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Sina A, Sarrafi Y, Tajbakhsh M, Fallah Z. An arrangement of β-cyclodextrin chitosan supported on magnetic graphene oxide and its application for in-vitro drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125696. [PMID: 37406915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Sina
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Sarrafi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
| | - Mahmood Tajbakhsh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Zari Fallah
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
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Rabiee N, Sharma R, Foorginezhad S, Jouyandeh M, Asadnia M, Rabiee M, Akhavan O, Lima EC, Formela K, Ashrafizadeh M, Fallah Z, Hassanpour M, Mohammadi A, Saeb MR. Green and Sustainable Membranes: A review. Environ Res 2023; 231:116133. [PMID: 37209981 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Membranes are ubiquitous tools for modern water treatment technology that critically eliminate hazardous materials such as organic, inorganic, heavy metals, and biomedical pollutants. Nowadays, nano-membranes are of particular interest for myriad applications such as water treatment, desalination, ion exchange, ion concentration control, and several kinds of biomedical applications. However, this state-of-the-art technology suffers from some drawbacks, e.g., toxicity and fouling of contaminants, which makes the synthesis of green and sustainable membranes indeed safety-threatening. Typically, sustainability, non-toxicity, performance optimization, and commercialization are concerns centered on manufacturing green synthesized membranes. Thus, critical issues related to toxicity, biosafety, and mechanistic aspects of green-synthesized nano-membranes have to be systematically and comprehensively reviewed and discussed. Herein we evaluate various aspects of green nano-membranes in terms of their synthesis, characterization, recycling, and commercialization aspects. Nanomaterials intended for nano-membrane development are classified in view of their chemistry/synthesis, advantages, and limitations. Indeed, attaining prominent adsorption capacity and selectivity in green-synthesized nano-membranes requires multi-objective optimization of a number of materials and manufacturing parameters. In addition, the efficacy and removal performance of green nano-membranes are analyzed theoretically and experimentally to provide researchers and manufacturers with a comprehensive image of green nano-membrane efficiency under real environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Rabiee
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia; Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Iran.
| | - Rajni Sharma
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Sahar Foorginezhad
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia; Lulea University of Technology, Department of Energy Science and Mathematics, Energy Science, 97187, Lulea, Sweden
| | - Maryam Jouyandeh
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asadnia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterial Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Akhavan
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Iran
| | - Eder C Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdánsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdánsk, Poland
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zari Fallah
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, P. O. Box 47416, 95447, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Hassanpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Abbas Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdánsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdánsk, Poland
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Fallah Z, Tajbakhsh M, Alikhani M, Larijani B, Faramarzi MA, Hamedifar H, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M, Mahdavi M. A review on synthesis, mechanism of action, and structure-activity relationships of 1,2,3-triazole-based α-glucosidase inhibitors as promising anti-diabetic agents. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zare EN, Fallah Z, Le VT, Doan VD, Mudhoo A, Joo SW, Vasseghian Y, Tajbakhsh M, Moradi O, Sillanpää M, Varma RS. Remediation of pharmaceuticals from contaminated water by molecularly imprinted polymers: a review. Environ Chem Lett 2022; 20:2629-2664. [PMID: 35431714 PMCID: PMC8999999 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-022-01439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The release of pharmaceuticals into the environment induces adverse effects on the metabolism of humans and other living species, calling for advanced remediation methods. Conventional removal methods are often non-selective and cause secondary contamination. These issues may be partly solved by the use of recently-developped adsorbents such as molecularly imprinted polymers. Here we review the synthesis and application of molecularly imprinted polymers for removing pharmaceuticals in water. Molecularly imprinted polymers are synthesized via several multiple-step polymerization methods. Molecularly imprinted polymers are potent adsorbents at the laboratory scale, yet their efficiency is limited by template leakage and polymer quality. Adsorption performance of multi-templated molecularly imprinted polymers depends on the design of wastewater treatment plants, pharmaceutical consumption patterns and the population serviced by these wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zari Fallah
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, 47416-95447 Babolsar, Iran
| | - Van Thuan Le
- Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 55000 Vietnam
- The Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 55000 Vietnam
| | - Van-Dat Doan
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, 12 Nguyen Van Bao, Ho Chi Minh, 70000 Vietnam
| | - Ackmez Mudhoo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837 Mauritius
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978 South Korea
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978 South Korea
| | - Mahmood Tajbakhsh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, 47416-95447 Babolsar, Iran
| | - Omid Moradi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028 South Africa
