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Yoo K, Lee GS, Lee HW, Kim BS, Kim JG. Mechanochemical solid-state vinyl polymerization with anionic initiator. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:413-424. [PMID: 36124991 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00080f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry has been extended to various polymer syntheses to achieve efficiency, greenness, and new products. However, many fundamental polymerization reactions have not been explored, although anionic polymerization of vinyl compounds has been pursued under mechanochemical conditions. Two solid monomers, 4-biphenyl methacrylate and 4-vinyl biphenyl, representing methacrylate and styrenic classes, respectively, were reacted with secondary butyl lithium under high-speed ball-milling. The alkyl-anion-promoted polymerization process was established by excluding radical initiation and producing the expected polymers with good efficiency. However, the generally expected features of anionic polymerization, such as molecular weight control and narrow dispersity, were not observed. Analysis of the milling parameters, reaction monitoring, and microstructural analysis revealed that the mechanism of the mechanochemical process differs from that of conventional anionic polymerizations. The mechanical force fractured the newly formed polymer chains via anionic initiation and generated macroradicals, which participated in the polymerization process. The anionic process governs the initiation step and the radical process becomes dominant during the propagation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangho Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gue Seon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byeong-Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Bernard RS, Andruleviciene V, Belousov GK, Vaitusionak AA, Tsiko U, Volyniuk D, Kostjuk SV, Kublickas RH, Grazulevicius JV. Methoxy-substituted carbazole-based polymers obtained by RAFT polymerization for solution-processable organic light-emitting devices. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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3
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Agboluaje M, Hutchinson RA. Measurement and Modeling of Methyl Acrylate Radical Polymerization in Polar and Nonpolar Solvents. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Agboluaje
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Dupuis Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Robin A. Hutchinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Dupuis Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
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4
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Krusenbaum A, Grätz S, Tigineh GT, Borchardt L, Kim JG. The mechanochemical synthesis of polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2873-2905. [PMID: 35302564 PMCID: PMC8978534 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01093j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry - the utilization of mechanical forces to induce chemical reactions - is a rarely considered tool for polymer synthesis. It offers numerous advantages such as reduced solvent consumption, accessibility of novel structures, and the avoidance of problems posed by low monomer solubility and fast precipitation. Consequently, the development of new high-performance materials based on mechanochemically synthesised polymers has drawn much interest, particularly from the perspective of green chemistry. This review covers the constructive mechanochemical synthesis of polymers, starting from early examples and progressing to the current state of the art while emphasising linear and porous polymers as well as post-polymerisation modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Krusenbaum
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Sven Grätz
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Getinet Tamiru Tigineh
- Department of Chemistry, Bahir Dar University, Peda Street 07, PO Box 79, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jeung Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Liu S, Chua L, Shamsabadi AA, Corcoran P, Patra A, Grady MC, Soroush M, Rappe AM. Oxygen-Initiated Free-Radical Polymerization of Alkyl Acrylates at High Temperatures. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Liu
- School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Lauren Chua
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Ahmad Arabi Shamsabadi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-2816, United States
| | - Patrick Corcoran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-2816, United States
| | - Abhirup Patra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Michael C. Grady
- Axalta Coating Systems, Global Innovation Center, 1050 Constitution Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112, United States
| | - Masoud Soroush
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-2816, United States
| | - Andrew M. Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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6
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Self-Initiated Butyl Acrylate Polymerizations in Bulk and in Solution Monitored By In-Line Techniques. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13122021. [PMID: 34205620 PMCID: PMC8233791 DOI: 10.3390/polym13122021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High-temperature acrylate polymerizations are technically relevant, but yet not fully understood. In particular the mechanism and the kinetics of the thermal self-initiation is a topic of current research. To obtain more detailed information the conversion dependence of the polymerization rate, rbr, is determined via in-line DSC and FT-NIR spectroscopy for reactions in bulk and in solution at temperatures ranging from 80 to 160 °C. Solution polymerizations revealed that dioxane is associated with the highest rbr, while aromatic solvents result in the lowest values of rbr. Interestingly, rbr for polymerizations in solution with dioxane depends on the actual monomer concentration at a given time in the system, but is not depending on the initial monomer concentration. The overall rate of polymerization in bulk and in solution is well represented by an equation with three or four parameters, respectively, being estimated by multiple linear regression and the temperature as additional parameter.
