1
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Zou Y, Yan L, Maillet B, Sidi-Boulenouar R, Brochard L, Coussot P. Critical Role of Boundary Conditions in Sorption Kinetics Measurements. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:18866-18879. [PMID: 38088832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to characterize the hygroscopic properties of cellulose-based materials, which can absorb large amounts of water from vapor in ambient air, or the adsorption capacity of pollutants or molecules in various porous materials, it is common to rely on sorption-desorption dynamic tests. This consists of observing the mass variation over time when the sample is placed in contact with a fluid containing the elements to be absorbed or adsorbed. Here, we focus on the case of a hygroscopic material in contact with air at a relative humidity (RH) differing from that at which it has been prepared. We show that the vapor mass flux going out of the sample follows from the solution of a vapor convection-diffusion problem along the surface and is proportional to the difference between the RH of the air flux and that along the surface with a multiplicative factor (δ) depending only on the characteristics of the air flux and the geometry of the system, including the surface roughness. This factor may be determined from independent measurements in which the RH along the surface is known while keeping all other variables constant. Then we show that the apparent sorption or desorption kinetics critically depend on the competition between boundary conditions and transport through the material. For sufficiently low air flux intensities or small sample thicknesses, the moisture distribution in the sample remains uniform and evolves toward the equilibrium with a kinetics depending on the value of δ and the material thickness. For sufficiently high air flux intensities or large sample thicknesses, the moisture distribution is highly inhomogeneous, and the kinetics reflect the ability of water transport by diffusion through the material. We illustrate and validate this theoretical description on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging experiments on drying cellulose fiber stacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Zou
- Laboratoire Navier (Ecole des Ponts Paris Tech-Univ Gustave Eiffel-CNRS), Champs-sur-Marne 77420, France
| | - Luoyi Yan
- Laboratoire Navier (Ecole des Ponts Paris Tech-Univ Gustave Eiffel-CNRS), Champs-sur-Marne 77420, France
| | - Benjamin Maillet
- Laboratoire Navier (Ecole des Ponts Paris Tech-Univ Gustave Eiffel-CNRS), Champs-sur-Marne 77420, France
| | - Rahima Sidi-Boulenouar
- Laboratoire Navier (Ecole des Ponts Paris Tech-Univ Gustave Eiffel-CNRS), Champs-sur-Marne 77420, France
| | - Laurent Brochard
- Laboratoire Navier (Ecole des Ponts Paris Tech-Univ Gustave Eiffel-CNRS), Champs-sur-Marne 77420, France
| | - Philippe Coussot
- Laboratoire Navier (Ecole des Ponts Paris Tech-Univ Gustave Eiffel-CNRS), Champs-sur-Marne 77420, France
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2
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Ren L, Gao X, Zhang X, Qiang T. Stable and recyclable polyporous polyurethane foam highly loaded with UIO-66-NH2 nanoparticles for removal of Cr(Ⅵ) in wastewater. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Wang Y, Strohmaier K, Strasser M. Investigation of Water Kinetics in Zeolite
Linde‐Type‐A
Crystals by a Concentration‐swing Frequency Response. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Corporate Strategic Research ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Annandale New Jersey USA
| | - Karl Strohmaier
- Corporate Strategic Research ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Annandale New Jersey USA
| | - Michael Strasser
- Corporate Strategic Research ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Annandale New Jersey USA
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4
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Highly dense Ni-MOF nanoflake arrays supported on conductive graphene/carbon fiber substrate as flexible microelectrode for electrochemical sensing of glucose. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Legrand U, Girard-Lauriault PL, Meunier JL, Boudreault R, Tavares JR. Experimental and Theoretical Assessment of Water Sorbent Kinetics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:2651-2659. [PMID: 35175059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of water adsorption in powder sorbent layers are important to design a scaled-up atmospheric water capture device. Herein, the adsorption kinetics of three sorbents, a chromium (Cr)-based metal-organic framework (Cr-MIL-101), a carbon-based material (nanoporous sponges/NPS), and silica gel, have been tested experimentally, using powder layers ranging from ∼0 to 7.5 mm in thickness, in a custom-made calibrated environmental chamber cycling from 5 to 95% RH at 30 °C. A mass and energy transfer model was applied onto the experimental curves to better understand the contribution of key parameters (maximum water uptake, kinetics of single particles, layer open porosity, and particle size distribution). Open porosity (i.e., the void-to-particle ratio in the sorbent layer) shows the highest influence to improve the kinetics. Converting the sorbent kinetics data into a daily yield of captured water demonstrated (i) the existence of an optimal open porosity for each sorbent, (ii) that thinner layers with moderate open porosity performed respectively better than thicker layers with high open porosity, and (iii) that high maximum water uptake and fast single-particle kinetics are not necessarily predictive of high daily water yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Legrand
- CREPEC, Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montreal, 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Luc Meunier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Richard Boudreault
- Awn Nanotech, Inc., 1985 55th Ave, Suite 100, Dorval, Quebec H9P 1G9, Canada
| | - Jason Robert Tavares
- CREPEC, Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montreal, 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
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6