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Joseph J, Iftekhar S, Srivastava V, Fallah Z, Zare EN, Sillanpää M. Iron-based metal-organic framework: Synthesis, structure and current technologies for water reclamation with deep insight into framework integrity. Chemosphere 2021; 284:131171. [PMID: 34198064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water is a supreme requirement for the existence of life, the contamination from the point and non-point sources are creating a great threat to the water ecosystem. Advance tools and techniques are required to restore the water quality and metal-organic framework (MOFs) with a tunable porous structure, striking physical and chemical properties are an excellent candidate for it. Fe-based MOFs, which developed rapidly in recent years, are foreseen as most promising to overcome the disadvantages of traditional water depolluting practices. Fe-MOFs with low toxicity and preferable stability possess excellent performance potential for almost all water remedying techniques in contrast to other MOF structures, especially visible light photocatalysis, Fenton, and Fenton-like heterogeneous catalysis. Fe-MOFs become essential tool for water treatment due to their high catalytic activity, abundant active site and pollutant-specific adsorption. However, the structural degradation under external chemical, photolytic, mechanical, and thermal stimuli is impeding Fe-MOFs from further improvement in activity and their commercialization. Understanding the shortcomings of structural integrity is crucial for large-scale synthesis and commercial implementation of Fe-MOFs-based water treatment techniques. Herein we summarize the synthesis, structure and recent advancements in water remediation methods using Fe-MOFs in particular more attention is paid for adsorption, heterogeneous catalysis and photocatalysis with clear insight into the mechanisms involved. For ease of analysis, the pollutants have been classified into two major classes; inorganic pollutants and organic pollutants. In this review, we present for the first time a detailed insight into the challenges in employing Fe-MOFs for water remediation due to structural instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, Jyväskylä University, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sidra Iftekhar
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70120, Finland
| | - Varsha Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Jyväskylä University, Jyväskylä, Finland; Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland.
| | - Zari Fallah
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
| | | | - Mika Sillanpää
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), NO. 2006, Xiyuan Ave., West High-Tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, PR China; Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied Physics, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; School of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India; Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Fallah Z, Zare EN, Khan MA, Iftekhar S, Ghomi M, Sharifi E, Tajbakhsh M, Nikfarjam N, Makvandi P, Lichtfouse E, Sillanpaa M, Varma RS. Ionic liquid-based antimicrobial materials for water treatment, air filtration, food packaging and anticorrosion coatings. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 294:102454. [PMID: 34102390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to widen the scope of ionic liquids applications across diverse research areas have flourished in the last two decades with developments in understanding and tailoring their physical, chemical, and biological properties. The promising applications of ionic liquids-based materials as antimicrobial systems is due to their ability and flexibility to be tailored in varying sizes, morphologies, and surface charges. Ionic liquids are also considered as greener materials. Common methods for the preparation of ionic liquid-based materials include crosslinking, loading, grafting, and combination of ionic liquids with other polymeric materials. Recent research focuses on the tuning of the biological properties to design novel ionic liquids-based antimicrobial materials. Here, the properties, synthesis and applications of ionic liquids and ionic liquids-based materials are reviewed with focus on antimicrobial activities applied to water treatment, air filtration, food packaging, and anticorrosion.
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Fallah Z, Zare EN, Ghomi M, Ahmadijokani F, Amini M, Tajbakhsh M, Arjmand M, Sharma G, Ali H, Ahmad A, Makvandi P, Lichtfouse E, Sillanpää M, Varma RS. Toxicity and remediation of pharmaceuticals and pesticides using metal oxides and carbon nanomaterials. Chemosphere 2021; 275:130055. [PMID: 33984903 PMCID: PMC8588192 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide development of agriculture and industry has resulted in contamination of water bodies by pharmaceuticals, pesticides and other xenobiotics. Even at trace levels of few micrograms per liter in waters, these contaminants induce public health and environmental issues, thus calling for efficient removal methods such as adsorption. Recent adsorption techniques for wastewater treatment involve metal oxide compounds, e.g. Fe2O3, ZnO, Al2O3 and ZnO-MgO, and carbon-based materials such as graphene oxide, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, and carbon/graphene quantum dots. Here, the small size of metal oxides and the presence various functional groups has allowed higher adsorption efficiencies. Moreover, carbon-based adsorbents exhibit unique properties such as high surface area, high porosity, easy functionalization, low price, and high surface reactivity. Here we review the cytotoxic effects of pharmaceutical drugs and pesticides in terms of human risk and ecotoxicology. We also present remediation techniques involving adsorption on metal oxides and carbon-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zari Fallah
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
| | | | - Matineh Ghomi
- School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan, 36716-41167, Iran
| | - Farhad Ahmadijokani
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Majed Amini
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mahmood Tajbakhsh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Nanshan District Key Lab. for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Hamna Ali
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Awais Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, 13100, Aix en Provence, France.
