1
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Bould J, Ehn M, Tok O, Bavol D, Kučeráková M, Clegg W, Litecká M, Lang K, Kirakci K, Londesborough MGS. Expanding Luminescence Horizons in Macropolyhedral Heteroboranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401872. [PMID: 38400832 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence is observed in three novel macropolyhedral nineteen- and eighteen-vertex chalcogenaboranes: Se2B17H17 (1), SeB17H19 (3) and SeB18H20 (4). This led us to the recognition that previously published macropolyhedral heteroborane species might also exhibit luminescence. Thus, the known nineteen- and eighteen-vertex dithiaboranes S2B17H17 (2), n-S2B16H16 (5) and i-S2B16H16 (6) were synthesised and also found to exhibit a range of luminescent properties. These macropolyhedral species are very different from the previously unique fluorescent binary borane B18H22 in terms of their structural architectures, by the presence of borane cluster hetero atoms, and, as in the cases of 5 and 6, that their synthetic origins are not derived simply through the modification of B18H22 itself. They consequently greatly expand the possibilities of finding new luminescent inorganic borane species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bould
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, 250 68, Czech Republic
| | - Marcel Ehn
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, 250 68, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Tok
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, 250 68, Czech Republic
| | - Dmytro Bavol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, 250 68, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kučeráková
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - William Clegg
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Miroslava Litecká
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, 250 68, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Lang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, 250 68, Czech Republic
| | - Kaplan Kirakci
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, 250 68, Czech Republic
| | - Michael G S Londesborough
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, 250 68, Czech Republic
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2
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Sivaev IB. Decaborane: From Alfred Stock and Rocket Fuel Projects to Nowadays. Molecules 2023; 28:6287. [PMID: 37687117 PMCID: PMC10488552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The review covers more than a century of decaborane chemistry from the first synthesis by Alfred Stock to the present day. The main attention is paid to the reactions of the substitution of hydrogen atoms by various atoms and groups with the formation of exo-polyhedral boron-halogen, boron-oxygen, boron-sulfur, boron-nitrogen, boron-phosphorus, and boron-carbon bonds. Particular attention is paid to the chemistry of conjucto-borane anti-[B18H22], whose structure is formed by two decaborane moieties with a common edge, the chemistry of which has been intensively developed in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor B Sivaev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Patel D, Sooraj BS, Kirakci K, Macháček J, Kučeráková M, Bould J, Dušek M, Frey M, Neumann C, Ghosh S, Turchanin A, Pradeep T, Base T. Macropolyhedral syn-B 18H 22, the "Forgotten" Isomer. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17975-17986. [PMID: 37532522 PMCID: PMC10436279 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry and physics of macropolyhedral B18H22 clusters have attracted significant attention due to the interesting photophysical properties of anti-B18H22 (blue emission, laser properties) and related potential applications. We have focused our attention on the "forgotten" syn-B18H22 isomer, which has received very little attention since its discovery compared to its anti-B18H22 isomer, presumably because numerous studies have reported this isomer as nonluminescent. In our study, we show that in crystalline form, syn-B18H22 exhibits blue fluorescence and becomes phosphorescent when substituted at various positions on the cluster, associated with peculiar microstructural-dependent effects. This work is a combined theoretical and experimental investigation that includes the synthesis, separation, structural characterization, and first elucidation of the photophysical properties of three different monothiol-substituted cluster isomers, [1-HS-syn-B18H21] 1, [3-HS-syn-B18H21] 3, and [4-HS-syn-B18H21] 4, of which isomers 1 and 4 have been proved to exist in two different polymorphic forms. All of these newly substituted macropolyhedral cluster derivatives (1, 3, and 4) have been fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and luminescence spectroscopy. This study also presents the first report on the mechanochromic shift in the luminescence of a borane cluster and generally enriches the area of rather rare boron-based luminescent materials. In addition, we present the first results proving that they are useful constituents of carbon-free self-assembled monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak
Kumar Patel
- DST
Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE),
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute
of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, The Czech Academy
of Science, 25068 Rez, Czech Republic
| | - B. S. Sooraj
- DST
Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE),
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute
of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, The Czech Academy
of Science, 25068 Rez, Czech Republic
| | - Kaplan Kirakci
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, The Czech Academy
of Science, 25068 Rez, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Macháček
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, The Czech Academy
of Science, 25068 Rez, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kučeráková
- Institute
of Physics, The Czech Academy of Science, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jonathan Bould
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, The Czech Academy
of Science, 25068 Rez, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Dušek
- Institute
of Physics, The Czech Academy of Science, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Martha Frey
