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Park JE, Ryu SH, Ito S, Song MK, Gu EJ, Shin H, Kim YH, Jeon J. Bioaccumulation and in vivo fate of toxic benzylalkyldimethylammonium chloride in rats via the radiotracer analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139460. [PMID: 37437624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzylalkyldimethylammonium chloride (BAC), a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC), is utilized in industrial and biomedical applications for antimicrobial purposes. Since the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, various types of BAC-containing household chemicals have been produced. BACs have several adverse effects; however, their biological uptake, translocation, and excretion in animal models (essential for better understanding in vivo behavior and toxicological impact) remain unclear. In this study, we performed the first biodistribution and whole-body imaging studies of BAC in male Sprague Dawley rats, using two different administration routes. Quantitative whole-body autoradiography (QWBA) data obtained for intranasal 14C-labeled BAC ([14C]C12-BAC) exposure showed substantial uptake values for the respiratory organs (e.g. 346 ng g-1 of lung at 3 h post administration) and the radiotracer was transported to other internal organs. The amount of radiotracer in the heart, adrenal gland, and pancreas were 198, 1410, and 186 ng g-1 tissue respectively at 168 h following exposure. Autoradiograms obtained after intravenous injection also showed high accumulation and slow excretion in these organs. The cumulative excretion analysis revealed that approximately 6.4% of the administered radioactivity remained in rats after a week. The results indicated that continuous inhalation exposure to BAC leads to potential toxic effects in extrapulmonary organs and the respiratory tract. Thus, the radiolabeling method utilized may help assess various synthetic QACs in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Ryu
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Satoshi Ito
- Drug Development Solutions Center, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd., 2117 Muramatsu, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1182, Japan
| | - Mi-Kyung Song
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Gu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunil Shin
- KRCC Co., Ltd, 193 Chenggyesan-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06802, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hee Kim
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongho Jeon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Devanabanda M, Sana SS, Vadde R, Madduri R, Venkatesan R, Eldesoky GE, Kim SC. Ex vivo fluorescence imaging for the identification of rhodamine-labeled bovine serum albumin and chitosan-coated gold and silver nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202300110. [PMID: 37261437 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic potential and toxic effects of in vivo administered gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and silver nanoparticles (SNP) depend on distribution in tissues. Rhodamine (Rho) labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) and chitosan (Chi) were prepared by covalent conjugation and were characterized by fluorescence spectral analysis. GNP and SNP were coated with the labeled conjugates of BSA and chitosan by adsorption. The soluble Rho-BSA or Rho-Chi conjugates, uncoated, and conjugate-coated GNP, and SNP were orally administered into 8-week-old rats. After 24 h, rats were euthanized and the liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus were dissected. The tissues were examined ex vivo using a small animal in vivo imaging system. The liver, kidney, and thymus displayed higher fluorescence due to increased accumulation of Rho-BSA or Rho-Chi conjugate-coated nanoparticles (NPs) in the tissues as compared to the spleen where lower fluorescence was noticed. Tissues obtained from rats that were administered Rho-BSA or Rho-Chi conjugate-coated GNP and SNP showed tenfold higher fluorescence intensity as compared to tissues from rats that were given soluble conjugates or NP alone. The results strongly suggest significant tissue distribution of NP following oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallaiah Devanabanda
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Siva Sankar Sana
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Ramakrishna Vadde
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramanadham Madduri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Raja Venkatesan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Gaber E Eldesoky
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seong-Cheol Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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3
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Delaney S, Sebastiano J, Zeglis BM, Keinänen OM. Molecular Imaging, Radiochemistry, and Environmental Pollutants. J Nucl Med 2023; 64:1179-1184. [PMID: 37442598 PMCID: PMC10394311 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.122.265209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide proliferation of persistent environmental pollutants is accelerating at an alarming rate. Not surprisingly, many of these pollutants pose a risk to human health. In this review, we examine recent literature in which molecular imaging and radiochemistry have been harnessed to study environmental pollutants. Specifically, these techniques offer unique ways to interrogate the pharmacokinetic profiles and bioaccumulation patterns of pollutants at environmentally relevant concentrations, thereby helping to determine their potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Delaney
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Joni Sebastiano
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Brian M Zeglis
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and
| | - Outi M Keinänen
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York;
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Fan Y, Pan D, Yang M, Wang X. Radiolabelling and in vivo radionuclide imaging tracking of emerging pollutants in environmental toxicology: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161412. [PMID: 36621508 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants (EPs) have become a global concern, attracting tremendous attention because of serious threats to human and animal health. EP diversity emanates from their behaviour and ability to enter the body via multiple pathways and exhibit completely different distribution, transport, and excretion. To better understand the in vivo behaviour of EPs, we reviewed radiolabelling and in vivo radionuclide imaging tracking of various EPs, including micro- and nano-plastics, perfluoroalkyl substances, metal oxides, pharmaceutical and personal care products, and so on. Because this accurate and quantitative imaging approach requires the labelling of radionuclides onto EPs, the main strategies for radiolabelling were reviewed, such as synthesis with radioactive precursors, element exchange, proton beam activation, and modification. Spatial and temporal biodistribution of various EPs was summarised in a heat map, revealing that the absorption, transport, and excretion of EPs are markedly related to their type, size, and pathway into the body. These findings implicate the potential toxicity of diverse EPs in organs and tissues. Finally, we discussed the potential and challenges of radionuclide imaging tracking of EPs, which can be considered in future EPs studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeli Fan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, PR China
| | - Donghui Pan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China.
