1
|
Watson J, Balmforth V, Gray E, Unthank MG. pH-Responsive, Thermoset Polymer Coatings for Active Protection against Aluminum Corrosion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:12986-12995. [PMID: 38426266 PMCID: PMC10941078 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and use of multifunctional methacrylic monomers, which contain basic (amine) functional groups, including an example in which an acid-labile tert-butylcarbamate-protected glycine is used to form a novel methacrylic monomer. The "protected" amino acid-derived functional monomer (BOC-Gly-MA) is copolymerized with an epoxide functional methacrylic monomer (GMA), to deliver novel multifunctional polymers, which are processed into powder coatings and used to study filiform corrosion at the surface of an aluminum substrate. The BOC-Gly-MA-containing copolymers were shown to improve a coating's anticorrosion performance, presenting the lowest average filiform corrosion (FFC) track length, total FFC number, and total corroded surface area (CSA) of the coatings investigated. Further to this, a mode of action for the role of BOC-Gly functional polymers in corrosion protection is proposed, supported by both solution and polymer-aluminum interface studies, delivering new insights into the mode of action of pH-responsive polymer coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Watson
- Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Victoria Balmforth
- AkzoNobel,
Polymer Development Group, Stoneygate Lane, Felling, Tyne & Wear NE10 0JY, U.K.
| | - Elaine Gray
- AkzoNobel,
Polymer Development Group, Stoneygate Lane, Felling, Tyne & Wear NE10 0JY, U.K.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muthulingam J, Padmanaban AG, Singh NK, Bacha TW, Stanzione JF, Haas FM, Jha R, Lee JH, Koohbor B. Molecular Weight Controls Interactions between Plastic Deformation and Fracture in Cold Spray of Glassy Polymers. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:3956-3970. [PMID: 36743048 PMCID: PMC9893447 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymer cold spray has gained considerable attention as a novel manufacturing process. A promising aspect of this technology involves the ability to deposit uniform polymer coatings without the requirements of solvent and/or high-temperature conditions. The present study investigates the interplay between shear instability, often considered to be the primary mechanism for bond formation, and fracture, as a secondary energy dissipation mechanism, collectively governing the deposition of glassy thermoplastics on similar and dissimilar substrates. A hybrid experimental-computational approach is utilized to explore the simultaneous effects of several interconnected phenomena, namely the particle-substrate relative deformability, molecular weights, and the resultant yielding versus fracture of polystyrene particles, examined herein as a model material system. The computational investigations are based on constitutive plasticity and damage equations determined and calibrated based on a statistical data mining approach applied to a wide collection of previously reported stress-strain and failure data. Results obtained herein demonstrate that the underlying adhesion mechanisms depend strongly on the molecular weight of the sprayed particles. It is also shown that although the plastic deformation and shear instability are still the primary bond formation mechanisms, the molecular-weight-dependent fracture of the sprayed glassy polymers is also a considerable phenomenon capable of significantly affecting the deposition process, especially in cases involving the cold spray of soft thermoplastics on hard substrates. The strong interplay between molecular-weight-dependent plastic yielding and fracture in the examined system emphasizes the importance of molecular weight as a critical variable in the cold spray of glassy polymers, also highlighting the possibility of process optimization by proper feedstock selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeeva Muthulingam
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey08028, United States
| | - Anuraag Gangineri Padmanaban
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Nand K. Singh
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey08028, United States
- Advanced
Materials and Manufacturing Institute, Rowan
University, Glassboro, New Jersey08028, United States
| | - Tristan W. Bacha
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey08028, United States
- Advanced
Materials and Manufacturing Institute, Rowan
University, Glassboro, New Jersey08028, United States
| | - Joseph F. Stanzione
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey08028, United States
- Advanced
Materials and Manufacturing Institute, Rowan
University, Glassboro, New Jersey08028, United States
| | - Francis M. Haas
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey08028, United States
- Advanced
Materials and Manufacturing Institute, Rowan
University, Glassboro, New Jersey08028, United States
| | - Ratneshwar Jha
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey08028, United States
- Advanced
Materials and Manufacturing Institute, Rowan
University, Glassboro, New Jersey08028, United States
| | - Jae-Hwang Lee
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Behrad Koohbor
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey08028, United States
