had the most particulate chloride, and the only measured ClNO2 yield > 1%. The ClNO2 yield on black needlerush decayed from an initial value of ∼100% to ∼30% over the course of the burn experiment, suggesting a depletion of BBA chloride over time. Black needlerush was also the only fuel for which the reactive nitrogen budget indicated other N-containing products were generated. Generally, the results suggest limited chloride availability for heterogeneous reaction for BBA in the RH range probed here, including BBA with chloride mass fractions on the higher end of previously reported values (∼17-34%). Though less than fresh sea spray aerosol, ∼50%. We use these measured quantities to discuss the implications for nocturnal aerosol nitrate formation, the chemical fate of N2O5(g), and the availability of particulate chloride for activation in biomass burning plumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexie A Goldberger
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Hodshire AL, Akherati A, Alvarado MJ, Brown-Steiner B, Jathar SH, Jimenez JL, Kreidenweis SM, Lonsdale CR, Onasch TB, Ortega AM, Pierce JR. Aging Effects on Biomass Burning Aerosol Mass and Composition: A Critical Review of Field and Laboratory Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10007-10022. [PMID: 31365241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a major source of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) with impacts on health, climate, and air quality. The particles and vapors within biomass burning plumes undergo chemical and physical aging as they are transported downwind. Field measurements of the evolution of PM with plume age range from net decreases to net increases, with most showing little to no change. In contrast, laboratory studies tend to show significant mass increases on average. On the other hand, similar effects of aging on the average PM composition (e.g., oxygen-to-carbon ratio) are reported for lab and field studies. Currently, there is no consensus on the mechanisms that lead to these observed similarities and differences. This review summarizes available observations of aging-related biomass burning aerosol mass concentrations and composition markers, and discusses four broad hypotheses to explain variability within and between field and laboratory campaigns: (1) variability in emissions and chemistry, (2) differences in dilution/entrainment, (3) losses in chambers and lines, and (4) differences in the timing of the initial measurement, the baseline from which changes are estimated. We conclude with a concise set of research needs for advancing our understanding of the aging of biomass burning aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Hodshire
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Ali Akherati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Matthew J Alvarado
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. , Lexington , Massachusetts 02421 , United States
| | - Benjamin Brown-Steiner
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. , Lexington , Massachusetts 02421 , United States
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Dept. of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Sonia M Kreidenweis
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Chantelle R Lonsdale
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. , Lexington , Massachusetts 02421 , United States
| | - Timothy B Onasch
- Aerodyne Research Inc. , Billerica , Massachusetts 01821 , United States
| | - Amber M Ortega
- Dept. Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Department and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Jeffrey R Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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