1
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Liu H, Liu Q, Feng Y, Li D, Xu D, Tang P. Facile preparation of Au-loaded mesoporous In 2O 3 nanoparticles with improved ethanol sensing performance. Dalton Trans 2023; 53:354-363. [PMID: 38050870 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02343e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The in situ monitoring of toxic volatile organic compound gases using metal oxide-based gas sensors is still challenging. Herein, mesoporous In2O3 nanoparticles, assembled using smaller nanoparticles, were synthesized via a facile solvothermal method and used to load Au nanoparticles to prepare mesoporous Au/In2O3 for ethanol detection. The obtained In2O3 and Au/In2O3 were meticulously analysed by XRD, SEM, BET, TEM and XPS techniques. It was revealed that Au nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on mesoporous In2O3 nanoparticles. Notably, the obtained mesoporous 1% Au/In2O3 is highly sensitive to ethanol gas at an optimal working temperature of 180 °C, showing a response of 55 to 50 ppm of ethanol, which is considerably higher compared to that of In2O3 nanoparticles. The significantly enhanced sensitivity results from the electronic and chemical sensitization effects of Au nanoparticles. Moreover, the mesoporous Au/In2O3 nanoparticles also showed eminent selectivity, short response/recovery time, low detection limit, good linear relationship, superb repeatability, and wonderful long-term stability, suggesting that Au/In2O3 nanoparticles have great potential application for in situ monitoring of ethanol gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, and Beijing Engineering Center for Hierarchical Catalysts, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, and Beijing Engineering Center for Hierarchical Catalysts, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.
| | - Yongjun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, and Beijing Engineering Center for Hierarchical Catalysts, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.
| | - Dianqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, and Beijing Engineering Center for Hierarchical Catalysts, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.
| | - Dongmei Xu
- Chongqing (Yu) Microelectronics Research Institute Co., Ltd, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China.
| | - Pinggui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, and Beijing Engineering Center for Hierarchical Catalysts, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.
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2
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Su X, Zhai Y, Jia C, Xu Z, Luo D, Pan Z, Xiang H, Yu S, Zhu L, Zhu M. Improved Antibacterial Properties of Polylactic Acid-Based Nanofibers Loaded with ZnO-Ag Nanoparticles through Pore Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:42920-42929. [PMID: 37650731 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In the post-epidemic era, bio-based protective fiber materials with active protective functions are of utmost importance, not only to combat the spread of pathogens but also to reduce the environmental impact of petroleum-based protective materials. Here, efficient antibacterial polylactic acid-based (PLA-based) fibers are prepared by solution blow spinning and their pore structures are regulated by controlling the ratio of the solvent components in the spinning solutions. The porous PLA-based fibers exhibit antibacterial efficiencies of over 99% against Escherichia coli and over 98% against Bacillus subtilis, which are significantly higher than that of the nonporous PLA-based fibers. The excellent antibacterial property of the porous PLA-based fibers can be attributed to their high porosity, which allows antibacterial nanoparticles to be released more easily from the fibers, thus effectively killing pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, pore structure regulation can also enhance the mechanical property of the PLA-based fiber materials. Our approach of regulating the microstructure and properties of the PLA-based fibers through pore engineering can be extended to other polymer fiber materials and is suitable for polymer-based composite systems that require optimal performance through sufficient exposure of doped materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Su
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yaling Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chao Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Dianfeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhiyi Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hengxue Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Senlong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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3
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Devi HR, Solanki V, Nanda KK. Modulating the Midgap States of 3D–2D Hybrid ZnO by Codoping and Its Effect on Visible Photocatalysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hemam Rachna Devi
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Vanaraj Solanki
- Dr. K C Patel R & D Centre, Charotar University of Science & Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa 388 421, Anand, India
| | - Karuna Kar Nanda
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Institute of Physics, P.O. Sainik School, Bhubaneswar 751005, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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4