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christof Neumann
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sundargopal Ghosh
- DST
Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE),
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute
of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST
Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE),
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute
of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Tomas Base
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, The Czech Academy
of Science, 25068 Rez, Czech Republic
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4
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Ehn M, Bavol D, Bould J, Strnad V, Litecká M, Lang K, Kirakci K, Clegg W, Waddell PG, Londesborough MGS. A Window into the Workings of anti-B 18H 22 Luminescence-Blue-Fluorescent Isomeric Pair 3,3'-Cl 2-B 18H 20 and 3,4'-Cl 2-B 18H 20 (and Others). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114505. [PMID: 37298983 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The action of AlCl3 on room-temperature tetrachloromethane solutions of anti-B18H22 (1) results in a mixture of fluorescent isomers, 3,3'-Cl2-B18H20 (2) and 3,4'-Cl2-B18H20 (3), together isolated in a 76% yield. Compounds 2 and 3 are capable of the stable emission of blue light under UV-excitation. In addition, small amounts of other dichlorinated isomers, 4,4'-Cl2-B18H20 (4), 3,1'-Cl2-B18H20 (5), and 7,3'-Cl2-B18H20 (6) were isolated, along with blue-fluorescent monochlorinated derivatives, 3-Cl-B18H21 (7) and 4-Cl-B18H21 (8), and trichlorinated species 3,4,3'-Cl3-B18H19 (9) and 3,4,4'-Cl3-B18H19 (10). The molecular structures of these new chlorinated derivatives of octadecaborane are delineated, and the photophysics of some of these species are discussed in the context of the influence that chlorination bears on the luminescence of anti-B18H22. In particular, this study produces important information on the effect that the cluster position of these substitutions has on luminescence quantum yields and excited-state lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Ehn
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Dmytro Bavol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Jonathan Bould
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Strnad
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Dejvice, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Litecká
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Lang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Kaplan Kirakci
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - William Clegg
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Paul G Waddell
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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5
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Bould J, Tok O, Clegg W, Londesborough MG, Litecká M, Ehn M. The Metal-Mediated Coupling of the Diselenaundecaborate Anion [Se2B9H10]−. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Haridas A, Bedajna S, Ghosh S. Substitution at B-H vertices of group 5 metallaborane clusters. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Bould J, Londesborough MGS, Litecká M, Macías R, Shea SL, McGrath TD, Clegg W, Kennedy JD. Macropolyhedral Chalcogenaboranes: Insertion of Selenium into the Isomers of B 18H 22. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1899-1917. [PMID: 35049289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High yields of novel macropolyhedral selenaboranes are reported. Reactions of the monoanions of the syn- and anti-isomers of B18H22 with powdered selenium in THF variously give new macropolyhedral selenaboranes: 19-vertex [SeB18H19]- anion 1, 19-vertex [SeB18H21]- anion 2, 20-vertex [Se2B18H19]- anion 3, and 19-vertex [Se2B17H18]- anion 4. Single-cluster [hypho-Se2B6H9]- anion 5 and neutral arachno-Se2B7H9 6 also result. All of the macropolyhedrals 1, 2, 3, and 4 are characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Anions 1 and 2 each consist of an 11-vertex subcluster joined by a common two-boron edge to a 10-vertex subcluster. Anion 3 consists of an 11-vertex subcluster joined by a common boron atom and an interboron link to an arachno-type 10-vertex subcluster. Unusually, anion 3 incorporates a hexagonal pyramidal intracluster structural motif in its 11-vertex subcluster. Anion 4 entails two arachno-type 10-vertex subclusters joined by a common boron atom, and with an additional intercluster boron-boron link. NMR data for syn-B18H22 and its mono- and dianions 7 and 8 and single-crystal X-ray diffraction results for these anions and also the monoanion 9 of anti-B18H22 are also reported. The oxaborane [μ-(8,9)-O-syn-B18H20]2- dianion 10 was serendipitously formed during the work and also characterized by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. Experimental NMR and structural findings are supported by DFT calculations throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bould
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic.,Departamento de Química Inorgánica, ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Michael G S Londesborough
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Litecká
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Ramón Macías
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Suzanne L Shea
- School of Chemistry of the University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas D McGrath
- School of Chemistry of the University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
| | - William Clegg
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - John D Kennedy
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic.,School of Chemistry of the University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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8