- Advanced
Materials and Manufacturing Institute, Rowan
University, Glassboro, New Jersey08028, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Full Recycling and Re-Use of Bio-Based Epoxy Thermosets: Chemical and Thermomechanical Characterization of the Recycled Matrices. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224828. [PMID: 36432952 PMCID: PMC9699153 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High performances of thermosets deriving from their covalent intermolecular cross-link bonds result in their low recyclability hindering the full exploitation of a truly circular approach for cured thermosets. In this experimental work, the recyclability of a bio-based fully recyclable epoxy resin using a mild chemical recycling process was demonstrated. The recycled polymer obtained was fully characterized to ascertain its structure and properties. MALDI (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization), GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography) and NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy to determine the chemical structure of the recycled polymer were used. The thermomechanical properties of the cured virgin network and of the recycled product obtained were measured by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis). Thermogravimetric analysis of the recycled polymer was also performed. The recycled polymer was transformed into a polyurethane by reacting it with an isocyanate. The synthetized polyurethane obtained therefrom was thoroughly characterized by thermogravimetric analysis. This approach proved the possibility to up-scale the recycled product making it available for novel applications exploiting its re-use.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gangineri Padmanaban A, Bacha TW, Muthulingam J, Haas FM, Stanzione JF, Koohbor B, Lee JH. Molecular-Weight-Dependent Interplay of Brittle-to-Ductile Transition in High-Strain-Rate Cold Spray Deposition of Glassy Polymers. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:26465-26472. [PMID: 35936467 PMCID: PMC9352157 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Based on the cold spray technique, the solvent-free and solid-state deposition of glassy polymers is envisioned. Adiabatic inelastic deformation mechanisms in the cold spray technique are studied through high-velocity collisions (<1000 m/s) of polystyrene microparticles against stationary target substrates of polystyrene and silicon. During extreme collisions, a brittle-to-ductile transition occurs, leading to either fracture- or shear-dominant inelastic deformation of the colliding microparticles. Due to the nonlinear interplay between the adiabatic shearing and the thermal softening of polystyrene, the plastic shear flow becomes the dominant deformation channel over brittle fragmentation when increasing the rigidity of the target substrate. High molecular weights (>20 kDa) are essential to hinder the evolution of brittle fracture and promote shear-induced heating beyond the glass transition temperature of polystyrene. However, an excessively high molecular weight (∼100 kDa) reduces the adhesion of the microparticles to the substrate due to insufficient wetting of the softened polystyrene. Due to the two competing viscoelastic effects, proper selection of molecular weight becomes critical for the cold spray technique of glassy polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuraag Gangineri Padmanaban
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Tristan W. Bacha
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Jeeva Muthulingam
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Francis M. Haas
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Joseph F. Stanzione
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Behrad Koohbor
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Jae-Hwang Lee
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Preparation and Characteristic of Polyurethane Powder Adhesives with Heating Resistance Modified by Nanosilica. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/6384600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethane powder adhesives (PPAs) have a great application prospect in various areas. However, the weakly adhesion property at high temperature greatly hindered its application. In this study, nanosilica as reinforcing agent and dispersing agent has been introduced during the preparation of PPAs. A series of the polyurethane powder adhesives modified by nanosilica were prepared and the influence of adding order of nanosilica on the heat resistance and adhesive strength properties of PPAs has been investigated. The results showed that the T-peel strength of most samples after second heat (heated at 70°C for 24 hours) decreased about 60-80% comparing with the original T-peel strength. However, PPSY only decreased 17.5%, which indicated the nanosilica added after the chain extension reaction, in the prepolymer synthesis could increase the heat resistance performance of polyurethane powder adhesives. It also means the nanosilica was doped between the PU chains keeping the original form as enhancement reagent adding the nanosilica after the chain extension reaction. The excellent heat resistance performance of PPSY could meet the requirements of the industrial gluing in the fields of footwear.
