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Wei F, Qiu J, Zeng Y, Liu Z, Wang X, Xie G. A Novel POP-Ni Catalyst Derived from PBTP for Ambient Fixation of CO 2 into Cyclic Carbonates. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2132. [PMID: 36984012 PMCID: PMC10057775 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The immobilization of homogeneous catalysts has always been a hot issue in the field of catalysis. In this paper, in an attempt to immobilize the homogeneous [Ni(Me6Tren)X]X (X = I, Br, Cl)-type catalyst with porous organic polymer (POP), the heterogeneous catalyst PBTP-Me6Tren(Ni) (POP-Ni) was designed and constructed by quaternization of the porous bromomethyl benzene polymer (PBTP) with tri[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me6Tren) followed by coordination of the Ni(II) Lewis acidic center. Evaluation of the performance of the POP-Ni catalyst found it was able to catalyze the CO2 cycloaddition with epichlorohydrin in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), affording 97.5% yield with 99% selectivity of chloropropylene carbonate under ambient conditions (80 °C, CO2 balloon). The excellent catalytic performance of POP-Ni could be attributed to its porous properties, the intramolecular synergy between Lewis acid Ni(II) and nucleophilic Br anion, and the efficient adsorption of CO2 by the multiamines Me6Tren. In addition, POP-Ni can be conveniently recovered through simple centrifugation, and up to 91.8% yield can be obtained on the sixth run. This research provided a facile approach to multifunctional POP-supported Ni(II) catalysts and may find promising application for sustainable and green synthesis of cyclic carbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Key Material for High Performance Copper Clad Laminate, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jiaxiang Qiu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yanbin Zeng
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Zhimeng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Key Material for High Performance Copper Clad Laminate, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Key Material for High Performance Copper Clad Laminate, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Guanqun Xie
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
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2
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Synergistic catalysis of hypercrosslinked ionic polymers with multi-ionic sites for conversion of CO2 to cyclic carbonates. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Li C, Cai H, Yang X, Liu F, Yang C, Chen P, Chen Z, Zhao T. Agile construction of bifunctional bipyridine-based hyper-cross-linked ionic polymers for efficient CO2 adsorption and conversion. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Jiang B, Liu J, Yang G, Zhang Z. Efficient conversion of CO2 into cyclic carbonates under atmospheric by halogen and metal-free Poly (ionic liquid)s. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Li G, Zhou X, Wang Z. Construction of Hierarchical Porous Polycyanurate Networks with Cobaltoporphyrin for CO 2 Adsorption and Efficient Conversion to Cyclic Di- and Tri-Carbonates. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan Street, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhonggang Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Bai X, Su Z, Wei J, Ma L, Duan S, Wang N, Zhang X, Li J. Zinc(II)porphyrin-Based Porous Ionic Polymers (PIPs) as Multifunctional Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Conversion of CO 2 to Cyclic Carbonates. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Zhenping Su
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Linjing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Sujiao Duan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Xiongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
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Guo XX, Zhang FL, Muhammad Y, Hu DL, Cai ZT, Xiao GM. Enhancement in the active site exposure in a porphyrin-based PIL/graphene composite catalyst for the highly efficient conversion of CO 2. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3331-3340. [PMID: 35137742 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04338b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) have gained widespread attention in recent years due to their excellent properties similar to both ionic liquids and polymers. However, their further applications are limited because abundant and flexible ions easily block nanopores in the PIL catalysts, thus blocking the active sites and ultimately leading to decreased catalytic activity. This work reports the synthesis of a PIL/graphene composite catalyst (iPOP-ZnTPy@GNFs) based on an in situ surface preparation strategy, which effectively controlled the particle size and dispersion state of ionic liquids. The iPOP-ZnTPy@GNFs exhibited a larger surface area and more exposed active sites, which intensified the catalytic activity in the CO2 cycloaddition reaction with propylene oxide with almost double the reaction rate as compared