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Barbero A, Rotundo L, Reviglio C, Gobetto R, Sokolova R, Fiedler J, Nervi C. New Spectroelectrochemical Insights into Manganese and Rhenium Bipyridine Complexes as Catalysts for the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. Molecules 2023; 28:7535. [PMID: 38005257 PMCID: PMC10673266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to demonstrate the behavior of different complexes using IR spectroelectrochemistry (SEC), a technique that combines IR spectroscopy with electrochemistry. Four different Mn and Re catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction were studied in dry acetonitrile. In the case of Mn(apbpy)(CO)3Br (apbpy = 4(4-aminophenyl)-2,2'-bipyridine), SEC suggested that a very slow catalytic reduction of CO2 also occurs in acetonitrile in the absence of proton donors, but at rather negative potentials. In contrast, the corresponding Re(apbpy)(CO)3Br clearly demonstrated slow catalytic conversion at the first reduction potential. Switching to saturated CO2 solutions in a mixture of acetonitrile and 5% water as a proton donor, the SEC of Mn(apbpy)(CO)3Br displayed a faster catalytic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Barbero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- CIRCC (Interuniversitary Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Rotundo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Chemistry Division Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
| | - Chiara Reviglio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- CIRCC (Interuniversitary Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Gobetto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- CIRCC (Interuniversitary Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Romana Sokolova
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Fiedler
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carlo Nervi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- CIRCC (Interuniversitary Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Saha S, Doughty T, Banerjee D, Patel SK, Mallick D, Iyer ESS, Roy S, Mitra R. Electrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 to CO by a series of organometallic Re(I)-tpy complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15394-15411. [PMID: 37203345 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00441d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A series of organometallic Re(I)(L)(CO)3Br complexes with 4'-substituted terpyridine ligands (L) has been synthesised as electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. The complexes' spectroscopic characterisation and computationally optimised geometry demonstrate a facial geometry around Re(I) with three cis COs and the terpyridine ligand coordinating in a bidentate mode. The effect of substitution on the 4'-position of terpyridine (Re1-5) on CO2 electroreduction was investigated and compared with a known Lehn-type catalyst, Re(I)(bpy)(CO)3Br (Re7). All complexes catalyse CO evolution in homogeneous organic media at moderate overpotentials (0.75-0.95 V) with faradaic yields of 62-98%. The electrochemical catalytic activity was further evaluated in the presence of three Brønsted acids to demonstrate the influence of the pKa of the proton sources. The TDDFT and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) studies showed combined charge transfer bands of ILCT and MLCT. Amongst the series, the Re-complex containing a ferrocenyl-substituted terpyridine ligand (Re5) shows an additional intra-ligand charge transfer band and was probed using UV-Vis spectroelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriya Saha
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa 403401, India.
| | - Thomas Doughty
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN6 7DL, UK.
| | - Dibyendu Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India.
| | - Sunil K Patel
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa 403401, India.
| | - Dibyendu Mallick
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India.
| | - E Siva Subramaniam Iyer
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa 403401, India.
| | - Souvik Roy
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN6 7DL, UK.
| | - Raja Mitra
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa 403401, India.
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3
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Kearney L, Brandon MP, Coleman A, Chippindale AM, Hartl F, Lalrempuia R, Pižl M, Pryce MT. Ligand-Structure Effects on N-Heterocyclic Carbene Rhenium Photo- and Electrocatalysts of CO 2 Reduction. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104149. [PMID: 37241890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Three novel rhenium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes, [Re]-NHC-1-3 ([Re] = fac-Re(CO)3Br), were synthesized and characterized using a range of spectroscopic techniques. Photophysical, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies were carried out to probe the properties of these organometallic compounds. Re-NHC-1 and Re-NHC-2 bear a phenanthrene backbone on an imidazole (NHC) ring, coordinating to Re by both the carbene C and a pyridyl group attached to one of the imidazole nitrogen atoms. Re-NHC-2 differs from Re-NHC-1 by replacing N-H with an N-benzyl group as the second substituent on imidazole. The replacement of the phenanthrene backbone in Re-NHC-2 with the larger pyrene gives Re-NHC-3. The two-electron electrochemical reductions of Re-NHC-2 and Re-NHC-3 result in the formation of the five-coordinate anions that are capable of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. These catalysts are formed first at the initial cathodic wave R1, and then, ultimately, via the reduction of Re-Re bound dimer intermediates at the second cathodic wave R2. All three Re-NHC-1-3 complexes are active photocatalysts for the transformation of CO2 to CO, with the most photostable complex, Re-NHC-3, being the most effective for this conversion. Re-NHC-1 and Re-NHC-2 afforded modest CO turnover numbers (TONs), following irradiation at 355 nm, but were inactive at the longer irradiation wavelength of 470 nm. In contrast, Re-NHC-3, when photoexcited at 470 nm, yielded the highest TON in this study, but remained inactive at 355 nm. The luminescence spectrum of Re-NHC-3 is red-shifted compared to those of Re-NHC-1 and Re-NHC-2, and previously reported similar [Re]-NHC complexes. This observation, together with TD-DFT calculations, suggests that the nature of the lowest-energy optical excitation for Re-NHC-3 has π→π*(NHC-pyrene) and dπ(Re)→π*(pyridine) (IL/MLCT) character. The stability and superior photocatalytic performance of Re-NHC-3 are attributed to the extended conjugation of the π-electron system, leading to the beneficial modulation of the strongly electron-donating tendency of the NHC group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kearney