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7
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Recent Advances on Copper Complexes as Visible Light Photoinitiators and (Photo) Redox Initiators of Polymerization. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10090953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal complexes are used in numerous chemical and photochemical processes in organic chemistry. Metal complexes have not been excluded from the interest of polymerists to convert liquid resins into solid materials. If iridium complexes have demonstrated their remarkable photochemical reactivity in polymerization, their high costs and their attested toxicities have rapidly discarded these complexes for further developments. Conversely, copper complexes are a blooming field of research in (photo) polymerization due to their low cost, easy syntheses, long-living excited state lifetimes, and their remarkable chemical and photochemical stabilities. Copper complexes can also be synthesized in solution and by mechanochemistry, paving the way towards the synthesis of photoinitiators by Green synthetic approaches. In this review, an overview of the different copper complexes reported to date is presented. Copper complexes are versatile candidates for polymerization, as these complexes are now widely used not only in photopolymerization, but also in redox and photoassisted redox polymerization processes.
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Nonque F, Sahut A, Jacquel N, Saint-Loup R, Woisel P, Potier J. Isosorbide monoacrylate: a sustainable monomer for the production of fully bio-based polyacrylates and thermosets. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The radical homopolymerization of isosorbide monoacrylate (IMA) is studied to obtain transfer constants and fully bio-based thermosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florine Nonque
- Univ. Lille
- CNRS
- INRAE
- Centrale Lille
- UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations
| | | | | | | | - Patrice Woisel
- Univ. Lille
- CNRS
- INRAE
- Centrale Lille
- UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations
| | - Jonathan Potier
- Univ. Lille
- CNRS
- INRAE
- Centrale Lille
- UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations
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Laki S, A. Shamsabadi A, Riazi H, Grady MC, Rappe AM, Soroush M. Experimental and Mechanistic Modeling Study of Self-Initiated High-Temperature Polymerization of Ethyl Acrylate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Laki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ahmad A. Shamsabadi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hossein Riazi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael C. Grady
- Axalta Coating Systems, Global Innovation
Center, Navy Yard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19112, United States
| | - Andrew M. Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Masoud Soroush
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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10
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Method of Moments Applied to Most-Likely High-Temperature Free-Radical Polymerization Reactions. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many widely-used polymers are made via free-radical polymerization. Mathematical models of polymerization reactors have many applications such as reactor design, operation, and intensification. The method of moments has been utilized extensively for many decades to derive rate equations needed to predict polymer bulk properties. In this article, for a comprehensive list consisting of more than 40 different reactions that are most likely to occur in high-temperature free-radical homopolymerization, moment rate equations are derived methodically. Three types of radicals—secondary radicals, tertiary radicals formed through backbiting reactions, and tertiary radicals produced by intermolecular chain transfer to polymer reactions—are accounted for. The former tertiary radicals generate short-chain branches, while the latter ones produce long-chain branches. In addition, two types of dead polymer chains, saturated and unsaturated, are considered. Using a step-by-step approach based on the method of moments, this article guides the reader to determine the contributions of each reaction to the production or consumption of each species as well as to the zeroth, first and second moments of chain-length distributions of live and dead polymer chains, in order to derive the overall rate equation for each species, and to derive the rate equations for the leading moments of different chain-length distributions. The closure problems that arise are addressed by assuming chain-length distribution models. As a case study, β-scission and backbiting rate coefficients of methyl acrylate are estimated using the model, and the model is then applied to batch spontaneous thermal polymerization to predict polymer average molecular weights and monomer conversion. These predictions are compared with experimental measurements.
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11
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Wang Z, Yan J, Liu T, Wei Q, Li S, Olszewski M, Wu J, Sobieski J, Fantin M, Bockstaller MR, Matyjaszewski K. Control of Dispersity and Grafting Density of Particle Brushes by Variation of ATRP Catalyst Concentration. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:859-864. [PMID: 35619513 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Silica particles with grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) brushes, SiO2-g-PMMA, were prepared via activator regeneration by electron transfer (ARGET) atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The grafting density and dispersity of the polymer brushes was tuned by the initial ATRP catalyst concentration ([CuII/L]0). Sparsely grafted particle brushes, which also displayed an anisotropic string-like structure in TEM images, were obtained at very low catalyst concentrations, [CuII/L]0 < 1 ppm. The effect of the initial catalyst concentration on dispersity and initiation efficiency in the particle brush system was similar to that observed in the synthesis of linear PMMA homopolymers. The kinetic study revealed a transition from controlled radical polymerization to a less controlled process at low monomer conversion, when the [CuII/L]0 decreased below about 10 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jiajun Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Qiangbing Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Sipei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jianing Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Julian Sobieski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Michael R. Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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12
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On the Thermal Self-Initiation Reaction of n-Butyl Acrylate in Free-Radical Polymerization. Processes (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/pr6010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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