to that of iPOP-ZnTPy-2 at 100 °C and S/C = 1000. As expected, the iPOP-ZnTPy@GNF catalyst efficiently converted epoxides to cyclic carbonates at room temperature or atmospheric pressure, which can significantly reduce the process cost. In addition, iPOP-ZnTPy@GNFs exhibited excellent broad substrate scope, catalytic diversity, and remarkable reusability. The reaction mechanism of CO2 cycloaddition was studied via density functional theory calculations and was validated by experimental findings. This work provides a feasible method for improving the utilization of active sites in PILs as a highly robust catalyst for CO2 cycloaddition and can be further extended to other types of catalytic reactions in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Feng-Lei Zhang
- Intelligent Transportation System Research Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yaseen Muhammad
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, 25120, KP, Pakistan
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zhao-Tian Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Guo-Min Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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Liu F, Duan X, Liu M, Du J, Ma J, Liu F. Ionothermal Synthesis of Imidazolium and Triazine Integrated Porous Organic Frameworks for Efficient CO 2 Adsorption and Synergetic Conversion into Cyclic Carbonates. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangwang Liu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xinran Duan
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Mengshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Jiameng Du
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, P. R. China
| | - Fusheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
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Wu N, Zou Y, Xu R, Zhong J, Li J. Incorporation of linear poly(ionic liquid)s inside acid-base dualistic carbons for CO2 cycloaddition reaction. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Ionization of Porous Hypercrosslinked Polymers for Catalyzing Room-Temperature CO2 Reduction via Formamides Synthesis. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Liu L, Jayakumar S, Chen J, Tao L, Li H, Yang Q, Li C. Synthesis of Bifunctional Porphyrin Polymers for Catalytic Conversion of Dilute CO 2 to Cyclic Carbonates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:29522-29531. [PMID: 34133113 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Development of efficient solid catalysts for catalytic conversion of dilute CO2 is of extreme importance for carbon capture and utilization. We report the synthesis of bifunctional polymers co-incorporated with porphyrin-Zn as Lewis acid sites and Br- as nucleophiles for the cycloaddition of dilute CO2 with epoxides in this work. It was found that the Br-/Zn ratio has a volcano relation with the activity of bifunctional polymers in a cycloaddition reaction, indicating the synergy effect between Lewis acid sites and nucleophiles. The turnover frequency (TOF) of the bifunctional polymer is more than four-fold that of the physical mixture of tetrabutylammonium bromide and porphyrin-Zn-incorporated polymer, implying the enhanced cooperation between Br- and porphyrin-Zn in the polymer network. The bifunctional polymer with optimized Br-/Zn afforded 99% conversion, 99% selectivity, and a TOF as high as 12,000 h-1 for the cycloaddition of CO2 and propylene oxide, which is among the most active solid catalysts ever reported. Furthermore, the bifunctional polymer could efficiently catalyze the cycloaddition of epichlorohydrin with dilute CO2 (7.5% CO2 balanced by N2) even under ambient conditions, demonstrating its potential application in industrial-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sanjeevi Jayakumar
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Reactive Chemistry on Solid Surfaces, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Lin Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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Jamil R, Tomé LC, Mecerreyes D, Silvester DS. Emerging Ionic Polymers for CO2 Conversion to Cyclic Carbonates: An Overview of Recent Developments. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this mini review, we highlight some key work from the last 2 years where ionic polymers have been used as a catalyst to convert CO2 into cyclic carbonates. Emerging ionic polymers reported for this catalytic application include materials such as poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), ionic porous organic polymers (iPOPs) or ionic covalent organic frameworks (iCOFs) among others. All these organic materials share in common the ionic moiety cations such as imidazolium, pyridinium, viologen, ammonium, phosphonium, and guanidinium, and anions such as halides, [BF4]–, [PF6]–, and [Tf2N]–. The mechanistic aspects and efficiency of the CO2 conversion reaction and the polymer design including functional groups and porosity are discussed in detail. This review should provide valuable information for researchers to design new polymers for important catalysis applications.
