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Boaretto J, Cruz RCD, Vannucchi de Camargo F, Cordeiro GL, Fragassa C, Bergmann CP. Using Thermomechanical Properties to Reassess Particles' Dispersion in Nanostructured Polymers: Size vs. Content. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3707. [PMID: 37765561 PMCID: PMC10537304 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-filled polymers (i.e., nanocomposites) can exhibit characteristics unattainable by the unfilled polymer, making them attractive to engineer structural composites. However, the transition of particulate fillers from the micron to the nanoscale requires a comprehensive understanding of how particle downsizing influences molecular interactions and organization across multiple length scales, ranging from chemical bonding to microstructural evolution. This work outlines the advancements described in the literature that have become relevant and have shaped today's understanding of the processing-structure-property relationships in polymer nanocomposites. The main inorganic and organic particles that have been incorporated into polymers are examined first. The commonly practiced methods for nanoparticle incorporation are then highlighted. The development in mechanical properties-such as tensile strength, storage modulus and glass transition temperature-in the selected epoxy matrix nanocomposites described in the literature was specifically reviewed and discussed. The significant effect of particle content, dispersion, size, and mean free path on thermomechanical properties, commonly expressed as a function of weight percentage (wt.%) of added particles, was found to be better explained as a function of particle crowding (number of particles and distance among them). From this work, it was possible to conclude that the dramatic effect of particle size for the same tiny amount of very small and well-dispersed particles brings evidence that particle size and the particle weight content should be downscaled together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Boaretto
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil;
- Instituto Hercílio Randon, Caxias do Sul 95180-000, Brazil; (R.C.D.C.); (G.L.C.)
| | - Robinson Carlos Dudley Cruz
- Instituto Hercílio Randon, Caxias do Sul 95180-000, Brazil; (R.C.D.C.); (G.L.C.)
- Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul 95200-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristiano Fragassa
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
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Obisesan OS, Ajiboye TO, Mhlanga SD, Mufhandu HT. Biomedical applications of biodegradable polycaprolactone-functionalized magnetic iron oxides nanoparticles and their polymer nanocomposites. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 227:113342. [PMID: 37224613 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained significant attention among several nanoscale materials during the last decade due to their unique properties. These properties make them successful nanofillers for drug delivery and a number of new biomedical applications. MNPs are more useful when combined with biodegradable polymers. In this review, we discussed the synthesis of polycaprolactones (PCL) and the various methods of synthesizing magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Then, the synthesis of composites that is made of PCL and magnetic materials (with special focus on iron oxide nanoparticles) were highlighted. In addition, we comprehensively reviewed their application in drug delivery, cancer treatment, wound healing, hyperthermia, and bone tissue engineering. Other biomedical applications of the magnetic PCL such as mitochondria targeting are highlighted. Moreover, biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles incorporated into other synthetic polymers apart from PCL are also discussed. Thus, great progress and better outcome with functionalized MNPs enhanced with polycaprolactone has been recorded with the biomedical applications of drug delivery and recovery of bone tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy O Ajiboye
- Chemistry Department, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, 6031, Gqeberha, South Africa.
| | - Sabelo D Mhlanga
- Chemistry Department, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, 6031, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Hazel T Mufhandu
- Department of Microbiology, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa.
