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Burelo M, Martínez A, Hernández-Varela JD, Stringer T, Ramírez-Melgarejo M, Yau AY, Luna-Bárcenas G, Treviño-Quintanilla CD. Recent Developments in Synthesis, Properties, Applications and Recycling of Bio-Based Elastomers. Molecules 2024; 29:387. [PMID: 38257300 PMCID: PMC10819226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2021, global plastics production was 390.7 Mt; in 2022, it was 400.3 Mt, showing an increase of 2.4%, and this rising tendency will increase yearly. Of this data, less than 2% correspond to bio-based plastics. Currently, polymers, including elastomers, are non-recyclable and come from non-renewable sources. Additionally, most elastomers are thermosets, making them complex to recycle and reuse. It takes hundreds to thousands of years to decompose or biodegrade, contributing to plastic waste accumulation, nano and microplastic formation, and environmental pollution. Due to this, the synthesis of elastomers from natural and renewable resources has attracted the attention of researchers and industries. In this review paper, new methods and strategies are proposed for the preparation of bio-based elastomers. The main goals are the advances and improvements in the synthesis, properties, and applications of bio-based elastomers from natural and industrial rubbers, polyurethanes, polyesters, and polyethers, and an approach to their circular economy and sustainability. Olefin metathesis is proposed as a novel and sustainable method for the synthesis of bio-based elastomers, which allows for the depolymerization or degradation of rubbers with the use of essential oils, terpenes, fatty acids, and fatty alcohols from natural resources such as chain transfer agents (CTA) or donors of the terminal groups in the main chain, which allow for control of the molecular weights and functional groups, obtaining new compounds, oligomers, and bio-based elastomers with an added value for the application of new polymers and materials. This tendency contributes to the development of bio-based elastomers that can reduce carbon emissions, avoid cross-contamination from fossil fuels, and obtain a greener material with biodegradable and/or compostable behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Burelo
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Queretaro 76130, Mexico;
| | - Araceli Martínez
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex. Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia 58190, Michoacán, Mexico;
| | | | - Thomas Stringer
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Queretaro 76130, Mexico; (T.S.); (M.R.-M.)
| | | | - Alice Y. Yau
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA;
| | - Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Queretaro 76130, Mexico;
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Wang R, Zhang X, Guo S. Comb Polybutadiene with Long Polystyrene Side Chains: A Solution for Tunable Flowability and Enhancing Dielectric Properties in High-Frequency Printed Board Adhesive Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41019-41030. [PMID: 37582186 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Liquid high-vinyl polybutadiene (PB) possessed excellent dielectric properties, rendering them suitable candidates for adhesive films of high-frequency printed boards. However, their inherent low molecular weights resulted in chain slippage and overflow during processing, thereby diminishing the performance of the adhesive films. To address this challenge, we synthesized comb PB with long polystyrene side chains via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, effectively immobilizing the PB backbone and restricting relative chain slippage. Controlling the length and number of "comb teeth" (styrene side chains) efficiently regulated the flowability of comb PB, achieving distinct flow states. Simultaneously, molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the elongated and inflexible polystyrene side chains of comb PB could create minuscule cavities, which impeded close packing of molecules and led to low dielectric constants (2.39/2.01, 1 MHz/10 GHz) and ultralow dielectric losses (0.0071/0.0016, 1 MHz/10 GHz). Furthermore, a series of printed circuit boards were fabricated using a comb PB adhesive film, and the signal loss was significantly reduced to 48.8% (19 GHz) in comparison with a commercial epoxy adhesive. This study demonstrated the potential of comb PB with polystyrene side chains to achieve desirable flow and dielectric properties by introducing tangles, large volume potential resistance, and microporosity compared with block structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shaoyun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plastic/Rubber Complex Processing Technology, Chengdu 610065, China
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Bi P, Zhu X, Han J, Tian L, Zhang W. Synthesis and Comparative Study of Polyether- b-polybutadiene- b-polyether Triblock Copolymers for Use as Polyurethanes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3486. [PMID: 37631543 PMCID: PMC10459386 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the effects of HTPBs with different main-chain microstructures on their triblock copolymers and polyurethane properties were investigated. Three polyether-modified HTPB triblock copolymers were successfully synthesized via a cationic ring-opening copolymerization reaction using three HTPBs with different microstructures prepared via three different polymerization methods as the macromolecular chain transfer agents and tetrahydrofuran (THF) and propylene oxide (PO) as the copolymerization monomers. Finally, the corresponding polyurethane elastomers were prepared using the three triblock copolymers as soft segments and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) as hard segments. The results of an analysis of the triblock copolymers showed that the triblock copolymers had lower viscosity and glass transition temperature (Tg) values as the HTPB 1,2 structure content decreased, although the effect on the thermal decomposition temperature was not significant. An analysis of the polyurethane elastomers revealed that as the content of the 1,2 structure in HTPB increased, its corresponding polyurethane elastomers showed a gradual increase in breaking strength and a gradual decrease in elongation at break. In addition, PU-1 had stronger crystallization properties compared to PU-2 and PU-3. However, the differences in the microstructures of the HTPBs did not seem to have much effect on the surface properties of the polyurethane elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Light Industry, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China; (P.B.); (J.H.); (L.T.)
- Key Laboratory for Green Leather Manufacture Technology of China National Light Industry Council, Faculty of Light Industry, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xiuzhong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Light Industry, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China; (P.B.); (J.H.); (L.T.)