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Zhong H, Gao J, Sa R, Yang S, Wu Z, Wang R. Carbon Dioxide Conversion Upgraded by Host-guest Cooperation between Nitrogen-Rich Covalent Organic Framework and Imidazolium-Based Ionic Polymer. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:6323-6329. [PMID: 32710471 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The chemical conversion of CO2 into value-added chemicals is one promising approach for CO2 utilization. It is crucial to explore highly efficient catalysts containing task-specific components for CO2 fixation. Here, a host-guest catalytic system was developed by integrating nitrogen-rich covalent organic framework (TT-COF) and imidazolium-based ionic polymer (ImIP), which serve as hydrogen-bonding donor and nucleophilic agent, respectively, for cooperatively facilitating the activation of the epoxides and subsequent CO2 cycloaddition. The catalytic activity of the host-guest system was remarkably superior to those of ImIP, TT-COF, and their physical mixture. Furthermore, selective adsorption for CO2 over N2 rendered this catalytic system effective for the cycloaddition reaction of the simulated flue gas. The protocols for the unification of two catalytically active components provide new opportunities for the development of composite systems in multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhong
- Institute of Oceanography, Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350007, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jinwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350007, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Rongjian Sa
- Institute of Oceanography, Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P.R. China
| | - Shuailong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350007, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhicheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350007, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ruihu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350007, Fuzhou, P.R. China
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Chen Y, Luo R, Ren Q, Zhou X, Ji H. Click-Based Porous Ionic Polymers with Intercalated High-Density Metalloporphyrin for Sustainable CO2 Transformation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaju Chen
- School of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Rongchang Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qinggang Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Xiantai Zhou
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hongbing Ji
- School of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Luo R, Liu X, Chen M, Liu B, Fang Y. Recent Advances on Imidazolium-Functionalized Organic Cationic Polymers for CO 2 Adsorption and Simultaneous Conversion into Cyclic Carbonates. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3945-3966. [PMID: 32478431 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with various epoxides to generate cyclic carbonates is one of the most promising and efficient approaches for CO2 fixation. Typical imidazolium-based ionic liquids possessing electrophilic cations and nucleophilic halogen anions have been identified as excellent and environmentally friendly candidates for synergistically activating epoxides to convert CO2 . Therefore, the feasible construction of a series of imidazolium-functionalized organic cationic polymers can bridge the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, thereby obtaining highly selective CO2 adsorption and simultaneous conversion ability. This Review describes the recent advancements made with regard to the design and synthesis of this type of polymeric networks having imidazolium functionality. They are considered as an outstanding heterogeneous catalyst for the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides. Based on the perspective from the design of building blocks to the synthesis of cationic polymers, the focus mainly lies on how to introduce imidazole units into the material backbone via a covalent linking approach and how to incorporate other active sites capable of activating CO2 and/or epoxides into such polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchang Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xiangying Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Baoyu Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yanxiong Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
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Phosphonium-Based Porous Ionic Polymer with Hydroxyl Groups: A Bifunctional and Robust Catalyst for Cycloaddition of CO 2 into Cyclic Carbonates. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030596. [PMID: 32151078 PMCID: PMC7182888 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of synergic hydrogen bond donors and nucleophilic anions that facilitates the ring-opening of epoxide is an effective way to develop an active catalyst for the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides. In this work, a new heterogeneous catalyst for the cycloaddition of epoxides and CO2 into cyclic carbonates based on dual hydroxyls-functionalized polymeric phosphonium bromide (PQPBr-2OH) was presented. Physicochemical characterizations suggested that PQPBr-2OH possessed large surface area, hierarchical pore structure, functional hydroxyl groups, and high density of active sites. Consequently, it behaved as an efficient, recyclable, and metal-free catalyst for the additive and solvent free cycloaddition of epoxides with CO2. Comparing the activity of PQPBr-2OH with that of the reference catalysts based on mono and non-hydroxyl functionalized polymeric phosphonium bromides suggested that hydroxyl functionalities in PQPBr-2OH showed a critical promotion effect on its catalytic activity for CO2 conversion. Moreover, PQPBr-2OH proved to be quite robust and recyclable. It could be reused at least ten times with only a slight decrease of its initial activity.
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