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Kim W, Prabakaran K, Manivannan R, Kim H, Son YA. Synthesis and luminescent properties of a linear difluorene pyrazine (D-A-D) derivative as a selective indicator for a reversible acid-base vapour sensor. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 320:124662. [PMID: 38885571 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
We have synthesized a structure in which pyrazine is the core structure and fluorene derivatives are attached to both sides. Photo physical investigations such as aprotic solvents (Hexane to DMF) were carried out. A redshift was revealed from non-polar aprotic solvents to polar aprotic solvents. The luminescence intensity was gradually decreased, which is incredibly more complex towards changes in the solvent polarization than their UV/Vis absorption spectra. The compound showed a redshift from 445 nm to 473 nm when slowly increasing the water fraction (fw) from 0 to 30 %. Also, rising water fraction (fw > 40-90 %) effectively attenuated the instantaneous emission intensity was observed. At the same time, the intensity of the emission peak was reduced due to the TICT effect on fluorene and pyrazine rings due to enhanced solvent polarity. In addition, optically reversible acidofluorochromic properties were performed experimentally in both solvent and solid phases. For the acidic substances TFA and HF, which contain fluorine, new redshift peaks from 425 nm and 503 nm were observed upon reaction with the PDF solution, and the emission intensity was extinguished by more than 90 % and 60 %, respectively. Upon addition of TFA up to 1500 equal, the PDF mixture suffered from 50 % lower energy absorption intensity. The 1H NMR spectrum confirmed the proposed mechanism (TFA/TEA, ON-OFF-ON). Therefore, the present work presents a novel approach to fabricating ON-OFF-ON active-pull pyrazine scaffolds that can be used in DSEgens, referred to as "ON-OFF-ON" fluorescent sensors, for multifunctional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonbin Kim
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Kaliyan Prabakaran
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Ramalingam Manivannan
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Hyunseo Kim
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Young-A Son
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea.
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2
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Pant D, Sitha S. Enhanced molecular first hyperpolarizabilities with Reichardt's type of zwitterions: a computational study on roles of various monocyclic aromatic bridges. J Mol Model 2024; 30:284. [PMID: 39060804 PMCID: PMC11282158 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT This work reports structure-property correlations of 27 zwitterions Reichardt's types of zwitterions. Focuses are twofold, to see the (1) impacts of metamerism with Reichardt's vs Brooker's types of zwitterions and (2) impacts of monocyclic aromatic rings as bridges. All the molecules considered here have pyridinium (common acceptor: A) and p-phenylene-dicyanomethanide (common donor: D). Fundamental molecular properties like dipole moments (μ), polarizabilities (α), hyperpolarizabilities (β), and adiabatic absorptions were computed only for the Reichardt types and compared with the literature reported respective Brooker's types of zwitterions. As an impact of metamerism, in general 2-3 times enhanced hyperpolarizabilities (β) were observed for Reichardt's compared to Brooker's types. Exceptions were observed with some triazine bridges and furan bridge, where Brooker's types were found to be more efficient. As impacts of aromatic bridges, in general, 6-sevenfold enhanced β compared to well-known traditional bridges and enhanced β were observed compared to D-A directly connected zwitterion (benzene bridge: sixfold enhanced β). Current findings show that the aromatic bridge control with Reichardt's types of zwitterions is more efficient and thus may be employed as an effective strategy for the designing of functional molecular chromophores for various other fundamental areas. METHODS All computations were performed with Gaussian 09. Geometry optimizations and computations of fundamental properties were carried out with HF, B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, and ωB97xD methodologies, with 6-31G(d,p) and aug-cc-pVDZ basis sets. For adiabatic excitations, computations were carried out using TDDFT and TDHF approaches. For the computations of the response properties (like the nonlinear optical responses), CPHF approach was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Pant
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Auckland Park Kingsway (APK) Campus, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sanyasi Sitha
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Auckland Park Kingsway (APK) Campus, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Sun H. Unraveling the structure-property relationship of novel thiophene and furan-fused cyclopentadienyl chromophores for nonlinear optical applications. J Comput Chem 2024. [PMID: 39042813 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Development of organic nonlinear optical materials has become progressively more important due to their emerging applications in new-generation photonic devices. A novel series of chromophores based on innovative thiophene and furan-fused cyclopentadienyl bridge with various powerful donor and acceptor moieties were designed and theoretically investigated for applications in nonlinear optics. To unravel the structure-property relationship between this new push-pull conjugated systems and their nonlinear optical property, multiple methods, including density of states analysis, coupled perturbed Kohn-Sham (CPKS) method, sum-over-states (SOS) model, the two-level model (TSM), hyperpolarizability density analysis, and the (hyper)polarizability contribution decomposition, were performed to comprehensively investigated the nonlinear optical and electronic properties of this new π-system. Due to excellent charge transfer ability of new bridge and distinctive structure of donor and acceptor, the designed chromophores exhibit deep HOMO levels, low excitation energy, high dipole moment difference and large hyperpolarizability, indicating the appealing air-stable property and remarkable electrooptic performance of them. Importantly, THQ-CS-A3 and PA-CS-A3 shows outstanding NLO response properties with βtot value of 6953.9 × 10-30 and 5066.0 × 10-30 esu in AN, respectively. The influence of the push-pull strength, the heterocycle and the π-conjugation of new bridge on the nonlinear optical properties of this novel powerful systems are clarified. This new series of chromophores exhibit remarkable electro-optical Pockels and optical