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Abebe B, Murthy HCA. Insights into ZnO-based doped porous nanocrystal frameworks. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5816-5833. [PMID: 35424565 PMCID: PMC8981561 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09152b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Colloidal nanocrystals play a vital role in several applications. The doping of cations in the nanocrystal matrix enhances the optical, electrical, and magnetic properties. The number and well-defined distribution of the dopant are crucial to protect the nanocrystal from clustering. The XRD, XPS, and XAS instruments reveal the change in the lattice parameters, chemical states, and local coordination environment information. In addition of detecting the position and distribution of the dopant, the 4D-STEM detector mode gathers all types of real-space atomic-resolution images by collecting all diffraction datasets from each electron probe with high-speed and efficient detection. Dopant-host ligand type, reactions conditions, and reaction time optimization during synthesis are critical for the host and dopant reactivity balance. Pearson's hard/soft acids/bases theory would be a base for balancing the solubility of the dopant-host in the given solvents/surfactant. In addition, tuning the colloidal nanocrystals to secondary structures, which enhances the mass-/ions transport, can contribute a combination of properties that do not exist in the original constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buzuayehu Abebe
- Adama Science and Technology University, Department of Applied Chemistry 1888 Adama Ethiopia
| | - H C Ananda Murthy
- Adama Science and Technology University, Department of Applied Chemistry 1888 Adama Ethiopia
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5
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Chhetri TP, Kerr L, Masmali N, Jaeger H, Eid KF. Oxygen sensing with individual ZnO:Sb micro-wires: effects of temperature and light exposure on the sensitivity and stability. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211243. [PMID: 35070344 PMCID: PMC8728165 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured ZnO has been widely investigated as a gas sensing material. Antimony is an important dopant for ZnO that catalyses its surface reactivity and thus strengthens its gas sensing capability. However, there are not enough studies on the gas sensing of antimony-doped ZnO single wires. We fabricated and characterized ZnO/ZnO:Sb core-shell micro-wires and demonstrated that individual wires are sensitive to oxygen gas flow. Temperature and light illumination strongly affect the oxygen gas sensitivity and stability of these individual wires. It was found that these micro- and nano-wire oxygen sensors at 200°C give the highest response to oxygen, yet a vanishingly small effect of light and temperature variations. The underlying physics and the interplay between these effects are discussed in terms of surface-adsorbed oxygen, oxygen vacancies and hydrogen doping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Kerr
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Nada Masmali
- Department of Physics, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Herbert Jaeger
- Department of Physics, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Khalid F. Eid
- Department of Physics, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- Department of Physics, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine
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6
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7
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Singh J, Soni R. Efficient charge separation in Ag nanoparticles functionalized ZnO nanoflakes/CuO nanoflowers hybrids for improved photocatalytic and SERS activity. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Choudhary S, Vashisht G, Malik R, Dong CL, Chen CL, Kandasami A, Annapoorni S. Photo generated charge transport studies of defects-induced shuttlecock-shaped ZnO/Ag hybrid nanostructures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:305708. [PMID: 33857921 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abf87c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the stimulating effects of interfacial charge transfer process between spherical Ag nanoparticles and shuttlecock-shaped ZnO nanostructures observed by UV-visible spectroscopy and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. In specific, ZnO nanorods and shuttlecock-shaped ZnO/Ag nanostructures were developed using a simple chemical colloidal method and characterized for structural variations using XRD. The observed red shift in plasmonic peak and the increase in Urbach energy signify interfacial interactions and increased randomness in the hybrid ZnO/Ag nanostructures. Simultaneously, the enhanced intensity of deep-level emission in the ZnO/Ag hybrid suggests the increased recombination rate of electron-hole pairs. The red and blue emissions evolving with temperature subsequently suggests the presence of oxygen vacancies or zinc interstitials in the system. The decrease in intensities and emerging features in O K-edge and Zn L-edge indicates the charge transfer from Ag to ZnO at the interface of ZnO/Ag hybrids. Moreover, the differences in absorption edges with alternating light on/off conditions were analyzed for the exploitation of this ZnO-based system in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Choudhary
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Garima Vashisht
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rakesh Malik
- ARSD College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110021, India
| | - Chung-Li Dong
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui 25137, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Liang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Asokan Kandasami
