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Snider VG, Hill CL. Functionalized reactive polymers for the removal of chemical warfare agents: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130015. [PMID: 36166906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protection from and removal of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) from the environment remains a global goal. Activated charcoal, metal oxides, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), polyoxometalates (POMs) and reactive polymers have all been investigated for CWA removal. Composite polymeric materials are rapidly gaining traction as versatile building blocks for personal protective equipment (PPE) and catalytic devices. Polymers are inexpensive to produce and easily engineered into a wide range of materials including films, electro-spun fibers, mixed-matrix membranes/reactors, and other forms. When containing reactive side-chains, hydrolysis catalysts, and/or oxidative catalysts polymeric devices are primed for CWA decontamination. In this review, recent advances in reactive polymeric materials for CWA removal are summarized. To aid in comparing the effectiveness of the different solid catalysts, particular attention is paid to the stoichiometric ratio of reactive species to toxic substrate (CWA or CWA simulant).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig L Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Giles SL, Kastl AM, Purdy AP, Leff AC, Ratchford DC, Maza WA, Baturina OA. Surface- and Structural-Dependent Reactivity of Titanium Oxide Nanostructures with 2-Chloroethyl Ethyl Sulfide under Ambient Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:9655-9666. [PMID: 35134290 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Robust materials capable of heterogeneous reactivity are valuable for addressing toxic chemical clean up. Synthetic manipulations for generating titanium oxide nanomaterials have been utilized to alter both photochemical (1000 nm > λ > 400 nm) and chemical heterogeneous reactivity with 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES). Synthesizing TiO2 nanomaterials in the presence of long-chain alkylphosphonic acids enhanced the visible light-driven oxidation of the thioether sulfur of 2-CEES. Photooxidation reaction rates of 99 and 168 μmol/g/h (quantum yields of 5.07 × 10-4 and 8.58 × 10-4 molecules/photon, respectively) were observed for samples made with two different alkylphosphonic acids (C14H29PO3H2 and C9H19PO3H2, respectively). These observations are correlated with (i) generation of new surface defects/states (i.e., oxygen vacancies) as a result of TiO2 grafting by alkylphosphonic acid that may serve as reaction active sites, (ii) better light absorption by assemblies of nanorods and nanowires in comparison to individual nanorods, (iii) surface area differences, and (iv) the exclusion of OH groups due to the surface functionalization with alkylphosphonic acids via Ti-O-P bonds on the TiO2. Alternatively, nanowire-form H2Ti2O5·H2O was produced and found to be capable of highly efficient hydrolysis of the carbon-chlorine (C-Cl) bond of 2-CEES in the dark with a reaction rate of 279.2 μmol/g/h due to the high surface area and chemical nature of the titanate structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer L Giles
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Anastasia M Kastl
- NREIP Intern, Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Andrew P Purdy
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Asher C Leff
- Sensors & Electron Devices Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
- General Technical Services, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Daniel C Ratchford
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - William A Maza
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Olga A Baturina
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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Polyoxometalates and Metal–Organic Frameworks Based Dual-Functional Catalysts for Detoxification of Bis(2-Chloroethyl) Sulfide and Organophosphorus Agents. CATALYSIS SURVEYS FROM ASIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10563-021-09347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Balow RB, McEntee M, Schweigert IV, Jeon S, Peterson GW, Pehrsson P. Battling Chemical Weapons with Zirconium Hydroxide Nanoparticle Sorbent: Impact of Environmental Contaminants on Sarin Sequestration and Decomposition. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:6923-6934. [PMID: 34062060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The promising reactive sorbent zirconium hydroxide (ZH) was challenged with common environmental contaminants (CO2, SO2, and NO2) to determine the impact on chemical warfare agent decomposition. Several environmental adsorbates rapidly formed on the ZH surface through available hydroxyl species and coordinatively unsaturated zirconium sites. ZH decontamination effectiveness was determined using a suite of instrumentation including in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) to monitor sarin (GB) decomposition in real time and at ambient pressure. Surface products were characterized by ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adsorption enthalpies, entropies, and bond lengths for environmental contaminants and GB decomposition products were estimated using density functional theory (DFT). Consistent with the XPS and DRIFTS results, DFT simulations predicted the relative stabilities of molecular adsorbates and reaction products in the following order: CO2 < NO2 < GB ≈ SO2. Microbreakthrough capacity measurements on ZH showed a 7-fold increase in the sorption of NO2 vs SO2, which indicates differences in the surface reactivity of these species. GB decomposition was rapid on clean and CO2-dosed ZH and showed reduced decomposition on SO2- and NO2-predosed samples. Despite these findings, the total GB sorption capacity of clean and predosed ZH was consistent across all samples. These data provide insight into the real-world use of ZH as a reactive sorbent for chemical decontamination applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Balow
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Monica McEntee
- U.S. Army, Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Igor V Schweigert
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Seokmin Jeon
- Former National Research Council (NRC) Research Associateship Program, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Gregory W Peterson
- U.S. Army, Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Pehr Pehrsson
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
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Simple and highly active strontium-based catalyst for detoxification of an organophosphorus chemical warfare agent simulant. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-020-00048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lyapkov AA, Ta QC, Kukurina OS, Troyan AA, Soroka LS, Zemlyakov DI, Ashirov RV, Nguyen VT, Rusakov DA, Vervacke D. Low-density polydicyclopentadiene through the use of microspheres. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Synthesis, plasmonic properties, and CWA simulant decontamination activity of first row early transition metal nitride powders and nanomaterials. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Vakalopoulou E, Borisov SM, Slugovc C. Fast Oxygen Scavenging of Macroporous Poly(Norbornadiene) Prepared by Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900581. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Vakalopoulou
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of MaterialsGraz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 A 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food ChemistryGraz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 A 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christian Slugovc
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of MaterialsGraz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 A 8010 Graz Austria
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2018. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Vakalopoulou E, Slugovc C. The Effects of Enhancing the Crosslinking Degree in High Internal Phase Emulsion Templated Poly(dicyclopentadiene). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Vakalopoulou
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of MaterialsGraz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 A 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christian Slugovc
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of MaterialsGraz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 A 8010 Graz Austria
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Zhang T, Sanguramath RA, Israel S, Silverstein MS. Emulsion Templating: Porous Polymers and Beyond. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | | | - Sima Israel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Michael S. Silverstein
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Lundin JG, McGann CL, Weise NK, Estrella LA, Balow RB, Streifel BC, Wynne JH. Iodine binding and release from antimicrobial hemostatic polymer foams. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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