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 K20V Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael P Brandon
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 K20V Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Coleman
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 K20V Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ann M Chippindale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DX, UK
| | - František Hartl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DX, UK
| | - Ralte Lalrempuia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 K20V Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, India
| | - Martin Pižl
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mary T Pryce
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 K20V Dublin, Ireland
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4
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Nguyen P, Dao TBN, Tran TT, Tran NAT, Nguyen TA, Phan TDL, Nguyen LP, Dang VQ, Nguyen TM, Dang NN. Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction by [Re(CO) 3Cl(3-(pyridin-2-yl)-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole)] and [Re(CO) 3Cl(3-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole)]. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:34089-34097. [PMID: 36188295 PMCID: PMC9520745 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of novel electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction is necessary to overcome global warming and the depletion of fossil fuels. In the current study, the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction of [Re(CO)3Cl(N-N)], where N-N represents 3-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole (Hpy), 3-(pyridin-2-yl)-5-phenyl-l,2,4-triazole (Hph), and 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4' dicarboxylic acidic (bpy-COOH) ligands, was investigated. In CO2-saturated electrolytes, cyclic voltammograms showed an enhancement of the current at the second reduction wave for all complexes. In the presence of triethanolamine (TEOA), the currents of Re(Hpy), Re(Hph), and Re(bpy-COOH) enhanced significantly by approximately 4-, 2-, and 5-fold at peak potentials of -1.60, -150, and -1.69 VAg/Ag+, respectively (in comparison to without TEOA). The reduction potential of Re(Hph) was less negative than those of Re(Hpy) and Re(COOH), which was suggested to cause its least efficiency for CO2 reduction. Chronoamperometry measurements showed the stability of the cathodic current at the second reduction wave for at least 300 s, and Re(COOH) was the most stable in the CO2-catalyzed reduction. The appearance and disappearance of the absorption band in the UV/vis spectra indicated the reaction of the catalyst with molecular CO2 and its conversion to new species, which were proposed to be Re-DMF + and Re-TEOA and were supposed to react with CO2 molecules. The CO2 molecules were claimed to be captured and inserted into the oxygen bond of Re-TEOA, resulting in the enhancement of the CO2 reduction efficiency. The results indicate a new way of using these complexes in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong
N. Nguyen
- Institute
of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
(VAST), 29TL Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Graduate
University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau
Giay, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Bich-Ngoc Dao
- Future
Materials & Devices Lab., Institute of Fundamental and Applied
Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- The
Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Trang T. Tran
- Institute
of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
(VAST), 29TL Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Department
Materials Science and Technology, University
of Science, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc-Anh T. Tran
- Institute
of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
(VAST), 29TL Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Department
Materials Science and Technology, University
of Science, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Tu A. Nguyen
- Institute
of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
(VAST), 29TL Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Department
Materials Science and Technology, University
of Science, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Thao-Dang L. Phan
- Institute
of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
(VAST), 29TL Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Department
Materials Science and Technology, University
of Science, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Loc P. Nguyen
- Institute
of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
(VAST), 29TL Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Department
Materials Science and Technology, University
of Science, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Vinh Q. Dang
- Department
Materials Science and Technology, University
of Science, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi Minh (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuan M. Nguyen
- Institute
of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
(VAST), 29TL Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Graduate
University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau
Giay, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Nam N. Dang
- Future
Materials & Devices Lab., Institute of Fundamental and Applied
Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- The
Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
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5