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Chemical Methods and Treatment Branch, Water Infrastructure Division, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA; Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Š lechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Fallah Z, Isfahani HN, Tajbakhsh M. Removal of fluoride ion from aqueous solutions by titania-grafted β-cyclodextrin nanocomposite. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:3281-3294. [PMID: 31838690 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
TiO2-grafted β-cyclodextrin nanocomposite was synthesized by treating the triazole modified β-cyclodextrin with the amino functionalized titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and applied for removal of fluoride ion from aqueous media by batch technique. The structural changes of nanocomposite before and after fluoride sorption were characterized using BET, BJH, AFM, and elemental mapping based on EDX analyses. The adsorption parameters including pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, temperature, initial fluoride ion concentration, and coexisting anions have been investigated to determine the optimal adsorption conditions. The experimental data were evaluated by the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms, and the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models. Evaluation of experimental data with adsorption isotherms, Langmuire (R2 = 0.9988 and Qmax = 48.78 mg g-1), Temkin (R2 = 0.9939), and Freundlich (nF = 2.73) reveals the high adsorption efficiency of nanocomposite and suggests a monolayer chemical adsorption for fluoride ions. The adsorption experimental data fitted well with the pseudo-second order kinetic model, suggesting that a chemical sorption is involved in the rate-determining step. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG° < 0, ΔH° > 0 and ΔS° > 0) confirmed the spontaneity, feasibility, and endothermic nature of fluoride sorption. The nanoadsorbent was regenerated in NaOH solution and reused for three adsorption-desorption cycles. The adsorption results represented the nanocomposite as a potential adsorbent for the fluoride ions removal from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zari Fallah
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, P. O. Box 47416-95447, Babolsar, Iran
- School of Chemistry, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, 3619995161, Iran
| | | | - Mahmood Tajbakhsh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, P. O. Box 47416-95447, Babolsar, Iran.
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Tajbakhsh M, Ranjbar Y, Masuodi A, Rezaee P, Tajbakhsh M, Fallah Z. Ultrasonic-Assisted Surface- Modification of Nanosilica Chloride and its Use for Synthesis of 3,4- Dihydropyrimidinones. LETT ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178610666131128234939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
The membrane-associated protein gephyrin can form part of the glycine receptor complex at inhibitory synapses. This study provides evidence for gephyrin localisation in the developing axons of the rat brain and spinal cord, with particular reference to the corticospinal tract. Using a well-characterised monoclonal antibody (MAb 7a) gephyrin-like immunoreactivity was found expressed by growing axons, disappearing as these axons became myelinated. Immunoelectron microscopy localised the antigen to the interior of small, unmyelinated axons in the dorsal funiculus of young rats. Western blot analysis of cervical spinal cord from different post-natal ages only detected one immunoreactive band at ages when immunohistochemistry revealed gephyrin-like immunoreactivity in both the grey matter and corticospinal tract. Furthermore, the molecular weight of this band corresponded to that of gephyrin, suggesting it is present both at synapses and in axons. The known tubulin binding ability of the gephyrin may have a role in stabilisation of microtubules in growing axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Fallah
- Developmental Neuroscience Group, Department of Child Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Clowry GJ, Arnott GA, Clement-Jones M, Fallah Z, Gould S, Wright C. Changing pattern of expression of parvalbumin immunoreactivity during human fetal spinal cord development. J Comp Neurol 2000; 423:727-35. [PMID: 10880999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the calcium binding protein parvalbumin (PV) by different classes of spinal neuron has been shown to be developmentally regulated in both rat and monkey. From postmortem studies of eight human cervical spinal cords ranging in age from 11 to 35 weeks postconceptional age, we report that parvalbumin immunoreactivity is similarly plastic in human lower cervical spinal cord development, with many changes occurring prenatally. At 11-14 weeks postconceptional age, there was prominent immunostaining of primary sensory afferents that could be seen coursing through the dorsal horn and extensively innervating the motoneuron pools. Motoneurons were also found to be clearly immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase by this age. A few ventral horn neurons that were not motoneurons were also parvalbumin immunoreactive. By 24-27 weeks postconceptional age, sensory afferents were still immunoreactive, as were many other axons throughout the white matter. In addition, many ventral horn neurons were now immunoreactive as well as a few dorsal horn neurons. By 31-35 weeks postconceptional age, there was extensive immunostaining of neurons throughout the spinal cord, including a few moderately immunoreactive motoneurons. There were many immunopositive axons in all the white matter tracts except the corticospinal tracts; however, staining of sensory axons traversing the grey matter was less prominent by this age. In the rat, expression of PV by primary sensory neurons coincides with the onset of fetal limb movement. The onset of expression of PV in ventral horn neurons coincides with later developmental events after the arrival of corticospinal inputs, whereas widespread PV immunoreactivity in dorsal horn neurons marks the attainment of a mature pattern of PV expression. The extent to which expression of PV immunoreactivity can be taken to indicate landmarks in human development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Clowry