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5
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Song MK, Eun Park J, Ryu SH, Baek YW, Kim YH, Im Kim D, Yoon SH, Shin H, Jeon J, Lee K. Biodistribution and respiratory toxicity of chloromethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone following intranasal and intratracheal administration. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107643. [PMID: 36403329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A variety of isothiazolinone-containing small molecules have been registered and used as chemical additives in many household products. However, their biodistribution and potential harmful effects on human health, especially respiratory effects, were not yet identified in sufficient detail. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a biocide comprising a mixture of chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT) could reach the lungs and induce lung injury when exposure occurs by two administration routes involving the respiratory tract: intratracheal and intranasal instillation. To investigate the biodistribution of CMIT/MIT, we quantified the uptake of 14C-labeled CMIT/MIT in experimental animals for up to seven days after intratracheal and intranasal instillation. In the toxicity study, lung injury was assessed in mice using total inflammatory cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung histopathology. The results of the biodistribution study indicated that CMIT/MIT were rapidly distributed throughout the respiratory tract. Using quantitative whole-body autoradiogram analysis, we confirmed that following intranasal exposure, CMIT/MIT reached the lungs via the respiratory tract (nose-trachea-lung). After 5 min post intratracheal and intranasal instillation, the amount of radiotracer ([14C]CMIT/MIT) in the lungs was 2720 ng g-1 and 752 ng g-1 tissue, respectively, and lung damage was observed. A higher amount of the radiotracer resulted in higher toxicity. Both intratracheal and intranasal instillation of CMIT/MIT increased inflammatory cell counts in the BALF and induced injuries in the alveoli. The frequency and the severity scores of injuries caused by intratracheal instillation were approximately-four to five times higher than those induced by intranasal instillation. Therefore, we concluded that CMIT/MIT could reach the lungs following nasal and intratracheal exposure and cause lung injuries, and the extent of injury was dependent on the exposure dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Song
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Ryu
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Baek
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hee Kim
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Im Kim
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Yoon
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunil Shin
- KRCC Co., Ltd., 20 Neunganmal 2-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06801, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongho Jeon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Vineeth Kumar CM, Karthick V, Kumar VG, Inbakandan D, Rene ER, Suganya KSU, Embrandiri A, Dhas TS, Ravi M, Sowmiya P. The impact of engineered nanomaterials on the environment: Release mechanism, toxicity, transformation, and remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113202. [PMID: 35398077 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence and longevity of nanomaterials in the ecosystem, as well as their properties, account for environmental toxicity. When nanomaterials in terrestrial and aquatic systems are exposed to the prevailing environmental conditions, they undergo various transformations such as dissociation, dissolution, and aggregation, which affects the food chain. The toxicity of nanomaterials is influenced by a variety of factors, including environmental factors and its physico-chemical characteristics. Bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and biomagnification are the mechanisms that have been identified for determining the fate of nanomaterials. The route taken by nanomaterials to reach living cells provides us with information about their toxicity profile. This review discusses the recent advances in the transport, transformation, and fate of nanomaterials after they are released into the environment. The review also discusses how nanoparticles affect lower trophic organisms through direct contact, the impact of nanoparticles on higher trophic organisms, and the possible options for remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Vineeth Kumar
- Centre for Ocean Research, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai, 600119, Tamilnadu, India
| | - V Karthick
- Centre for Ocean Research, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai, 600119, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - V Ganesh Kumar
- Centre for Ocean Research, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai, 600119, Tamilnadu, India
| | - D Inbakandan
- Centre for Ocean Research, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai, 600119, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, P. O. Box 3015, 2611AX Delft, the Netherlands
| | - K S Uma Suganya
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695018, Kerala, India
| | - Asha Embrandiri
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, P. O. Box 1145, Dessie, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - T Stalin Dhas
- Centre for Ocean Research, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai, 600119, Tamilnadu, India
| | - M Ravi
- Centre for Ocean Research, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai, 600119, Tamilnadu, India
| | - P Sowmiya