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Hellman AN, Intrator JA, Choate J, Velazquez DA, Marinescu SC. Primary- and secondary-sphere effects of amine substituent position on rhenium bipyridine electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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6
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Fujita E, Grills DC, Manbeck GF, Polyansky DE. Understanding the Role of Inter- and Intramolecular Promoters in Electro- and Photochemical CO 2 Reduction Using Mn, Re, and Ru Catalysts. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:616-628. [PMID: 35133133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recycling of carbon dioxide to fuels and chemicals is a promising strategy for renewable energy storage. Carbon dioxide conversion can be achieved by (i) artificial photosynthesis using photoinduced electrons; (ii) electrolysis using electricity produced by photovoltaics; and (iii) thermal CO2 hydrogenation using renewable H2. The focus of our group's research is on molecular catalysts, in particular coordination complexes of transition metals (e.g., Mn, Re, and Ru), which offer versatile platforms for mechanistic studies of photo- and electrochemical CO2 reduction. The interactions of catalytic intermediates with Lewis or Brønsted acids, hydrogen-bonding moieties, solvents, cations, etc., that function as promoters or cofactors have become increasingly important for efficient catalysis. These interactions may have dramatic effects on selectivity and rates by stabilizing intermediates or lowering transition state barriers, but they are difficult to elucidate and challenging to predict. We have been carrying out experimental and theoretical studies of CO2 reduction using molecular catalysts toward addressing mechanisms of efficient CO2 reduction systems with emphasis on those containing intramolecular (or pendent) and intermolecular (solution phase) additives. This Account describes the identification of reaction intermediates produced during CO2 reduction in the presence of triethanolamine or ionic liquids, the benefits of hydrogen-bonding interactions among intermediates or cofactors, and the complications of pendent phenolic donors/phenoxide bases under electrochemical conditions.Triethanolamine (TEOA) is a common sacrificial electron donor for photosensitizer excited state reductive quenching and has a long history of use in photocatalytic CO2 reduction. It also functions as a Brønsted base in conjunction with more potent sacrificial electron donors, such as 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (BIH). Deprotonation of the BIH•+ cation radical promotes irreversible photoinduced electron transfer by preventing charge recombination. Despite its wide use, most research to date has not considered the broader reactions of TEOA, including its direct interaction with CO2 or its influence on catalytic intermediates. We found that in acetonitrile, TEOA captures CO2 in the form of a zwitterionic adduct without any metal catalyst. In the presence of ruthenium carbonyl catalysts bearing α-diimine ligands, it participates in metal hydride formation, accelerates hydride transfer to CO2 to form the bound formate intermediate, and assists in the dissociation of formate anion from the catalyst ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 2413-2428).Hydrogen bonding and acid/base promoters are understood to interact with key catalytic intermediates, such as the metallocarboxylate or metallocarboxylic acid during CO2 reduction. The former is a high energy species, and hydrogen-bonding or Lewis acid-stabilization are beneficial. We have found that imidazolium-based ionic liquid cations can stabilize the doubly reduced form of the [ReCl(bpy)(CO)3] (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) electrocatalyst through both hydrogen-bonding and π-π interactions, resulting in CO2 reduction occurring at a more positive potential with a higher catalytic current ( J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 2033-2038). Hydrogen bonding interactions between Lewis basic methoxy groups in the second coordination sphere of a Mn-based catalyst and the OH group of the Mn-COOH intermediate in the presence of a Brønsted acid were also found to promote C-(OH) bond cleavage, enabling access to a low-energy protonation-first pathway for CO2 reduction ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 2604-2618).The kinetics of forming the metallocarboxylic acid can be enhanced by internal acids, and its proton-induced C-OH bond cleavage to the metallocarbonyl and H2O is often the rate-limiting step. Therefore, proton movement organized by pendent hydrogen-bonding networks may also accelerate this step. In contrast, during electrolysis, OH groups in the second coordination sphere are deprotonated to the oxyanions, which deter catalytic CO2 reduction by directly binding CO2 to form the carbonate or by making an M-O bond in competition with CO2 binding ( Inorg. Chem. 2016, 55, 4582-4594). Our results emphasize that detailed mechanistic research is critical in discovering the design principles for improved catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Fujita
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - David C. Grills
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Gerald F. Manbeck
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Dmitry E. Polyansky
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
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7