- Inter-University Accelerator Centre, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - S Annapoorni
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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9
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Moumen A, Kaur N, Poli N, Zappa D, Comini E. One Dimensional ZnO Nanostructures: Growth and Chemical Sensing Performances. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1940. [PMID: 33003427 PMCID: PMC7599835 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures have attracted the scientific community attention as sensitive materials for conductometric chemical sensors. However, finding facile and low-cost techniques for their production, controlling the morphology and the aspect ratio of these nanostructures is still challenging. In this study, we report the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) synthesis of one dimensional (1D) zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) and nanowires (NWs) by using different metal catalysts and their impact on the performances of conductometric chemical sensors. In VLS mechanism, catalysts are of great interest due to their role in the nucleation and the crystallization of 1D nanostructures. Here, Au, Pt, Ag and Cu nanoparticles (NPs) were used to grow 1D ZnO. Depending on catalyst nature, different morphology, geometry, size and nanowires/nanorods abundance were established. The mechanism leading to the VLS growth of 1D ZnO nanostructures and the transition from nanorods to nanowires have been interpreted. The formation of ZnO crystals exhibiting a hexagonal crystal structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ZnO composition was identified using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) mapping. The chemical sensing characteristics showed that 1D ZnO has good and fast response, good stability and selectivity. ZnO (Au) showed the best performances towards hydrogen (H2). At the optimal working temperature of 350 °C, the measured response towards 500 ppm of H2 was 300 for ZnO NWs and 50 for ZnO NRs. Moreover, a good selectivity to hydrogen was demonstrated over CO, acetone and ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elisabetta Comini
- Sensor Lab, Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.M.); (N.K.); (N.P.); (D.Z.)
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10
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Mullani SB, Dhodamani AG, Shellikeri A, Mullani NB, Tawade AK, Tayade SN, Biscay J, Dennany L, Delekar SD. Structural refinement and electrochemical properties of one dimensional (ZnO NRs) 1-x(CNs) x functional hybrids for serotonin sensing studies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15955. [PMID: 32994507 PMCID: PMC7524834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, the efficient serotonin (5-HT) sensing studies have been conducted using the (ZnO NRs)1-x(CNs)x nanocomposites (NCs) having appropriate structural and electrochemical properties. Initially, the different compositions of ZnO nanorods (NRs), with varying content of carbon nanostructures (CNs=MWCNTs and RGO), are prepared using simple in-situ wet chemical method and thereafter these NCs have been characterized for physico-chemical properties in correlation to the 5-HT sensing activity. XRD Rietveld refinement studies reveal the hexagonal Wurtzite ZnO NRs oriented in (101) direction with space group 'P63mc' and both orientation as well as phase of ZnO NRs are also retained in the NCs due to the small content of CNs. The interconnectivity between the ZnO NRs with CNs through different functional moieties is also studied using FTIR analysis; while phases of the constituents are confirmed through Raman analysis. FESEM images of the bare/NCs show hexagonal shaped rods with higher aspect ratio (4.87) to that of others. BET analysis and EIS measurements reveal the higher surface area (97.895 m2/g), lower charge transfer resistance (16.2 kΩ) for the ZCNT 0.1 NCs to that of other NCs or bare material. Thereafter, the prepared NCs are deposited on the screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) using chitosan as cross-linked agent for 5-HT sensing studies; conducted through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) measurements. Among the various composites, ZCNT0.1 NCs based electrodes exhibit higher sensing activity towards 5-HT in accordance to its higher surface area, lower particle size and lower charge transfer resistance. SWV measurements provide a wide linear response range (7.5-300 μM); lower limit of detection (0.66 μM), excellent limit of quantification (2.19 μM) and good reproducibility to ZCNT 0.1 NCs as compared to others for 5-HT sensing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid B Mullani
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, MS, 416004, India
| | - Ananta G Dhodamani
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, MS, 416004, India
| | - Annadanesh Shellikeri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310-6046, USA
- Aero-Propulsion, Mechatronics and Energy Centre, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310-6046, USA
| | - Navaj B Mullani
- Department of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University (ERICA), Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Anita K Tawade
- School of Nanoscience and Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, MS, India
| | - Shivaji N Tayade
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, MS, 416004, India
| | - Julien Biscay
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Lynn Dennany
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Sagar D Delekar
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, MS, 416004, India.