- Centre for Ocean Research, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai, 600119, Tamilnadu, India
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7
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Ribeiro F, Pinheiro C, Monteiro M, Van Gestel CAM, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Toxicokinetics of silver in the goldfish Carassius auratus under simultaneous waterborne and diet-borne exposures to silver nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:56079-56089. [PMID: 35332452 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are applied in many products as antimicrobial agents and can be found in the environment. In this study, the uptake and elimination kinetics of silver nanoparticles in fish (Carassius auratus), via simultaneous water and dietary exposure, was investigated and compared with ionic silver (AgNO3). Silver concentration in the tissues of C. auratus after the uptake phase was similar between nanoparticles and ionic treatments. Upon exposure to nanoparticles, Ag concentration in the different tissues of C. auratus was significantly different (Ag[liver] > Ag[intestine] > Ag[gill] > Ag[muscle]). The liver presented the highest amount of Ag among all organs, and no elimination was detected throughout the elimination period. Our results suggest that once uptake of Ag occurs in fish, the elimination takes very long which may pose ecological implications for bioaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabianne Ribeiro
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-093, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Pinheiro
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-093, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta Monteiro
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-093, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cornelis A M Van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-093, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-093, Aveiro, Portugal
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8
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Lu K, Zha Y, Dong S, Zhu Z, Lv Z, Gu Y, Deng R, Wang M, Gao S, Mao L. Uptake Route Altered the Bioavailability of Graphene in Misgurnus anguillicaudatus: Comparing Waterborne and Sediment Exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9435-9445. [PMID: 35700278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies on the bioavailability of graphene-based nanomaterials relate to the water-only exposure route. However, the sediment exposure route should be the most important pathway for benthic organisms to ingest graphene, while to date little work on the bioavailability of graphene in benthic organisms has been explored. In this study, with the help of carbon-14-labeled few-layer graphene (14C-FLG), we quantificationally compared the bioaccumulation, biodistribution, and elimination kinetics of 14C-FLG in loaches via waterborne and sediment exposures. After 72 h of exposure, the accumulated 14C-FLG in loaches exposed via waterborne was 14.28 μg/g (dry mass), which was 3.18 times higher than that (4.49 μg/g) exposed via sediment. The biodistribution results showed that, compared to waterborne exposure, sediment exposure remarkably facilitated the transport of 14C-FLG from the gut into the liver, which made it difficult to be excreted. Although 14C-FLG did not cause significant hepatotoxicity, the disruption of intestinal microbiota homeostasis, immune response, and several key metabolic pathways in the gut were observed, which may be due to the majority of 14C-FLG being accumulated in the gut. Overall, this study reveals the different bioavailabilities of graphene in loaches via waterborne and sediment exposures, which is helpful in predicting its bioaccumulation capability and trophic transfer ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yilin Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shipeng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhuoyan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yufei Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Renquan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mingjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Liang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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9
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Xiao B, Yang R, Chen P, Yang J, Sun B, Wang K, Zhang T, Zhu L. Insights into the lower trophic transfer of silver ions than silver containing nanoparticles along an aquatic food chain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150228. [PMID: 34798747 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) released into the environment are subject to environmental transformation processes before accumulating in aquatic organisms and transferring along the food chain. Lack of understanding on how environmental transformation affects trophic transfer of AgNPs hinders accurate prediction of the environmental risks of these widely present nanomaterials. Here we discover that pristine AgNPs as well as their sulfidation products (Ag2S-NPs) and dissolution products (Ag+) tend to be accumulated in Daphnia magna and subsequently transferred to zebrafish. In D. magna, Ag+ exhibits the highest bioaccumulation potential whereas Ag2S-NPs show the lowest bioaccumulation. Surprisingly, the biomagnification factor of Ag+ along the D. magna-zebrafish food chain appears to be significantly lower relative to AgNPs and Ag2S-NPs, likely due to the limited release of Ag from D. magna to zebrafish during digestion. Moreover, AgNPs and their transformation products mainly accumulate in the internal organs, particularly intestine, of zebrafish. Adsorption of AgNPs on the surface of the intestinal cell membrane mitigates depuration of AgNPs and, at least in part, leads to the larger biomagnification factor of AgNPs, relative to their transformation products. This research highlights the necessity of considering environmental transformation processes of nanomaterials in assessing their bioavailability and risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Xiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Rongyan Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Pengyu Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Binbin Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Kunkun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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10