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang M, Liu Y, Khalkhali Z, Kim A, Hu W, Lee JH, Rothstein JP, Klier J, Schiffman JD. Epoxy Resin-Encapsulated Polymer Microparticles for Room-Temperature Cold Sprayable Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:50358-50367. [PMID: 34648279 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized epoxy-encapsulated microparticles with core-shell structures via suspension polymerization to enable high-efficiency, room-temperature cold spray processing. The soft core of the microparticles was comprised of a thermoset resin, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), which was optionally blended with the thermoplastic, poly(butyl acrylate); the protective shell was formed using polyurea. The composition, morphology, and thermal behavior of the microparticles were investigated. An inverse relationship between deposition efficiency and particle size was demonstrated by varying the surfactant concentration that was used during particle synthesis. We also determined that the microparticles that had pure resin as the core had the lowest viscosity, exhibited a decrease in the critical impact velocity required for adhesion, had the best flowability, and yielded a dramatic increase in deposition efficiency (56%). We have demonstrated that our in-house synthesized particles can form homogeneous, smooth, and fully coalesced coatings using room-temperature cold spray.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Zahra Khalkhali
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ara Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jae-Hwang Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jonathan P Rothstein
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - John Klier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jessica D Schiffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tang Q, Li Q, Luo Y, Pan X, Xi Z, Zhao L. Development of an Innovative Biobased UV Coating Synthesized from Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil and Poly(octamethylene maleate (anhydride) citrate). Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yunhan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xun Pan
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Zhenhao Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Farshchi N, Gedan-Smolka M. Polyurethane Powder Coatings: A Review of Composition and Characterization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Negin Farshchi
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden 01069, Germany
- Faculty of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Institute of Material Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang M, Liu Y, Klier J, Schiffman JD. High-Performance, UV-Curable Crosslinked Films via Grafting of Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate Methylene Malonate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020; 59:4542-4548. [PMID: 34045792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thermoset coatings have been used extensively to protect and enhance the appearance of substrates for industrial maintenance and architectural applications. Here, we demonstrate that anionic polymerization can be used to first graft hydroxyethyl methacrylate methylene malonate (HEMA-MM) onto a latex particle at ambient conditions, while subsequent ultraviolet (UV) exposure enabled their crosslinking into robust coatings. At room temperature, in the presence of air and water, the polymerization of HEMA-MM was initiated by anionic carboxyl groups present on the MAA latex particles and subsequently grafted onto the surface of particles. The pendent hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) group enabled UV-curing via free radical polymerization and the formation of a crosslinked network. Systematic investigations were conducted to study the formation and performance of the crosslinked coatings as a function of HEMA-MM incorporation. The incorporation of 10 wt% HEMA-MM into MAA latex yielded crosslinked coatings with decreased swelling, a heightened glass transition temperature (by ~20 °C) and a 2.9-fold improvement in the Young's moduli compared to controls (without HEMA-MM). Here, we demonstrate a facile method that provides a one-step grafting-functionalization approach using functional methylene malonates to produce UV-curable and high-performance coatings at room temperature and under atmospheric environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - John Klier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Jessica D Schiffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu Z, Zhang C, Gong S. Preparation and Properties of Polyester Modified Waterborne High Hydroxyl Content and High Solid Content Polyacrylate Emulsion. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040636. [PMID: 30965647 PMCID: PMC6523652 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A high hydroxyl content waterborne polyester-acrylate emulsion was successfully synthesized in two steps. Firstly, the carboxyl terminated unsaturated polyester was synthesized, then it was reacted as a monomer with acrylate monomer by emulsion polymerization using the semi-continuous seeded method. The effects of the amount of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), the ratio of polyester/acrylic, the ratio of soft/hard monomer, and the content of chain transfer agent to the properties of the composite emulsion were investigated. Through a variety of tests, both the emulsion and film properties of the composite emulsion were better than polyacrylate emulsion. The introduction of polyester improved the flexibility and impact resistance of hydroxyl acrylate film, and made the modified resin have advantages of both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhewen Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Savage PE. Virtual Special Issue: Invited Papers from the 255th ACS National Meeting in New Orleans. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|