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11
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Wang S, Jia F, Wang X, Hu L, Sun Y, Yin G, Zhou T, Feng Z, Kumar P, Liu B. Fabrication of ZnO Nanoparticles Modified by Uniformly Dispersed Ag Nanoparticles: Enhancement of Gas Sensing Performance. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:5209-5218. [PMID: 32201809 PMCID: PMC7081407 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles modified with uniformly dispersed silver (Ag) nanoparticles (Ag-ZnO) were prepared in one step by calcining precursor electrospun nanofibers. The molar ratios of Ag to Zn in the precursor solutions were 0, 1, 3, and 5%. The microstructure of the Ag-ZnO sensor was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The existence of metallic Ag was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the gas sensing properties of Ag-ZnO were investigated. The results showed that the ZnO nanoparticles after Ag nanoparticles modification exhibited excellent gas sensing performance to ethanol and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The optimal working temperature of the Ag-ZnO sensor significantly decreased for ethanol compared with pure ZnO. The 3% Ag-ZnO sensor exhibited the fastest response to ethanol with the response/recovery times of only 5 and 9 s, respectively. However, all the Ag-ZnO-based gas sensors showed a high response value to H2S, especially the 3% Ag-ZnO gas sensor exhibited a maximum response value of 298 at 10 ppm H2S. These results could be attributed to the spillover effect and electron sensitization effect of Ag nanoparticles, which led to more absorbed oxygen species and active sites, and thereby can further enhance the gas sensing performances of ZnO-based gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- School
of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong
University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic
Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Fuchao Jia
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic
Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
- Key
Laboratory for Colloid and interface Chemistry of Education Ministry,
Department of Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic
Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Leqi Hu
- School
of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong
University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic
Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Yuping Sun
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic
Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Guangchao Yin
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic
Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic
Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Zhenyu Feng
- Key
Laboratory for Colloid and interface Chemistry of Education Ministry,
Department of Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Parveen Kumar
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic
Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic
Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
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12
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Synthesis of ZnO Flakes on Flexible Substrate and Its Application on Ethylene Sensing at Room Temperature. CHEMOSENSORS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors8010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a hormone that determinates the level of fruit ripeness, ethylene concentration monitoring plays an important role in the agricultural field. One of the techniques that can be used to detect ethylene concentration is the sensing method. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a multipurpose metal oxide semiconductor with a wide application in sensing area. Here, we use a ZnO-based flexible sensor to identify the presence of ethylene gas at certain concentrations. The as-synthesized ZnO layers were deposited on a polyethylene terephthalate-indium doped tin oxide (PET-ITO) flexible substrate using a simple electrochemical deposition method. To enhance the performance of the ethylene sensor, a small amount of silver (Ag) was added to the seeding solution. From the study, it was revealed that the ZnO-Ag layers were able to identify the presence of ethylene gas at the lowest concentration of 29 ppm. The most optimal result was obtained using 1 mM Ag. This layer demonstrated a response of 17.2% and 19.6% of ethylene gas at concentrations of 29 and 50 ppm, with recovery times of four and eight minutes, respectively.