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Xiang QQ, Yan H, Luo XW, Kang YH, Hu JM, Chen LQ. Integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics reveals damage and recovery mechanisms of fish gills in response to nanosilver exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 237:105895. [PMID: 34147820 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxic effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on fish gills have been widely reported but the recoverability of AgNPs-induced fish gill injuries is still unknown. In this study, combined multiomics and conventional toxicological analytical methods were used to investigate the changes in the gills of common carp responses to AgNPs (0.1 mg/L) toxicity after 24 h exposure and 7-day recovery. Conventional toxicological results showed that AgNPs exposure significantly increased silver content in gills and caused epithelial hyperplasia and lamellar fusion. After the recovery period, the silver content in fish gills significantly decreased; accompanied by the disappearance of histopathological characteristics in fish gills. Multiomics results revealed that AgNPs exposure resulted in the differential expression of 687 genes and 96 metabolites in fish gills. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and metabolites mainly participate in amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolisms, and are significantly enriched in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. After the recovery period, the number of DEGs and metabolites in gills decreased to 33 and 90, respectively. Moreover, DEGs and metabolites in the TCA cycle recovered to control levels. In summary, the present study found that AgNPs-induced fish gill toxicity showed potential recoverability at molecular and phenotype levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Xiang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; Yunnan International Joint Research Center for Hydro-Ecology Science & Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; Yunnan International Joint Research Center for Hydro-Ecology Science & Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Xin-Wen Luo
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; Yunnan International Joint Research Center for Hydro-Ecology Science & Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Yu-Hang Kang
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Jin-Ming Hu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; Yunnan International Joint Research Center for Hydro-Ecology Science & Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Li-Qiang Chen
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; Yunnan International Joint Research Center for Hydro-Ecology Science & Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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11
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Opršal J, Knotek P, Zickler GA, Sigg L, Schirmer K, Pouzar M, Geppert M. Cytotoxicity, Accumulation and Translocation of Silver and Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles in contact with Rainbow Trout Intestinal Cells. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 237:105869. [PMID: 34082272 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are widely used in consumer products especially because of their antimicrobial properties. However, this wide usage of Ag NPs is accompanied by their release into the environment where they will be rapidly transformed to other silver species - especially silver sulfide (Ag2S). In the present study, we synthesized Ag NPs and sulfidized them to obtain a core-shell system Ag@Ag2S NPs. Both types of particles form stable dispersions with hydrodynamic diameters of less than 100 nm when diluted in water, but tend to form micrometer-sized agglomerates in biological exposure media. Application of Ag and Ag@Ag2S NPs to rainbow trout intestinal cells (RTgutGC) resulted in a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity for both types of particles, as assessed by a three-endpoint assay for metabolic activity, membrane integrity and lysosomal integrity. The Ag NPs were shown to be slightly more toxic than the Ag@Ag2S NPs. Adding Ag or Ag@Ag2S NPs to RTgutGC cells, grown on a permeable membrane to mimic the intestinal barrier, revealed considerable accumulation of silver for both types of particles. Indeed, the cells significantly attenuated the NP translocation, allowing only a fraction of the metal to translocate across the intestinal epithelium. These findings support the notion that the intestine constitutes an important sink for Ag NPs and that, despite the reduced cytotoxicity of a sulfidized NP form, the particles can enter fish where they may constitute a long-term source for silver ion release and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Opršal
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic; Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Petr Knotek
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Gregor A Zickler
- University of Salzburg, Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Laura Sigg