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Bakardjiev M, Holub J, Bavol D, Vrána J, Samsonov MA, Růžička A, Růžičková Z, Fanfrlík J, Hnyk D. Thiaborane Icosahedral Barrier Increased by the Functionalization of all Terminal Hydrogens in closo-1-SB 11H 11. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8428-8431. [PMID: 34101456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The electrophilic substitution of icosahedral closo-1-SB11H11 with methyl iodide has resulted in two B-functionalized thiaboranes, 7,12-I2-2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,11-(CH3)9-1-closo-SB11 and 7,8,12-I3-2,3,4,5,6,9,10,11-(CH3)8-closo-1-SB11, with the former being significantly predominant. These two icosahedral thiaboranes are the first cases of polysubstituted polyhedral boron clusters with another vertex that differs from B and C. Such polyfunctionalizations have increased the earlier observed thiaborane icosahedral barrier, not exhibiting any reactivity toward bases, unlike the parent thiaborane. The search for methylation pathways has revealed that the complete B11-methylation is impossible, like in the case of decaborane(14), where this seems to be a result of the positively charged upper parts of these two molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bakardjiev
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Holub
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Dmytro Bavol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vrána
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Maksim A Samsonov
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Růžičková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Fanfrlík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Drahomír Hnyk
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
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9
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The Photostability of Novel Boron Hydride Blue Emitters in Solution and Polystyrene Matrix. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14030589. [PMID: 33513832 PMCID: PMC7865770 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent work, the boron hydride anti-B18H22 was announced in the literature as a new laser dye, and, along with several of its derivatives, its solutions are capable of delivering blue luminescence with quantum yields of unity. However, as a dopant in solid polymer films, its luminescent efficiencies reduce dramatically. Clarification of underlying detrimental effects is crucial for any application and, thus, this contribution makes the initial steps in the use of these inorganic compounds in electrooptical devices based on organic polymer thin films. The photoluminescence behavior of the highly luminescent boron hydrides, anti-B18H22 and 3,3′,4,4′-Et4-anti-B18H18, were therefore investigated. The quantum yields of luminescence and photostabilities of both compounds were studied in different solvents and as polymer-solvent blends. The photophysical properties of both boranes are evaluated and discussed in terms of their solvent-solute interactions using photoluminescence (PL) and NMR spectroscopies. The UV degradability of prepared thin films was studied by fluorimetric measurement. The effect of the surrounding atmosphere, dopant concentration and the molecular structure were assessed.
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10
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Bould J, Lang K, Kirakci K, Cerdán L, Roca-Sanjuán D, Francés-Monerris A, Clegg W, Waddell PG, Fuciman M, Polívka T, Londesborough MGS. A Series of Ultra-Efficient Blue Borane Fluorophores. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17058-17070. [PMID: 33166444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present the first examples of alkylated derivatives of the macropolyhedral boron hydride, anti-B18H22, which is the gain medium in the first borane laser. This new series of ten highly stable and colorless organic-inorganic hybrid clusters are capable of the conversion of UVA irradiation to blue light with fluorescence quantum yields of unity. This study gives a comprehensive description of their synthesis, isolation, and structural characterization together with a delineation of their photophysical properties using a combined theoretical and experimental approach. Treatment of anti-B18H22 1 with RI (where R = Me or Et) in the presence of AlCl3 gives a series of alkylated derivatives, Rx-anti-B18H22-x (where x = 2 to 6), compounds 2-6, in which the 18-vertex octadecaborane cluster architectures are preserved and yet undergo a linear "polyhedral swelling", depending on the number of cluster alkyl substituents. The use of dichloromethane solvent in the synthetic procedure leads to dichlorination of the borane cluster and increased alkylation to give Me11-anti-B18H9Cl2 11, Me12-anti-B18H8Cl2 12, and Me13-anti-B18H7Cl2 13. All new alkyl derivatives are highly stable, extremely efficient (ΦF = 0.76-1.0) blue fluorophores (λems = 423-427 nm) and are soluble in a wide range of organic solvents and also a polystyrene matrix. The Et4-anti-B18H18 derivative 4b crystallizes from pentane solution in two phases with consequent multiabsorption and multiemission photophysical properties. An ultrafast transient UV-vis absorption spectroscopic study of compounds 4a and 4b reveals that an efficient excited-state absorption at the emission wavelength inhibits the laser performance of these otherwise remarkable luminescent molecules. All these new compounds add to the growing portfolio of octadecaborane-based luminescent species, and in an effort to broaden the perspective on their highly emissive photophysical properties, we highlight emerging patterns that successive substitutions have on the molecular size of the 18-vertex borane cluster structure and the distribution of the electron density within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bould
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež 250 68, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Lang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež 250 68, Czech Republic
| | - Kaplan Kirakci
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež 250 68, Czech Republic
| | - Luis Cerdán
- Institute of Physical Chemistry "Rocasolano", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O.Box 22085, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Francés-Monerris
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCT, F-54000 Nancy, France.,Departament de Química Física, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - William Clegg
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G Waddell
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Fuciman
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Polívka
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael G S Londesborough
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež 250 68, Czech Republic
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