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13
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Subha PP, Jayaraj MK. Enhanced room temperature gas sensing properties of low temperature solution processed ZnO/CuO heterojunction. BMC Chem 2019; 13:4. [PMID: 31355365 PMCID: PMC6659572 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0519-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of room temperature gas sensors having response towards a specific gas is attracting researchers nowadays in the field. In the present work, room temperature (29 °C) ethanol sensor based on vertically aligned ZnO nanorods decorated with CuO nanoparticles was successfully fabricated by simple cost effective solution processing. The heterojunction sensor exhibits better sensor parameters compared to pristine ZnO. The response of the heterojunction sensor to 50 ppm ethanol is, at least, 2-fold higher than the response of the ZnO bare sensor. Also the response and recovery time of ZnO/CuO sensor to 50 ppm ethanol are of 9 and 420 s whereas the values are 16 and 510 s respectively for ZnO sensor. The vertical alignment of ZnO nanorods as well as its surface modification by CuO nanoparticles increased the effective surface area of the device and the formation of p-CuO/n-ZnO junction at the interface are the reasons for the improved performance at room temperature. In addition to ethanol, the fabricated device has the capability to detect the presence of reducing gases like hydrogen sulfide and ammonia at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. P. Subha
- Nanophotonic and Optoelectronic Devices Laboratory, Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682022 Kerala India
| | - M. K. Jayaraj
- Nanophotonic and Optoelectronic Devices Laboratory, Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682022 Kerala India
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14
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Postica V, Vahl A, Santos-Carballal D, Dankwort T, Kienle L, Hoppe M, Cadi-Essadek A, de Leeuw NH, Terasa MI, Adelung R, Faupel F, Lupan O. Tuning ZnO Sensors Reactivity toward Volatile Organic Compounds via Ag Doping and Nanoparticle Functionalization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:31452-31466. [PMID: 31333012 PMCID: PMC7007004 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials for highly selective and sensitive sensors toward specific gas molecules of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are most important in developing new-generation of detector devices, for example, for biomarkers of diseases as well as for continuous air quality monitoring. Here, we present an innovative preparation approach for engineering sensors, which allow for full control of the dopant concentrations and the nanoparticles functionalization of columnar material surfaces. The main outcome of this powerful design concept lies in fine-tuning the reactivity of the sensor surfaces toward the VOCs of interest. First, nanocolumnar and well-distributed Ag-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Ag) thin films are synthesized from chemical solution, and, at a second stage, noble nanoparticles of the required size are deposited using a gas aggregation source, ensuring that no percolating paths are formed between them. Typical samples that were investigated are Ag-doped and Ag nanoparticle-functionalized ZnO:Ag nanocolumnar films. The highest responses to VOCs, in particular to (CH3)2CHOH, were obtained at a low operating temperature (250 °C) for the samples synergistically enhanced with dopants and nanoparticles simultaneously. In addition, the response times, particularly the recovery times, are greatly reduced for the fully modified nanocolumnar thin films for a wide range of operating temperatures. The adsorption of propanol, acetone, methane, and hydrogen at various surface sites of the Ag-doped Ag8/ZnO(0001) surface has been examined with the density functional theory (DFT) calculations to understand the preference for organic compounds and to confirm experimental results. The response of the synergistically enhanced sensors to gas molecules containing certain functional groups is in excellent agreement with density functional theory calculations performed in this work too. This new fabrication strategy can underpin the next generation of advanced materials for gas sensing applications and prevent VOC levels that are hazardous to human health and can cause environmental damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasile Postica
- Center
for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics
and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University
of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Av., MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Alexander Vahl
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute
for Materials Science, Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute for Materials
Science, and Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - David Santos-Carballal
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10
3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Torben Dankwort
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute
for Materials Science, Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute for Materials
Science, and Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute
for Materials Science, Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute for Materials