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Sharp CH, Bukowski BC, Li H, Johnson EM, Ilic S, Morris AJ, Gersappe D, Snurr RQ, Morris JR. Nanoconfinement and mass transport in metal-organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11530-11558. [PMID: 34661217 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00558h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of metal-organic frameworks in recent scientific literature underscores their highly versatile nature. MOFs have been developed for use in a wide array of applications, including: sensors, catalysis, separations, drug delivery, and electrochemical processes. Often overlooked in the discussion of MOF-based materials is the mass transport of guest molecules within the pores and channels. Given the wide distribution of pore sizes, linker functionalization, and crystal sizes, molecular diffusion within MOFs can be highly dependent on the MOF-guest system. In this review, we discuss the major factors that govern the mass transport of molecules through MOFs at both the intracrystalline and intercrystalline scale; provide an overview of the experimental and computational methods used to measure guest diffusivity within MOFs; and highlight the relevance of mass transfer in the applications of MOFs in electrochemical systems, separations, and heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor H Sharp
- National Research Council Associateship Program and Electronic Science and Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Brandon C Bukowski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Eric M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
| | - Stefan Ilic
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
| | - Amanda J Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
| | - Dilip Gersappe
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - John R Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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7
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Wang Y. Identification of mass transfer resistances in microporous materials using frequency response methods. ADSORPTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-021-00305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Jin J, Xue J, Liu Y, Yang G, Wang YY. Recent progresses in luminescent metal-organic frameworks (LMOFs) as sensors for the detection of anions and cations in aqueous solution. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:1950-1972. [PMID: 33527951 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03930f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discharge of excessive metal ions and anions into water bodies leads to the serious pollution of water and environment, which in turn has a certain impact on industry, agriculture, and human life. Because of the unique advantages of luminescent metal-organic frameworks (LMOFs), they have been successfully explored as various fluorescent probes to quickly and effectively detect these pollutants. This perspective not only introduces the design strategy and classification of LMOFs, especially the construction methods of water-stable LMOFs, but also reports the latest progresses in some LMOFs between 2016 and 2020 as well as expounds the mechanisms of LMOFs for detecting anions and cations. Moreover, the luminescence properties of LMOFs are related to the selection of metal ions, the structure of organic ligands, the pore size, and the interaction of guest molecules. Finally, the further development of LMOFs is summarized and prospected in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P.R. China.
| | - Juanjuan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P.R. China.
| | - Yanchen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P.R. China.
| | - Guoping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P.R. China.
| | - Yao-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P.R. China.
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9
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Mousavi DV, Ahmadipouya S, Shokrgozar A, Molavi H, Rezakazemi M, Ahmadijokani F, Arjmand M. Adsorption performance of UiO-66 towards organic dyes: Effect of activation conditions. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Zhang L, Fang WX, Wang C, Dong H, Ma SH, Luo YH. Porous frameworks for effective water adsorption: from 3D bulk to 2D nanosheets. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01362e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The latest progress relating to the development of porous frameworks for water harvesting has been summarized, highlighting design strategies for next-generation sorbent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- PR. China
| | - Wen-Xia Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- PR. China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- PR. China
| | - Hui Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- PR. China
| | - Shu-Hua Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- PR. China
| | - Yang-Hui Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- PR. China
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11
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Ahmadijokani F, Ahmadipouya S, Molavi H, Rezakazemi M, Aminabhavi TM, Arjmand M. Impact of scale, activation solvents, and aged conditions on gas adsorption properties of UiO-66. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 274:111155. [PMID: 32805472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the potential application of UiO-66 in gas sweetening and its structural stability against water, air, dimethylformamide (DMF), and chloroform. The UiO-66 nanoparticles were solvothermally synthesized at different scales and activated via solvent exchange technique using chloroform, methanol, and ethanol. Thus prepared and aged MOFs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis. The chloroform-activated MOF showed the largest surface area among all activation solvents, and presented high uptakes of 8.8 and 4.3 mmol/g for CO2 and CH4, respectively, at 298 K and 30 bar. This might be due to removing all unreacted organic ligands and DMF molecules from the pores of the framework. The UiO-66 nanoparticles are stable at the experimental conditions with no significant loss in crystalline structure and gas adsorption ability even after aging under different conditions for one year. The UiO-66 could be easily regenerated at 373 K with no observed significant reduction in gas uptakes even after five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. The present findings suggest the excellent potential of the UiO-66-derived MOFs as the promising materials for CO2/CH4 separation at low pressures and results can be applied in practical natural gas sweetening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ahmadijokani
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Salman Ahmadipouya
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Molavi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mashallah Rezakazemi
- Faculty of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soniya College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, 580-007, India.