- Key Laboratory for Green Leather Manufacture Technology of China National Light Industry Council, Faculty of Light Industry, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China;
| | - Jinbang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Light Industry, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China; (P.B.); (J.H.); (L.T.)
- Key Laboratory for Green Leather Manufacture Technology of China National Light Industry Council, Faculty of Light Industry, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Li Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Light Industry, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China; (P.B.); (J.H.); (L.T.)
- Key Laboratory for Green Leather Manufacture Technology of China National Light Industry Council, Faculty of Light Industry, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wanbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China;
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The Effect of Single Curing Agents on the Curing Reactions of the HTPB-based Binder System. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12081090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
As the hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)-based binder system is widely applied in many industries, the curing process plays an important role in the final properties of the resulting product containing such a binder system. This study used a viscometer to measure viscosity buildup in the curing process of the binder system with various curing agents under isothermal conditions. Key parameters such as rheological reaction rate constant (kƞ) and pot life of different were measured and calculated. The rheological reaction rate constants of the HTPB-based binder systems included 0.0423 min−1 (MDI), 0.0049 min−1 (HDI-trimer) and 0.0014 min−1 (HMDI). The pot lives of the HTPB-MDI, HTPB-TDI, and HTPB-HDI-trimer were 0.6 h, 3.6 h and 8.1 h, respectively. One interesting finding is that HTPB-HDI-trimer binder, which had the long pot life, exhibited an accelerated trend in the viscosity buildup in the late phase. This feature is of great significance to improving the final properties of the products generated in propellant manufacturing and other fields. The cause of this phenomenon and the curing process of HTPB-HDI-trimer binder system were analyzed and discussed in the present study.
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Room-Temperature Solid-State UV Cross-Linkable Vitrimer-like Polymers for Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112203. [PMID: 35683876 PMCID: PMC9182850 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a UV cross-linkable vitrimer-like polymer, ureidopyrimidinone functionalized telechelic polybutadiene, is reported. It is synthesized in two steps. First, 2(6-isocyanatohexylaminocarbonylamino)-6-methyl-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy-NCO) reacts with hydroxy-functionalized polybutadiene (HTPB) to obtain UPy-HTPB-UPy, and then the resulted UPy-HTPB-UPy is cross-linked under 365 nm UV light (photo-initiator: bimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, DMPA). Further investigation reveals that the density of cross-linking and mechanical properties of the resulting polymers can be tailored via varying the amount of photo-initiator and UV exposure time. Before UV cross-linking, UPy-HTPB-UPy is found to be vitrimer-like due to the quadruple hydrogen-bonding interactions. The UPy groups at the end of the chain also enable for rapid solidification upon the evaporation of the solvent. The unsaturated double bonds in the HTPB chains enable UPy-HTPB-UPy to be UV cross-linkable in the solid state at room temperature. After cross-linking, the polymers have good shape memory effect (SME). Here, we demonstrate that this type of polymer can have many potential applications in additive manufacturing. In the cases of fused deposition modelling (FDM) and direct ink writing (DIW), not only the strength of the interlayer bonding but also the strength of the polymer itself can be enhanced via UV exposure (from thermoplastic to thermoset) either during printing or after printing. The SME after cross-linking further helps to achieve rapid volumetric additive manufacturing anytime and anywhere.
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Li J, Ning Z, Yang W, Yang B, Zeng Y. Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene-Based Polyurethane with Self-Healing and Reprocessing Capabilities. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:10156-10166. [PMID: 35382304 PMCID: PMC8973043 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)-based polyurethane (PU) networks play indispensable roles in a variety of applications; however, they cannot be reprocessed, resulting in environmental problems and unsustainable industrial development. In this work, recyclable HTPB-based PU vitrimer (HTPB-PUV) networks are fabricated by introduction of a cross-linker 2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)-bis[4-mercaptan-1,3,2-dioxaborolane] (BDB) with dynamic boronic ester bonds into the network. Meanwhile, the BDB can stabilize the HTPB unit in the network by elimination of double bonds. The novel HTPB-PUV networks are constructed by a thiol-ene "click" reaction and an addition reaction between HTPB and cross-linker BDB and isocyanates (HDI). The dynamic HTPB-PUV networks are characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The obtained dynamic HTPB-PUV networks possess superior thermostability. Moreover, due to the presence of dynamic boronic ester bonds, the HTPB-PUV network topologies can be altered, contributing to the reprocessing, self-healing, and welding abilities of the final polymer. Through a hot press, the pulverized sample can be reprocessed for several cycles, and mechanical properties of the reprocessed samples are similar to those of the pristine one, with the tensile strength being even higher. The self-healed sample exhibits almost complete recovery from scratch after the healing treatment at 130 °C for 3 h. Moreover, a welding efficiency of 120% was achieved.
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Ganivada MN, Dhara M, Jana S, Jana T. Synthetic routes to modify hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene for various potential applications. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2021.2013730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mutyala Naidu Ganivada
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Moumita Dhara
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sourav Jana
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Tushar Jana
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Solid Propellant Formulations: A Review of Recent Progress and Utilized Components. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216657. [PMID: 34772180 PMCID: PMC8587658 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The latest developments in solid propellants and their components are summarized. Particular attention is given to emerging energetic binders and novel, 'green' oxidizing agents and their use in propellant formulations. A brief overview of the latest reports on fuel additives is included. Finally, a summary of the state of the art and challenges in its development are speculated on.
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