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Miloslav Pouzar
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic; Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Mark Geppert
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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12
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Kudrinskiy A, Zherebin P, Gusev A, Shapoval O, Pyee J, Lisichkin G, Krutyakov Y. New Relevant Descriptor of Linear QNAR Models for Toxicity Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1459. [PMID: 32722446 PMCID: PMC7466614 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of silver nanoparticles (NPs) in medical, industrial and agricultural fields is becoming more widespread every year. This leads to an increasing number of experimental toxicological and microbiological studies of silver NPs aimed at establishing the risk-benefit ratio for their application. The following key parameters affecting the biological activity of silver dispersions are traditionally taken into consideration: mean diameter of NPs, surface potential of NPs and equilibrium concentration of Ag+. These characteristics are mainly predetermined by the chemical nature of the capping agent used for stabilization. However, the extent to which they influence the biological activity and the toxicity of silver NPs varies greatly. In this work, dispersions of silver NPs stabilized with a wide array of substances of different chemical nature were used for quantitative evaluation of whether the various measurable properties of silver NPs fit as descriptors of linear QNAR (quantitative nanostructure-activity relationship) models for silver NP toxicity evaluation with respect to a model eukaryotic microorganism-Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells. It was shown that among the factors that determine silver NP toxicity, the charge of particles, their colloidal stability and the ability to generate Ag+ ions carry more importance than the descriptors related to the particle size. A significant synergistic effect between the ζ-potential and the colloidal stability of silver NPs on their toxicity was also discovered. Following this, a new descriptor has been proposed for the integral characterization of the silver dispersion colloidal stability. According to the obtained data, it can be considered applicable for building QNAR models of higher efficacy. The validity testing of the proposed model for theoretical prediction of silver NP toxicity using a wide range of living organisms has shown that this new descriptor correlates with toxicity much better compared to most traditionally used descriptors. Consequently, it seems promising in terms of being used not only in situations involving the rather narrow array of the objects tested, but also for the construction of silver NP toxicity models with respect to other living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Kudrinskiy
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (P.Z.); (G.L.)
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, pl. Akademika Kurchatova 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Zherebin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (P.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Alexander Gusev
- Research Institute for Environmental Science and Biotechnology, Derzhavin Tambov State University, str. Moskovskaya 10, 392000 Tambov, Russia;
- Department of Functional Nanosystems and High-Temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Engineering Center, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyanny Lane 36, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Shapoval
- Pryanishnikov Russian Scientific Research Institute of Agrochemistry, str. Pryanishnikova 31a, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Jaeho Pyee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, 119 Dandae str., Cheonan 31116, Korea;
| | - Georgy Lisichkin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (P.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Yurii Krutyakov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (P.Z.); (G.L.)
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, pl. Akademika Kurchatova 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
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Bao S, Tang W, Fang T. Sex-dependent and organ-specific toxicity of silver nanoparticles in livers and intestines of adult zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126172. [PMID: 32078855 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been increasingly manufactured and thus are increasingly detected in aquatic systems. However, there are still some overlooked factors (e.g., organism sex) in the field of nano-toxicological assessment. In this study, to explore the role of sex in nanotoxicity, adult male and female zebrafish were exposed to 100 μg/L of two uncoated commercial AgNPs with primary sizes 20 nm and 80 nm for 2 weeks, after which the impacts of AgNPs on intestines and livers of both male and female zebrafish were assessed using a suite of biomarkers. Results demonstrated that the intestinal Na/K-ATPase activity as well as the superoxide dismutase activity in male zebrafish differed significantly between 20-nm AgNPs and 80-nm AgNPs treatments (p < 0.05), indicating 20-nm AgNPs showing higher toxicity to zebrafish than the 80-nm AgNPs. Also, we noted that the used AgNPs induced sex-dependent effects on growth indices, oxidative/anti-oxidative status, neural signaling and hepatic lipid metabolism, with the male zebrafish being more sensitive to AgNPs than the females. Further, the tested AgNPs impaired the intestine much more seriously than the liver, as evidenced by the disruptions of Na/K-ATPase and antioxidant system in intestine but not in liver. These findings imply that prolonged exposure to AgNPs might induce size-related, sex-dependent, and organ-specific toxicity to adult zebrafish, thereby may significantly extend our understanding of the toxic effects of AgNPs in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopan Bao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tao Fang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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14