rectification effect. More interestingly, PA-CS-A3 and THQ-CS-A2 also show appealing SHG effect. This study will help people understand the nature of nonlinear optical properties of innovative heteroarene-fused based cyclopentadienyl chromophores and offer guidance for the rational design of chromophores with outstanding electrooptic (EO) performance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejing Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Feng S, Wu S, Zhang W, Liu F, Wang J. Organic Electro-Optic Materials with High Electro-Optic Coefficients and Strong Stability. Molecules 2024; 29:3188. [PMID: 38999140 PMCID: PMC11243316 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The preparation of high-performance electro-optical materials is one of the key factors determining the application of optoelectronic communication technology such as 5G communication, radar detection, terahertz, and electro-optic modulators. Organic electro-optic materials have the advantage of a high electro-optic coefficient (~1000 pm/V) and could allow the utilization of photonic devices for the chip-scale integration of electronics and photonics, as compared to inorganic electro-optic materials. However, the application of organic nonlinear optical materials to commercial electro-optic modulators and other fields is also facing technical bottlenecks. Obtaining an organic electro-optic chromophore with a large electro-optic coefficient (r33 value), thermal stability, and long-term stability is still a difficulty in the industry. This brief review summarizes recent great progress and the strategies to obtain high-performance OEO materials with a high electro-optic coefficient and/or strong long-term stability. The configuration of D-π-A structure, the types of materials, and the effects of molecular engineering on the electro-optical coefficient and glass transition temperature of chromophores were summarized in detail. The difficulties and future development trends in the practical application of organic electro-optic materials was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuangke Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fenggang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiahai Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Yang CC, Su X, Zheng QZ, Chen J, Tian WQ, Li WQ, Yang L. The search for a maximum of the D-π-A paradigm for second order nonlinear optical molecular materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31481-31492. [PMID: 37962477 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03756h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Push-pull π-conjugated molecules are one of the paradigms of second order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials and have been extensively explored. However, high-performance second order NLO materials with an optimum electron donor (D), π-bridge (π) and acceptor (A) under this paradigm are still the most sought-after. In the present work, D-π-A molecules with optimal D, π and A combination for strong second order NLO properties are proposed based on molecular orbital theories. The optimal D-π-A push-pull molecule achieves an unprecedentedly strong NLO response under the D-π-A paradigm, i.e., the static first hyperpolarizability reaches -453.92 × 10-30 esu per heavy atom using azulene as part of the π-bridge and acceptor to synergistically reinforce the strength of the acceptor. The protocols of D-π-A NLO molecule design through frontier molecular orbital matching of D, π and A with optimal combination of electron donating and accepting strengths shed light on future molecular NLO materials exploration. The simulated two-dimensional second order spectra provide useful information (e.g., sum frequency generation) on the applications of those D-π-A push-pull molecules in nonlinear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Cui Yang
- College of Science, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Xiao Su
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Qi-Zheng Zheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Jiu Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Wei Quan Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Wei-Qi Li
- Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
- Technology Innovation Center of Materials and Devices at Extreme Environment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Jinlian Street, Wenzhou 325001, China.
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Zhang L, Liu F, Yang R, Huo F, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Liu C, Hui C, Wang J. Highly Efficient and Stable Binary Cross-Linkable/ Self-Assembled Organic Nonlinear Optical Molecular Glasses. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304229. [PMID: 37691130 PMCID: PMC10625134 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of electro-optical materials with high chromophore loading levels that possess ultrahigh electro-optic coefficients and high long term alignment stability is a challenging topic. Anthracene-maleimide Diels-Alder (DA) reaction and π-π interaction of Anthracene-pentafluorobenzene and benzene-pentafluorobenzene are developed for making highly efficient binary cross-linkable/self-assembled dendritic chromophores FZL1-FZL4. A covalently or non-covalently cross-linked network is formed by DA reaction or π-π interaction after electric field poling orientation, which greatly improves the long-term alignment stability of the materials. An electro-optic coefficient up to 266 pm V-1 and glass transition temperature as high as 178 °C are achieved in cross-linked film FZL1/FZL2, and 272-308 pm V-1 is achieved for self-assembled films FZL1/FZL4 and FZL3/FZL4 due to high chromophore density (3.09-4.02 × 1020 molecules cm-3 ). Long-term alignment stability tests show that after heating at 85 °C for over 500 h, 99.73% of the initial r33 value is maintained for poled crosslinked electro-optic films 1:1 FZL1/FZL2. The poled self-assembled electro-optic films 1:1 FZL1/FZL4 and 1:1 FZL3/FZL4 can still maintain more than 97.11% and 98.23%, respectively, of the original electro-optic coefficient after being placed at room temperature for 500 h. The excellent electro-optic coefficient and stability of the material indicate the practical application prospects of organic electro-optic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Fenggang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Ruoxi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Fuyang Huo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Chuying Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Chunngai Hui
- Huawei TechnologiesBantian Industrial BaseShenzhen518129P. R. China
| | - Jiahai Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
