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Meza I, Jemison N, Gonzalez-Estrella J, Burns PC, Rodriguez V, Sigmon GE, Szymanowski JE, Ali AMS, Gagnon K, Cerrato JM, Lichtner P. Kinetics of Na- and K- uranyl arsenate dissolution. CHEMICAL GEOLOGY 2023; 636:121642. [PMID: 37601980 PMCID: PMC10434837 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
We integrated aqueous chemistry analyses with geochemical modeling to determine the kinetics of the dissolution of Na and K uranyl arsenate solids (UAs(s)) at acidic pH. Improving our understanding of how UAs(s) dissolve is essential to predict transport of U and As, such as in acid mine drainage. At pH 2, Na0.48H0.52(UO2)(AsO4)(H2O)2.5(s) (NaUAs(s)) and K0.9H0.1(UO2)(AsO4)(H2O)2.5(s) (KUAs(s)) both dissolve with a rate constant of 3.2 × 10-7 mol m-2 s-1, which is faster than analogous uranyl phosphate solids. At pH 3, NaUAs(s) (6.3 × 10-8 mol m-2 s-1) and KUAs(s) (2.0 × 10-8 mol m-2 s-1) have smaller rate constants. Steady-state aqueous concentrations of U and As are similarly reached within the first several hours of reaction progress. This study provides dissolution rate constants for UAs(s), which may be integrated into reactive transport models for risk assessment and remediation of U and As contaminated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Meza
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, MSC01 1070, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
- Center for Water and the Environment, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Noah Jemison
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, MSC01 1070, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
- Center for Water and the Environment, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jorge Gonzalez-Estrella
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Peter C. Burns
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Virginia Rodriguez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Ginger E. Sigmon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Jennifer E.S. Szymanowski
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Abdul-Mehdi S. Ali
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, MSC03 2040, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Kaelin Gagnon
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, MSC01 1070, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
- Center for Water and the Environment, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - José M. Cerrato
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, MSC01 1070, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
- Center for Water and the Environment, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Center for Water and the Environment, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Wærsted FM, Reinoso-Maset E, Salbu B, Skipperud L. Limited access to oxygen reduces the release of harmful trace elements from submerged alum shale debris. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163035. [PMID: 36965715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Construction and mining activities in acid-producing alum shale regions often produce large volumes of crushed rock. Disposal under groundwater level (e.g., a bog) may minimize oxygen access. In this study, the effect of varying oxygen access on the leaching potential of alum shale was investigated by submerging tunnel construction rock debris in synthetic rainwater under atmospheric (AOC) and low oxygen conditions (LOC) for 52 weeks. The sulphate increase and nitrate decrease in the leachates suggested that pyrite (FeS2) in the alum shale was oxidized, but carbonates originating from calcite dissolution provided sufficient buffering capacity (leachate pH ~7.7 over 52 weeks), resulting in neutral rock drainage. Less available oxygen led to significantly lower production of sulphate and acid from pyrite oxidation, reducing the release of harmful elements. Under LOC, the leaching of Mo, Co, Ni, Zn and Cd was 2-4 times lower than under AOC and the lower buffering requirement diminished the release of Ca as well as divalent cations (Mg, Sr, Mn) likely present as impurities in calcite. Contrastingly, limited pyrite oxidation led to less oversaturation with respect to BaSO4 and lower release of Fe in the LOC leachates. Thus, co-precipitation of 226Ra was inhibited and scavenging of leached V, As and Sb by newly formed Fe(OH)3 was not as dominant as in the AOC systems. Leaching of U was ~20 % higher under LOC likely due to enhanced complexation by dissolved carbonate. In general, element leaching rates were slower under low O2 levels. Characterization of water collected at the disposal site after ~1.2 years of discarding tunnel materials showed that the weathering of debris submerged in the open, water-filled pond occurred similarly to leaching under low oxygen conditions. Overall, these results highlight the importance of minimal oxygen access or anaerobic conditions when acid-producing rock waste is stored under water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frøydis Meen Wærsted
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 29, 1433 Aas, Norway; Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, P. O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Estela Reinoso-Maset
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 29, 1433 Aas, Norway.
| | - Brit Salbu
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 29, 1433 Aas, Norway.
| | - Lindis Skipperud
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 29, 1433 Aas, Norway.