Science, and Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mathias Hoppe
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute
for Materials Science, Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute for Materials
Science, and Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Abdelaziz Cadi-Essadek
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10
3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10
3AT, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 8A, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maik-Ivo Terasa
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute
for Materials Science, Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute for Materials
Science, and Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute
for Materials Science, Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute for Materials
Science, and Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute
for Materials Science, Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute for Materials
Science, and Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Oleg Lupan
- Center
for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics
and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University
of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Av., MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute
for Materials Science, Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute for Materials
Science, and Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
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15
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Chen Z, Zhao Y, Tan Y, Xin Y, Deng J, Sun F, He G. Photochemical preparation of SnO2 nanoparticles for application in alcohol sensor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/490/2/022049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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16
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Chen WJ, Liu XQ, Zhang S, Jiang H. Preparation of Gap-Controlled Monodispersed Ag Nanoparticles by Amino Groups Grafted on Silica Microspheres as a SERS Substrate for the Detection of Low Concentrations of Organic Compounds. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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17
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Fabrication of highly stable silver nanoparticles with shape-dependent electrochemical efficacy. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Rackauskas S, Barbero N, Barolo C, Viscardi G. ZnO Nanowire Application in Chemoresistive Sensing: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E381. [PMID: 29120384 PMCID: PMC5707598 DOI: 10.3390/nano7110381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the recent development of ZnO nanowires (NWs) for chemoresistive sensing. Working mechanisms of chemoresistive sensors are unified for gas, ultraviolet (UV) and bio sensor types: single nanowire and nanowire junction sensors are described, giving the overview for a simple sensor manufacture by multiple nanowire junctions. ZnO NW surface functionalization is discussed, and how this effects the sensing is explained. Further, novel approaches for sensing, using ZnO NW functionalization with other materials such as metal nanoparticles or heterojunctions, are explained, and limiting factors and possible improvements are discussed. The review concludes with the insights and recommendations for the future improvement of the ZnO NW chemoresistive sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simas Rackauskas
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Nadia Barbero
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Claudia Barolo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Guido Viscardi
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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19
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The Electrostatically Formed Nanowire: A Novel Platform for Gas-Sensing Applications. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17030471. [PMID: 28245637 PMCID: PMC5375757 DOI: 10.3390/s17030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The electrostatically formed nanowire (EFN) gas sensor is based on a multiple-gate field-effect transistor with a conducting nanowire, which is not defined physically; rather, the nanowire is defined electrostatically post-fabrication, by using appropriate biasing of the different surrounding gates. The EFN is fabricated by using standard silicon processing technologies with relaxed design rules and, thereby, supports the realization of a low-cost and robust gas sensor, suitable for mass production. Although the smallest lithographic definition is higher than half a micrometer, appropriate tuning of the biasing of the gates concludes a conducting channel with a tunable diameter, which can transform the conducting channel into a nanowire with a diameter smaller than 20 nm. The tunable size and shape of the nanowire elicits tunable sensing parameters, such as sensitivity, limit of detection, and dynamic range, such that a single EFN gas sensor can perform with high sensitivity and a broad dynamic range by merely changing the biasing configuration. The current work reviews the design of the EFN gas sensor, its fabrication considerations and process flow, means of electrical characterization, and preliminary sensing performance at room temperature, underlying the unique and advantageous tunable capability of the device.