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3
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Construction of rare-earth element doping rGO/PSMA-PTP/rGO nanosheets for enhancement of anti-corrosion performance. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Guo W, Liu C, Li N, Xi M, Che Y, Jiang C, Zhang S, Wang Z. A highly transparent and photothermal composite coating for effective anti-/de-icing of glass surfaces. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:2884-2892. [PMID: 36131998 PMCID: PMC9418967 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00151a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anti-/de-icing of glass surfaces is of great importance in present daily life. The long-standing challenge in this field is largely due to the lack of stable multifunctional coatings that can be conveniently and economically constructed on the glass surface, and more importantly, are capable of retaining the original transparency of glass ranging from the visible to the near infrared spectrum. Herein, a direct spraying sol method on the glass surface to prepare a highly transparent and photothermal composite coating is reported. Such multifunctional coating of Cu7S4 nanoparticles/organo-silicone sols has displayed a good photothermal conversion property and hydrophobic property and therefore yields excellent anti-icing and self-melting ice properties. The condensation time of water droplets can be extended to 86 s even at -10 °C, which is 3.42 times delayed relative to ordinary blank glass. And the adhesion strength of ice is largely reduced to 72 KPa, which is as low as ∼1/3 that of ordinary glass. Meanwhile, the subcooling of adhering droplets is reduced to -12 °C under one solar illumination condition and exhibits a rapid de-icing capability. More impressively, the prepared functional coating glass shows an outstanding transmittance of more than 75% in the visible region, while it is over the minimum glass transmittance limit allowed by Safety Standards for Glass (GB9656-2016, China). In addition, the multifunctional photothermal glass coating exhibits good physical/chemical stability, which facilitates the long-term application of the coating in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui 230031 China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Cui Liu
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui 230031 China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
| | - Nian Li
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui 230031 China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
| | - Min Xi
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui 230031 China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
| | - Yamin Che
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui 230031 China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Changlong Jiang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui 230031 China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
| | - Shudong Zhang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui 230031 China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
| | - Zhenyang Wang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Anhui 230031 China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
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Vasseghian Y, Dragoi EN, Almomani F, Le VT. Graphene derivatives in bioplastic: A comprehensive review of properties and future perspectives. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131892. [PMID: 34418663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The research and technological advancements observed in the latest years in the nanotechnology field translated into significant application developments in various areas. This is particularly true for the renewable polymers area, where the nano-reinforcement of biobased materials leads to an increase in their technique and economic competitiveness. The efforts were predominantly focused on materials development and energy consumption minimization. However, attention must also be given to the widespread commercialization and the full characterization of any particular potential toxicological and environmental impact. Some of the most important nanomaterials used in recent years as fillers in the bioplastic industry are graphene-based materials (GBMs). GBMs have high surface area and biocompatibility and have interesting characterizations such as strangeness and flexibility. In this paper, the current state of the art for these GBMs in the bioplastics area, their challenges, and the strategies to overcome them are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran.
| | - Elena-Niculina Dragoi
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection "Cristofor Simionescu", "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University, Bld Mangeron No 73, Iasi, 700050, Romania.
| | - Fares Almomani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Van Thuan Le
- Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam; The Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam.
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Ikram R, Mohamed Jan B, Abdul Qadir M, Sidek A, Stylianakis MM, Kenanakis G. Recent Advances in Chitin and Chitosan/Graphene-Based Bio-Nanocomposites for Energetic Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3266. [PMID: 34641082 PMCID: PMC8512808 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report recent developments in order to explore chitin and chitosan derivatives for energy-related applications. This review summarizes an introduction to common polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitin or chitosan, and their connection with carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), such as bio-nanocomposites. Furthermore, we present their structural analysis followed by the fabrication of graphene-based nanocomposites. In addition, we demonstrate the role of these chitin- and chitosan-derived nanocomposites for energetic applications, including biosensors, batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors and solar cell systems. Finally, current limitations and future application perspectives are entailed as well. This study establishes the impact of chitin- and chitosan-generated nanomaterials for potential, unexplored industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ikram
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Badrul Mohamed Jan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | | | - Akhmal Sidek
- Petroleum Engineering Department, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - Minas M. Stylianakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, N. Plastira 100, Vasilika Vouton, GR-700 13 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - George Kenanakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, N. Plastira 100, Vasilika Vouton, GR-700 13 Heraklion, Greece;
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Perumal S, Atchudan R, Cheong IW. Recent Studies on Dispersion of Graphene-Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2375. [PMID: 34301133 PMCID: PMC8309616 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene is an excellent 2D material that has extraordinary properties such as high surface area, electron mobility, conductivity, and high light transmission. Polymer composites are used in many applications in place of polymers. In recent years, the development of stable graphene dispersions with high graphene concentrations has attracted great attention due to their applications in energy, bio-fields, and so forth. Thus, this review essentially discusses the preparation of stable graphene-polymer composites/dispersions. Discussion on existing methods of preparing graphene is included with their merits and demerits. Among existing methods, mechanical exfoliation is widely used for the preparation of stable graphene dispersion, the theoretical background of this method is discussed briefly. Solvents, surfactants, and polymers that are used for dispersing graphene and the factors to be considered while preparing stable graphene dispersions are discussed in detail. Further, the direct applications of stable graphene dispersions are discussed briefly. Finally, a summary and prospects for the development of stable graphene dispersions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguna Perumal