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Sujathan S, Singh A. Investigation of Potential Drivers of Elevated Uranium Prevalence in Indian Groundwaters with a Unified Speciation Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1970-1986. [PMID: 36693168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Elevated uranium (U) (>WHO limit of 30 μg L-1) in Indian groundwaters is primarily considered geogenic, but the specific mineralogical sources and mechanisms for U mobilization are poorly understood. In this contribution, statistical and geochemical analyses of well-constrained metadata of Indian groundwater quality (n = 342 of 8543) were performed to identify key parameters and processes that influence U concentrations. For geochemical predictions, a unified speciation model was developed from a carefully compiled and updated thermodynamic database of inorganic, organic (Stockholm Humic model), and surface complexation reactions and associated constants. Critical U contamination was found at shallow depths (<100 m) within the Indo-Gangetic plain, as determined by bivariate nonparametric Kendall's Taub and probability-based association tests. Analysis of aquifer redox states, multivariate hierarchical clusters, and principal components indicated that U contamination was predominant not just in oxic but mixed (oxic-anoxic) aquifers under high Fe, Mn, and SO4 concentrations, presumably due to U release from dissolution of Fe/Mn oxides or Fe sulfides and silicate weathering. Most groundwaters were undersaturated with respect to relevant U-bearing solids despite being supersaturated with respect to atmospheric CO2 (average pCO2 of reported dissolved inorganic carbonate (DIC) data = 10-1.57 atm). Yet, dissolved U did not appear to be mass limited, as predicted solubilities from reported sediment concentrations of U were ∼3 orders of magnitude higher. Integration of surface complexation models of U on typical aquifer adsorbents, ferrihydrite, goethite, and manganese dioxide, was necessary to explain dissolved U concentrations. Uranium contamination probabilities with increasing dissolved Ca and Mn exhibited minima at equilibrium solubilities of calcite [∼50 mg L-1] and rhodochrosite [∼0.14 mg L-1], respectively, at an average groundwater pH of ∼7.5. A potential indirect control of such U-free carbonate solids on U mobilization was suggested. For locations (n = 37) where dissolved organic carbon was also reported, organic complexes of U contributed negligibly to dominant U speciation at the groundwater pH. Overall, the unified model suggested competitive dissolution-precipitation and adsorption-desorption controls on U speciation. The model provides a quantitative framework that can be extended to understand dominant mobilization mechanisms of geogenic U in aquifers worldwide after suitable modifications to the relevant aquifer parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Sujathan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhas Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Perdrial N, Vázquez-Ortega A, Reinoso-Maset E, O'Day PA, Chorover J. Effects of flow on uranium speciation in soils impacted by acidic waste fluids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2022; 251-252:106955. [PMID: 35772319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Radioactive acidic liquid waste is a common byproduct of uranium (U) and plutonium (Pu) enrichment and recycling processes whose accidental and planned release has led to a significant input of U into soils and sediments across the world, including at the U.S. DOE's Hanford site (WA, USA). Because of the particularly hazardous nature of U, it is important to predict its speciation when introduced into soils and sediments by acidic waste fluids. Of fundamental importance are the coupled effects of acid-driven mineral transformation and reactive transport on U speciation. To evaluate the effect of waste-fluid residence time and co-associated dissolved phosphate concentrations on U speciation in impacted soils and sediments, uncontaminated surface materials (from the Hanford Site) were reacted with U-containing synthetic acidic waste fluids (pH 2) amended with dissolved phosphate concentrations in both batch (no flow) and flow-through column systems for 7-365 days. By comparing dissolved U behavior and solid phase speciation as a function of flow regimen, we found that the availability of proton-promoted dissolution products (such as Si) to sequester U into uranyl silicates was dependent on waste fluid-sediment contact time as uranyl silicates were not detected in short contact time flow-through systems but were detected in no-flow, long contact time, reactors. Moreover, the dominance of uranyl phosphate as neoprecipitate U scavenger (principally in the form of meta-ankoleite) in phosphate amended systems confirmed the importance of phosphate amendments for an efficient sequestration of U in the soils and sediments. Overall, our experiments suggest that the formation of uranyl silicates in soils impacted by acidic waste fluids is likely to be limited unless reaction products are allowed to accumulate in soil pores, highlighting the importance of investigating soil U speciation in flow-through, transport-driven systems as opposed to no-flow, batch systems. This study provides insights into uranium speciation and its potential changes under acidic conditions for better prediction of risks and subsequent development of efficient remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Perdrial
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 East Fourth Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Department of Geography & Geosciences, University of Vermont, 180 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
| | - Angélica Vázquez-Ortega
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 East Fourth Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Estela Reinoso-Maset
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343, USA; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity CoE, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Peggy A O'Day
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343, USA; Life and Environmental Sciences Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of California - Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 East Fourth Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Kohlgruber TA, Felton DE, Traustason H, Burns PC. Exploring the Role of Organic Functional Groups in the Ionothermal Synthesis of Uranyl Phosphate Materials. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi A. Kohlgruber
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Daniel E. Felton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Hrafn Traustason
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Peter C. Burns
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
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Evidence for in-situ electric-induced uranium incorporation into magnetite crystal in acidic wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Long-Term Evolution of Uranium Mobility within Sulfated Mill Tailings in Arid Regions: A Reactive Transport Study. MINERALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/min11111201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Management of mill tailings is an important part of mining operations that aims at preventing environmental dispersion of contaminants of concern. To this end, geochemical models and reactive transport modeling provide a quantitative assessment of the mobility of the main contaminants. In arid regions with limited rainfall and intense evaporation, solutes transport may significantly differ from the usual gravity-driven vertical flow. In the uranium tailings of the Cominak mine (Niger), these evaporative processes resulted in the crystallization of gypsum, and to a lesser extent jarosite, and in the formation of surface levels of sulfated gypcrete, locally enriched in uranium. We present a fully coupled reactive transport modeling approach using HYTEC, encompassing evaporation, to quantitatively reproduce the complex sequence of observed coupled hydrogeochemical processes. The sulfated gypcrete formation, porosity evolution and solid uranium content were successfully reproduced at the surface and paleosurfaces of the tailing deposit. Simulations confirm that high solubility uranyl-sulfate phase may form at the atmospheric boundary where evaporation takes place, which would then be transformed into uranyl-phosphate phases after being watered or buried under fresh tailings. As these phases usually exhibit a lower solubility, this transition is beneficial for mine operators and tailings management.