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20
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Abideen ZU, Park JY, Kim HW, Kim SS. Graphene-loaded tin oxide nanofibers: optimization and sensing performance. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:035501. [PMID: 27966464 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/28/3/035501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the gas sensing characteristics of graphene nanosheet (NS)-loaded SnO2 nanofibers (NFs) that were synthesized by a low-cost facile electrospinning process. The sensing performance was characterized as a function of the graphene content with various gases such as C6H6, C7H8, CO, CO2, and H2S. The loading of graphene NSs significantly improved the gas sensing performances of SnO2 NFs. The optimal amount of graphene NSs was found to be 0.5 wt%. We proposed a sensing mechanism for the enhanced sensing performance based on the chemical sensitization of graphene NSs and the charge transfer through the heterointerfaces between graphene NSs and SnO2 nanograins. The results show that graphene NS-loaded SnO2 NFs are a promising sensing material system that can detect hazardous gaseous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zain Ul Abideen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea
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21
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Alali KT, Liu J, Liu Q, Li R, Li Z, Liu P, Aljebawi K, Wang J. Tube in tube ZnO/ZnCo2O4 nanostructure synthesized by facile single capillary electrospinning with enhanced ethanol gas-sensing properties. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28585f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tube in tube nanostructure of ZnO/ZnCo2O4 was achieved using electrospinning technology. The complex tubular structure and n–p heterojunction are potential reasons for the excellent gas sensing performance of ZnO/ZnCo2O4 tube in tube nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Tawfik Alali
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- PR China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- PR China
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- PR China
| | - Rumin Li
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- PR China
| | - Zhanshuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- PR China
| | - Peili Liu
- Institute of Advanced Marine Materials
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- PR China
| | - Kassem Aljebawi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Aleppo
- Aleppo City
- Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- PR China
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22
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Kim JH, Abideen ZU, Zheng Y, Kim SS. Improvement of Toluene-Sensing Performance of SnO₂ Nanofibers by Pt Functionalization. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16111857. [PMID: 27827918 PMCID: PMC5134516 DOI: 10.3390/s16111857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization of metal nanoparticles (NPs) on oxide materials is a commonly employed technique for enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of materials for gas sensing applications. In this study, we functionalized electrospinning-synthesized SnO₂ nanofibers (NFs) with various amounts of Pt NPs to enhance the toluene-sensing properties. In particular, Pt NPs were prepared by deposition of Pt films by sputtering and subsequent heat treatment. Electronic and chemical sensitizations by the Pt NPs were responsible for the improved toluene sensitivity. The best sensing properties were achieved at an optimized amount of Pt NPs, showing a volcano shape in relation to the amount of Pt NPs. The method used in this study is useful for the development of toluene-sensitive and -selective chemiresistive NF-based gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea.
| | - Zain Ul Abideen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea.
| | - Yifang Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea.
| | - Sang Sub Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea.
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23
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Yao Y, Ji F, Yin M, Ren X, Ma Q, Yan J, Liu SF. Ag Nanoparticle-Sensitized WO3 Hollow Nanosphere for Localized Surface Plasmon Enhanced Gas Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:18165-18172. [PMID: 27348055 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ag nanoparticle (NP)-sensitized WO3 hollow nanospheres (Ag-WO3-HNSs) are fabricated via a simple sonochemical synthesis route. It is found that the Ag-WO3-HNS shows remarkable performance in gas sensors. Field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images reveal that the Agx-WO3 adopts the HNS structure in which WO3 forms the outer shell framework and the Ag NPs are grown on the inner wall of the WO3 hollow sphere. The size of the Ag NPs can be controlled by adjusting the addition amount of WCl6 during the reaction. The sensor Agx-WO3 exhibits extremely high sensitivity and selectivity toward alcohol vapor. In particular, the Ag(15nm)-WO3 sensor shows significantly lower operating temperature (230 °C), superior detection limits as low as 0.09 ppb, and faster response (7 s). Light illumination was found to boost the sensor performance effectively, especially at 405 and 900 nm, where the light wavelength resonates with the absorption of Ag NPs and the surface oxygen vacancies of WO3, respectively. The improved sensor performance is attributed to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University , Guyuan 756000, P. R. China
| | - Fangxu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Mingli Yin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Xianpei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Junqing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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24
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Song K, Meng X, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhu J. A simple grinding-calcination approach to prepare the Co3O4–In2O3 heterojunction structure with high-performance gas-sensing property toward ethanol. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of gas sensing devices with high sensitivity, good selectivity and excellent stability is becoming increasingly important since toxic or harmful gases are a threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Xiaoqian Meng
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Jianli Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Junwu Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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