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Raji Atchudan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - In Woo Cheong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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Souza ZSB, Pinto GM, Silva GDC, Demarquette NR, Fechine GJM, Sobrinho MAM. Interface adjustment between poly(ethylene terephthalate) and graphene oxide in order to enhance mechanical and thermal properties of nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziani S. B. Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering Federal University of Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | - Gabriel M. Pinto
- Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies – MackGraphe, Mackenzie Presbyterian University São Paulo Brazil
| | - Giovanna da C. Silva
- Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies – MackGraphe, Mackenzie Presbyterian University São Paulo Brazil
| | - Nicole R. Demarquette
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Ecole de Technologie Supérieure Montréal Canada
| | - Guilhermino J. M. Fechine
- Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies – MackGraphe, Mackenzie Presbyterian University São Paulo Brazil
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Madhad HV, Mishra NS, Patel SB, Panchal SS, Gandhi RA, Vasava DV. Graphene/graphene nanoplatelets reinforced polyamide nanocomposites: A review. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083211011216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives have received considerable attention in industrial and academic research due to their unique, useful properties and applications. The use of graphene is still difficult due to its high cost of production. Hence, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) have been identified as a substitute for graphene, which are produced in large scale at a very low cost. Moreover, GNPs have played a significant role in various engineering thermoplastic materials [i.e., polyamides (PAs)] to enhance their properties and applications. The GNPs help in the production of low-cost multifunctional nanocomposites with notable useful properties such as high electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and high aspect ratio. The GNPs based nanocomposites have a broad spectrum of application areas including 3D-printing, automotive materials, electrical appliances, low-cost composites films, and many more. This review summarizes different preparation techniques, properties, and applications of GNPs based PAs nanocomposites as reported in current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu V Madhad
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Nikita S Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sunil B Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Siddhi S Panchal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rusvi A Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Dilip V Vasava
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Yin S, Xie Y, Li R, Zhang J, Zhou T. Polymer–Metal Hybrid Material with an Ultra-High Interface Strength Based on Mechanical Interlocking via Nanopores Produced by Electrochemistry. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ruilong Li
- Coal Chemical Industry Technology Research Institute, Ningxia Coal Industry Co., Ltd., China Energy Group, Yinchuan 750411, China
| | - Jihai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Van Hau T, Van Trinh P, Hoai Nam NP, Van Tu N, Lam VD, Phuong DD, Minh PN, Thang BH. Electrodeposited nickel-graphene nanocomposite coating: effect of graphene nanoplatelet size on its microstructure and hardness. RSC Adv 2020; 10:22080-22090. [PMID: 35516625 PMCID: PMC9054553 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03776a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) size on the microstructure and hardness of the electrodeposited nickel-graphene nanocomposite coatings were investigated. GNPs with different sizes were prepared by using a high energy ball milling technique. The experimental result revealed the high energy ball milling technique could reduce the size, increase the surface area, and improve the dispersion ability of GNPs. The microstructure, hardness, and components of the nanocomposite coatings were greatly affected by GNP sizes. The highest microhardness was measured to be 273 HV for the nanocomposite coatings containing 5 h-milled GNPs, which is increased up to ∼47% compared to pristine Ni coating. The enhancement in the hardness is attributed to the uniform dispersion of the small GNP sizes inside the Ni matrix and the Ni grain size reduction when using milled GNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Van Hau
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay Distr. Hanoi Vietnam +84 94 319 0301.,VNU University of Engineering and Technology 144 Xuan Thuy Str., Cau Giay Distr. Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Pham Van Trinh
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay Distr. Hanoi Vietnam +84 94 319 0301
| | - Nguyen Phuong Hoai Nam
- VNU University of Engineering and Technology 144 Xuan Thuy Str., Cau Giay Distr. Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Tu
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay Distr. Hanoi Vietnam +84 94 319 0301
| | - Vu Dinh Lam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay Distr. Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Doan Dinh Phuong
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay Distr. Hanoi Vietnam +84 94 319 0301.,Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay Distr. Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Phan Ngoc Minh
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay Distr. Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Bui Hung Thang
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay Distr. Hanoi Vietnam +84 94 319 0301.,Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay Distr. Hanoi Vietnam
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Adhikari J, Rizwan M, Keasberry NA, Ahmed MU. Current progresses and trends in carbon nanomaterials‐based electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence biosensors. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201900417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juthi Adhikari
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Chemical Science Programme, Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Brunei Darussalam Gadong Brunei Darussalam
| | - Mohammad Rizwan
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Chemical Science Programme, Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Brunei Darussalam Gadong Brunei Darussalam
- School of Natural SciencesBangor University Bangor Wales UK
| | - Natasha Ann Keasberry
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Chemical Science Programme, Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Brunei Darussalam Gadong Brunei Darussalam
| | - Minhaz Uddin Ahmed
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Chemical Science Programme, Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Brunei Darussalam Gadong Brunei Darussalam
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