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Hou W, Lei Z, Hu E, Wang H, Wang Q, Zhang R, Li H. Cotransport of uranyl carbonate loaded on amorphous colloidal silica and strip-shaped humic acid in saturated porous media: Behavior and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117230. [PMID: 33930821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Uranyl carbonate (UC(VI)) is a stable form of uranyl (U(VI)) that widely coexists with amorphous colloidal silica (ACSi) and humic acid (HA) in carbonate-rich U-contaminated areas. In this context, the cotransport behavior and mechanism of UC(VI) with ACSi (100 mg L-1) and HA colloids in saturated porous media were systematically investigated. It was found that the ACSi and strip-shaped HA have a strong adsorption capacity for UC(VI), and their adsorption distribution coefficient (Kd) is 4-5 orders of magnitude higher than that of quartz sand (QS). In the ternary system, UC(VI) was mainly existing in the colloid-associated form at low UC(VI) concentration (4.2 × 10-6 M). Compared with the individual transport of UC(VI), the presence of ACSi and strip-shaped HA in the binary system promotes the transport of low-concentration UC(VI) (4.2 × 10-6 M) but shows a hindering effect when UC(VI) = 2.1 × 10-5 M. When ionic strength (IS) increased from 0 to 100 mM, the individual transport of UC(VI) and ACSi was weakened owing to the masking effect and the compression of the electrical double layer, respectively; this weakening effect is more pronounced in the binary (UC(VI)-ACSi) system. Notably, the transport of UC(VI) and ACSi in the ternary system is independent of the changes in IS due to the surface charge homogeneity strengthening the electrostatic repulsion between HA and QS. The Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and retention profiles reveal the co-deposition mechanism of ACSi and UC(VI) in the column under different hydrochemical conditions. The nonequilibrium two-site model and the mathematical colloidal model successfully described the breakthrough data of UC(VI) and ACSi, respectively. These results are helpful for evaluating the pollution caused by UC(VI) migration in an environment rich in HA and formulating corresponding effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China; Cooperative Innovation Center for Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Equipment, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zhiwu Lei
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Rare Metal Minerals Exploitation and Geological Disposal of Wastes, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Eming Hu
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Rare Metal Minerals Exploitation and Geological Disposal of Wastes, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Hongqiang Wang
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China; Hengyang Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Qingliang Wang
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China; Cooperative Innovation Center for Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Equipment, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Rare Metal Minerals Exploitation and Geological Disposal of Wastes, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
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Vázquez-Ortega A, Perdrial N, Reinoso-Maset E, Root RA, O'Day PA, Chorover J. Phosphate controls uranium release from acidic waste-weathered Hanford sediments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126240. [PMID: 34492991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mineral dissolution and secondary phase precipitation may control the fate of inorganic contaminants introduced to soils and sediments during liquid waste discharges. When the solutions are aggressive enough to induce transformation of native minerals, incorporated contaminants may be released during dissolution due to percolation of meteoric waters. This study evaluated the release of uranium (U) from Hanford sediments that had been previously reacted for 180 or 365 days with liquid waste solutions containing U with and without 3 mM dissolved phosphate at pH 2 and 3. Flow-through column experiments were conducted under continuous saturated flow with a simulated background porewater (BPW; pH ~7) for 22 d. Up to 5% of the total U was released from the sediments reacted under PO4-free conditions, attributable to the dissolution of becquerelite and boltwoodite formed during weathering. Contrastingly, negligible U was released from PO4-reacted sediments, where meta-ankoleite was identified as the main U-mineral phase. Linear combination fits of U LIII-edge EXAFS spectra of sediments before and after BPW leaching and thermodynamic calculations suggest that the formed becquerelite and meta-ankoleite transformed into schoepite and a phosphuranylite-type phase, respectively. These results demonstrate the stabilization of U as recalcitrant uranyl minerals formed in sediments and highlight the key role of PO4 in U release at contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Vázquez-Ortega
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 East Fourth Street, Tucson, ARI 85721, USA; School of Earth, Environment and Society, Bowling Green State University, 190 Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
| | - Nicolas Perdrial
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 East Fourth Street, Tucson, ARI 85721, USA; Department of Geology, University of Vermont, 180 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Estela Reinoso-Maset
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity CoE, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Robert A Root
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 East Fourth Street, Tucson, ARI 85721, USA
| | - Peggy A O'Day
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Life and Environmental Sciences Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of California - Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1177 East Fourth Street, Tucson, ARI 85721, USA
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