- Developmental Neuroscience Group, Department of Child Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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Fallah Z, Clowry GJ. The effect of a peripheral nerve lesion on calbindin D28k immunoreactivity in the cervical ventral horn of developing and adult rats. Exp Neurol 1999; 156:111-20. [PMID: 10192782 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1999.7017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Expression of calbindin D28k (CB) immunoreactivity by putative Renshaw cells is substantially downregulated by sciatic motoneuron axotomy in the adult rat. The present study investigated the effect of median and ulnar nerve lesion at different ages on ventral horn CB immunoreactivity 7 days after the injury to see whether similar results were obtained in the cervical cord and during development. Two major differences were observed. First, axotomy induced CB immunoreactivity in some motoneurons, confirmed by retrograde labeling of the injured neurons with fast blue (FB). Observation of fluorescent phagocytic microglia revealed that some motoneuron death occurred following lesions at postnatal day 2 (P2) and P7, but not at P21 or P63. A significantly higher proportion of remaining FB labeled motoneurons expressed CB following lesion at P2 (mean 33% +/- 7.6 SD) and P7 (30.6% +/- 5.2) than at P28 (14.0% +/- 1.9). Second, CB expression by putative Renshaw cells was not significantly downregulated ipsilateral to the lesion. CB immunofluorescent putative Renshaw cells were counted in sections containing FB labeled motoneurons. No consistent differences in the numbers of Renshaw cells ipsilateral and contralateral to the lesion were found at any age. To confirm that these neurons really were Renshaw cells, the mediators of recurrent inhibition to cholinergic motoneurons, we employed double-immunofluorescence labeling with confocal microscopy. The group of CB immunopositive neurons located among the converging ventral roots in the cervical cord were closely apposed by many axon terminals immunoreactive for (i) vesicular acetylcholine transporter and (ii) cholera toxin B localized to motor axon collaterals by injection of this tracer into a distal forelimb muscle. We conclude that motoneuron axotomy need not always downregulate CB expression in associated Renshaw cells. In addition, some brachial motoneurons respond to axotomy by expressing CB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Fallah
- Department of Child Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
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Clowry GJ, Fallah Z, Arnott G. Developmental expression of parvalbumin by rat lower cervical spinal cord neurones and the effect of early lesions to the motor cortex. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1997; 102:197-208. [PMID: 9352102 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(97)00098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Expression of calcium binding proteins (CaBPs), increasing neuronal activity and phases of synapse elimination are widely believed to be linked during development. We have employed immunocytochemistry to study the expression of the CaBP parvalbumin (PV) during the postnatal development of the lower cervical spinal cord and investigated how early lesions to the motor cortex, at the onset of corticospinal synaptogenesis, perturb the normal pattern of PV expression. This study confirms previous observations that in normal rats PV-like immunoreactivity is confined to large sensory afferents for at least 10 days postnatally (P10) and that the adult pattern of expression emerges from about P18 and involves mainly dorsal horn neurones. However, the study has also demonstrated a transient wave of expression in ventral horn neurones which reaches a maximum between P14-18 and declines thereafter. Unilateral lesions made at P7 to the forelimb motor cortex, which sends an almost completely crossed projection to the spinal cord, resulted in reduced neuronal expression of PV in the lower cervical spinal cord contralaterally at a range of ages (P14-31). The median ratio of PV positive neurones contralateral/ipsilateral to the lesion in spinal cord segments C7 and C8 was significantly lower (p < 0.01) at 56.0% (34.5-76.8 95% confidence limits, n = 14) than in sham operated controls (99.7%, range 93.7-113.6, n = 5). The lesion affected the transient wave of expression seen in ventral horn neurones during the third postnatal week as well as dorsal horn expression at older ages. We conclude that there is considerable plasticity in PV immunoreactivity during spinal cord development. PV is transiently expressed by ventral horn neurones at an age when movement control is functionally maturing. Early cortical lesions disrupt this transient phase of expression but also alter mature patterns of PV localisation. This suggests a critical role for corticospinal pathways in guiding maturation of segmental spinal cord circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Clowry
- Department of Child Health, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Sir James Spence Institute, UK.
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