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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12
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Wang S, Zhou G, Sun Y, Huang L. A computational study of water in
UiO
‐66
Zr‐MOFs
: Diffusion, hydrogen bonding network, and confinement effect. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Biological and Materials Engineering University of Oklahoma, School of Chemical Norman Oklahoma USA
- State Key Laboratory of Material‐Oriented Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Guobing Zhou
- Biological and Materials Engineering University of Oklahoma, School of Chemical Norman Oklahoma USA
| | - Yunhao Sun
- Energy Engineering, Division of Energy Science Luleå University of Technology Luleå Sweden
| | - Liangliang Huang
- Biological and Materials Engineering University of Oklahoma, School of Chemical Norman Oklahoma USA
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13
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Hanikel N, Prévot MS, Yaghi OM. MOF water harvesters. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:348-355. [PMID: 32367078 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of additional methods for freshwater generation is imperative to effectively address the global water shortage crisis. In this regard, extraction of the ubiquitous atmospheric moisture is a powerful strategy allowing for decentralized access to potable water. The energy requirements as well as the temporal and spatial restrictions of this approach can be substantially reduced if an appropriate sorbent is integrated in the atmospheric water generator. Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been successfully employed as sorbents to harvest water from air, making atmospheric water generation viable even in desert environments. Herein, the latest progress in the development of MOFs capable of extracting water from air and the design of atmospheric water harvesters deploying such MOFs are reviewed. Furthermore, future directions for this emerging field, encompassing both material and device improvements, are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Hanikel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
- Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mathieu S Prévot
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
- Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Omar M Yaghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California, USA.
- Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, California, USA.
- KACST-UC Berkeley Joint Center of Excellence for Nanomaterials for Clean Energy Applications, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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14
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Mesgarian R, Heydarinasab A, Rashidi A, Zamani Y. Adsorption and growth of water clusters on UiO-66 based nanoadsorbents: A systematic and comparative study on dehydration of natural gas. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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15
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Hanikel N, Prévot MS, Fathieh F, Kapustin EA, Lyu H, Wang H, Diercks NJ, Glover TG, Yaghi OM. Rapid Cycling and Exceptional Yield in a Metal-Organic Framework Water Harvester. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1699-1706. [PMID: 31660438 PMCID: PMC6813556 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sorbent-assisted water harvesting from air represents an attractive way to address water scarcity in arid climates. Hitherto, sorbents developed for this technology have exclusively been designed to perform one water harvesting cycle (WHC) per day, but the productivities attained with this approach cannot reasonably meet the rising demand for drinking water. This work shows that a microporous aluminum-based metal-organic framework, MOF-303, can perform an adsorption-desorption cycle within minutes under a mild temperature swing, which opens the way for high-productivity water harvesting through rapid, continuous WHCs. Additionally, the favorable dynamic water sorption properties of MOF-303 allow it to outperform other commercial sorbents displaying excellent steady-state characteristics under similar experimental conditions. Finally, these findings are implemented in a new water harvester capable of generating 1.3 L kgMOF -1 day-1 in an indoor arid environment (32% relative humidity, 27 °C) and 0.7 L kgMOF -1 day-1 in the Mojave Desert (in conditions as extreme as 10% RH, 27 °C), representing an improvement by 1 order of magnitude over previously reported devices. This study demonstrates that creating sorbents capable of rapid water sorption dynamics, rather than merely focusing on high water capacities, is crucial to reach water production on a scale matching human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Hanikel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mathieu S. Prévot
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Farhad Fathieh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eugene A. Kapustin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hao Lyu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Haoze Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nicolas J. Diercks
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - T. Grant Glover
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
| | - Omar M. Yaghi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- UC Berkeley−KACST
Joint Center of Excellence for Nanomaterials for Clean Energy Applications, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- E-mail:
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