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Qiang L, Arabeyyat ZH, Xin Q, Paunov VN, Dale IJF, Lloyd Mills RI, Rotchell JM, Cheng J. Silver Nanoparticles in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Embryos: Uptake, Growth and Molecular Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051876. [PMID: 32182933 PMCID: PMC7084859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in commercial applications as antimicrobial agents, but there have recently been increasing concerns raised about their possible environmental and health impacts. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to two sizes of AgNP, 4 and 10 nm, through a continuous exposure from 4 to 96 h post-fertilisation (hpf), to study their uptake, impact and molecular defense responses. Results showed that zebrafish embryos were significantly impacted by 72 hpf when continuously exposed to 4 nm AgNPs. At concentrations above 0.963 mg/L, significant in vivo uptake and delayed yolk sac absorption was evident; at 1.925 mg/L, significantly reduced body length was recorded compared to control embryos. Additionally, 4 nm AgNP treatment at the same concentration resulted in significantly upregulated hypoxia inducible factor 4 (HIF4) and peroxisomal membrane protein 2 (Pxmp2) mRNA expression in exposed embryos 96 hpf. In contrast, no significant differences in terms of larvae body length, yolk sac absorption or gene expression levels were observed following exposure to 10 nm AgNPs. These results demonstrated that S4 AgNPs are available for uptake, inducing developmental (measured as body length and yolk sac area) and transcriptional (specifically HIF4 and Pxmp2) perturbations in developing embryos. This study suggests the importance of particle size as one possible factor in determining the developmental toxicity of AgNPs in fish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; (L.Q.); (Q.X.)
| | - Zeinab H. Arabeyyat
- Department of Marine Biology, the University of Jordan, Aqaba branch, Aqaba 77111, Jordan;
| | - Qi Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; (L.Q.); (Q.X.)
| | - Vesselin N. Paunov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK;
| | - Imogen J. F. Dale
- School of Biological, Biomedical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (I.J.F.D.); (R.I.L.M.)
| | - Richard I. Lloyd Mills
- School of Biological, Biomedical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (I.J.F.D.); (R.I.L.M.)
| | - Jeanette M. Rotchell
- School of Biological, Biomedical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (I.J.F.D.); (R.I.L.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.R.); (J.C.); Tel.: +44-1482-465333 (J.M.R.); +852-3469-2124 (J.C.); Fax: +44-1482-465458 (J.M.R.); +852-3693-4766 (J.C.)
| | - Jinping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; (L.Q.); (Q.X.)
- Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Lab (Guangzhou) & Department of Ocean Science, School of Science, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Correspondence: (J.M.R.); (J.C.); Tel.: +44-1482-465333 (J.M.R.); +852-3469-2124 (J.C.); Fax: +44-1482-465458 (J.M.R.); +852-3693-4766 (J.C.)
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15
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Shao Z, Wang WX. Biodynamics of Silver Nanoparticles in an Estuarine Oyster Revealed by 110mAgNP Tracing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:965-974. [PMID: 31870149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) requires a comprehensive understanding of their biological impacts especially in marine and estuarine environments. Nevertheless, the background Ag concentration in organisms may impede the accuracy of Ag detection if the net accumulated Ag is low over a short exposure period. Here, a radio-synthesizing method was employed to trace the behavior of AgNPs with two sizes (15 and 60 nm) and two coatings (humic acid and citrate) in an estuarine oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis. This method was sensitive to detect the bioaccumulation and depuration of AgNPs in the oysters over a short period of exposure, which was necessary given the significant changes of particle aggregation in saline water environments. Through radioactive AgNP tracing and biokinetic modeling, we for the first time demonstrated the differential uptake mechanisms of different-sized AgNPs in oysters. Specifically, the ingestion of particles dominated the uptake of 60 nm AgNPs, whereas dermal uptake and ingestion contributed equally to 15 nm AgNPs. Surface coating (humic acid vs citrate) did not significantly affect the uptake of AgNPs by the oysters. The depuration of AgNPs from the oysters was relatively faster than that for the Ag ion. The digestive gland was the key detoxification organ of AgNPs with the greatest loss of Ag by the end of depuration. The findings of this study provide fundamental knowledge for nano-specific risk assessment in marine and estuarine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishuang Shao
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clearwater Bay, Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clearwater Bay, Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , China
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