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Yang CC, Ye J, Quan Tian W, Li WQ, Yang L. Butterfly-Shaped Nanographenes with Excellent Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties: The Synergy of B/N and Azulene. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203110. [PMID: 36305483 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Azulene, a simple polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with connected electron donor and acceptor (DA), ignites the hope of designing second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) molecular materials from pure nonpolar carbon nanomaterials. In this work, a butterfly-shaped nanographene (π-DA-π) was designed by incorporating azulene between two coronenes. One more electron in a N atom or one electron fewer in a B atom with respect to a C atom can polarize charge distribution in carbon nanomaterials, and further doping of B and N in the designed butterfly-shaped nanographene changes the system from π-DA-π to D-π-A, leading to strong NLO responses. For example, the largest static first hyperpolarizability even reaches 173.89×10-30 esu per heavy atom. The synergetic role of B, N and azulene in the nanographene is scrutinized, and such a doping strategy is found to provide an effective means for the design of carbon-based functional materials. The strong second-order NLO responses of these butterfly-shaped carbon-based nanographenes under external fields, for example, sum frequency generation and difference frequency generation, could inspire future experimental exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Cui Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ye
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Quan Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Qi Li
- School of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, P. R. China.,Technology Innovation Center of Materials and, Devices at Extreme Environment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001, Harbin, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Jinlian Street, 325001, Wenzhou, P. R. China
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Prabakaran K, Manivannan R, Son YA. Highly emissions of TPA-linear based pyrazine derivatives with different mechanochromic luminosity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 285:121874. [PMID: 36122466 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We designed the TPA-based linear pyrazine derivatives of PP-1 and PP-2, synthesized using the conventional Suzuki cross-linking reaction. It was followed by photophysical studies such as aprotic solvent (Haxene to DMF). A red-shift was observed from the non-polar aprotic solvent to the polar aprotic solvent, and the emission intensity was gradually decreased. In addition, the Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect has been studied against the DMF/water addition of linear pyrazine compounds. It showed a classic aggregation-caused quenching effect (ACQ) and red-shifted at an increase of (fw) 0 to 40%. After this case, when the water fraction in these studies was increased by (fw) 50 to 90%, a blue shift and a mild AIE effect has occurred. And also, was investigated acidochromic effect of compounds PP-1 and PP-2 using TFA acid. Absorption and emission intensity were gradually reduced as the acid concentration increased for these studies, while the new peaks appeared red-shifted in the absorption spectrum. They were examined before and after exposure to UV light irradiation in the synthesized dye compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaliyan Prabakaran
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220, Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Ramalingam Manivannan
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220, Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Young-A Son
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220, Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea.
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9
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Xu Y, Hickey RJ. Templating Polymer/Chromophore Crystallization in a Gyroid Matrix. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Robert J. Hickey
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
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Zeng Z, Liu J, Luo T, Li Z, Liao J, Zhang W, Zhang L, Liu F. Electro-optic crosslinkable chromophores with ultrahigh electro-optic coefficients and long-term stability. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13393-13402. [PMID: 36507157 PMCID: PMC9683004 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05231h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of organic electro-optic materials with ultrahigh electro-optic coefficients and high long-term alignment stability is the most challenging topic in this field. Next-generation crosslinkable nonlinear optical chromophore molecular glasses were developed to address this problem. A highly stable EO system including crosslinkable binary chromophores QLD1 and QLD2 or crosslinkable single chromophore QLD3 and multichromophore QLD4 with large hyperpolarizability was synthesized using tetrahydroquinoline as the donor. When the temperature continues to rise after poling, the chromophores modified with anthracene and acrylate can undergo Diels-Alder crosslinking reaction to fix the oriented chromophores through chemical bonds. After crosslinking, the QLD1/QLD2 and QLD2/QLD4 films achieved very high maximum r 33 values of 327 and 373 pm V-1, respectively, which are the highest values reported for crosslinkable chromophore systems. After Diels-Alder cycloaddition, the glass transition temperature of the EO film increased by ∼90 °C to 185 °C, which is higher than for any other pure chromophore films. After being annealed at 85 °C, 99.63% of the initial r 33 value could be maintained for over 500 h. The ultrahigh electro-optic activity and high long-term alignment stability of these materials showed new breakthroughs in organic EO materials for practical device explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou UniversityGuangzhou 510006P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Huawei Technologies, Bantian Industrial BaseShenzhen 518129P. R. China
| | - Tongyu Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou UniversityGuangzhou 510006P. R. China
| | - Zhibei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou UniversityGuangzhou 510006P. R. China
| | - Juanfei Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou UniversityGuangzhou 510006P. R. China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou UniversityGuangzhou 510006P. R. China
| | - Lian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou UniversityGuangzhou 510006P. R. China
| | - Fenggang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou UniversityGuangzhou 510006P. R. China
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