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Jud W, Sommer F, Kappe CO, Cantillo D. Electrochemical α-Arylation of Ketones via Anodic Oxidation of In Situ Generated Silyl Enol Ethers. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16026-16034. [PMID: 34343004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical procedure for the α-arylation of ketones has been developed. The method is based on the generation and one-pot anodic oxidation of silyl enol ethers in the presence of the arene. This strategy avoids isolation of the silyl enol intermediate and the utilization of external supporting electrolytes. Intermolecular arylations, which had not been reported so far, are possible when electron-rich arenes are utilized as coupling partners. The method has been demonstrated for a wide variety of aryl ketones and activated arenes, with moderate to good yields (up to 69%) obtained. Mechanistic insights and a theoretical rationale that explains the ketone α-arylation versus dimerization selectivity are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jud
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Sommer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Fallah Z, Zare EN, Ghomi M, Ahmadijokani F, Amini M, Tajbakhsh M, Arjmand M, Sharma G, Ali H, Ahmad A, Makvandi P, Lichtfouse E, Sillanpää M, Varma RS. Toxicity and remediation of pharmaceuticals and pesticides using metal oxides and carbon nanomaterials. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130055. [PMID: 33984903 PMCID: PMC8588192 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide development of agriculture and industry has resulted in contamination of water bodies by pharmaceuticals, pesticides and other xenobiotics. Even at trace levels of few micrograms per liter in waters, these contaminants induce public health and environmental issues, thus calling for efficient removal methods such as adsorption. Recent adsorption techniques for wastewater treatment involve metal oxide compounds, e.g. Fe2O3, ZnO, Al2O3 and ZnO-MgO, and carbon-based materials such as graphene oxide, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, and carbon/graphene quantum dots. Here, the small size of metal oxides and the presence various functional groups has allowed higher adsorption efficiencies. Moreover, carbon-based adsorbents exhibit unique properties such as high surface area, high porosity, easy functionalization, low price, and high surface reactivity. Here we review the cytotoxic effects of pharmaceutical drugs and pesticides in terms of human risk and ecotoxicology. We also present remediation techniques involving adsorption on metal oxides and carbon-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zari Fallah
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
| | | | - Matineh Ghomi
- School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan, 36716-41167, Iran
| | - Farhad Ahmadijokani
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Majed Amini
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mahmood Tajbakhsh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Nanshan District Key Lab. for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Hamna Ali
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Awais Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, 13100, Aix en Provence, France.
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Chemical Methods and Treatment Branch, Water Infrastructure Division, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA; Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Š lechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Gao Z, Hu B, Wang H, Wang J, Cheng M. Computational insights into the sorption mechanism of environmental contaminants by carbon nanoparticles through molecular dynamics simulation and density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:27308-27319. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03459b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials like carbon nanotube, graphene or graphene oxide could significantly enhance contaminant sorption in aqueous solutions, offering a promising opportunity in water and air purification for removal of environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zisen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- P. R. China
| | - Baichun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- P. R. China
| | - Hanxun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- P. R. China
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