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Liu JJ, Chapovetsky A, Haiges R, Marinescu SC. Effects of Protonation State on Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction by a Cobalt Aminopyridine Macrocyclic Complex. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17517-17528. [PMID: 34761920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A critical component in the reduction of CO2 to CO and H2O is the delivery of 2 equiv of protons and electrons to the CO2 molecule. The timing and sequencing of these proton and electron transfer steps are essential factors in directing the activity and selectivity for catalytic CO2 reduction. In previous studies, we have reported a series of macrocyclic aminopyridine cobalt complexes capable of reducing CO2 to CO with high faradaic efficiencies. Kinetic investigations reveal a relationship between the observed rate constant (kobs) and the number of pendant amine hydrogen bond donors minus one, suggesting the presence of a deprotonated active catalytic state. Herein, we investigate the feasibility of these proposed deprotonated complexes toward CO2 reduction. Two deprotonated derivatives, Co(L4-) and Co(L2-), of the tetraamino macrocycle Co(L) were independently synthesized and structurally characterized revealing extensive delocalization of the negative charge upon deprotonation. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible titration studies confirm that under catalytic conditions, the active form of the catalyst gradually becomes deprotonated, supporting thus the ndonor - 1 relationship with kobs. Electrochemical studies of Co(L4-) reveal that this deprotonated analogue is competent for electrocatalysis upon addition of an exogenous weak acid source, such as 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, resulting in faradaic efficiencies for CO2-to-CO conversion identical to those observed with the fully protonated derivative (>98%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Alon Chapovetsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Ralf Haiges
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Smaranda C Marinescu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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8
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Mechanistic insight into electrocatalytic CO2 reduction using Lewis acid-base pairs. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hellman AN, Haiges R, Marinescu SC. Influence of Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding Interactions on the Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO
2
to CO by 6,6′‐Amine Substituted Rhenium Bipyridine Complexes. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N. Hellman
- Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles California 90089 United States
| | - Ralf Haiges
- Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles California 90089 United States
| | - Smaranda C. Marinescu
- Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles California 90089 United States
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Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Transition Metal Complexes as Catalysts for the Electroconversion of CO 2 : An Organometallic Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11628-11686. [PMID: 33464678 PMCID: PMC8248444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic transformation of carbon dioxide has been a topic of interest in the field of CO2 utilization for a long time. Recently, the area has seen increasing dynamics as an alternative strategy to catalytic hydrogenation for CO2 reduction. While many studies focus on the direct electron transfer to the CO2 molecule at the electrode material, molecular transition metal complexes in solution offer the possibility to act as catalysts for the electron transfer. C1 compounds such as carbon monoxide, formate, and methanol are often targeted as the main products, but more elaborate transformations are also possible within the coordination sphere of the metal center. This perspective article will cover selected examples to illustrate and categorize the currently favored mechanisms for the electrochemically induced transformation of CO2 promoted by homogeneous transition metal complexes. The insights will be corroborated with the concepts and elementary steps of organometallic catalysis to derive potential strategies to broaden the molecular diversity of possible products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
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12
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López I, Le Poul N. Theoretical aspects of electrochemistry at low temperature. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Übergangsmetallkomplexe als Katalysatoren für die elektrische Umwandlung von CO
2
– eine metallorganische Perspektive. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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14
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Zucca A, Pilo MI. Rollover Cyclometalation as a Valuable Tool for Regioselective C-H Bond Activation and Functionalization. Molecules 2021; 26:E328. [PMID: 33435257 PMCID: PMC7827749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Rollover cyclometalation constitutes a particular case of cyclometallation reaction. This reaction occurs when a chelated heterocyclic ligand loses its bidentate coordination mode and undergoes an internal rotation, after which a remote C-H bond is regioselectively activated, affording an uncommon cyclometalated complex, called "rollover cyclometalated complex". The key of the process is the internal rotation of the ligand, which occurs before the C-H bond activation and releases from coordination a donor atom. The new "rollover" ligand has peculiar properties, being a ligand with multiple personalities, no more a spectator in the reactivity of the complex. The main reason of this peculiarity is the presence of an uncoordinated donor atom (the one initially involved in the chelation), able to promote a series of reactions not available for classic cyclometalated complexes. The rollover reaction is highly regioselective, because the activated C-H bond is usually in a symmetric position with respect to the donor atom which detaches from the metal stating the rollover process. Due to this novel behavior, a series of potential applications have appeared in the literature, in fields such as catalysis, organic synthesis, and advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Zucca
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
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Mukherjee J, Siewert I. Manganese and Rhenium Tricarbonyl Complexes Equipped with Proton Relays in the Electrochemical CO
2
Reduction Reaction. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyotima Mukherjee
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Inke Siewert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
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Rotundo L, Polyansky DE, Gobetto R, Grills DC, Fujita E, Nervi C, Manbeck GF. Molecular Catalysts with Intramolecular Re-O Bond for Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12187-12199. [PMID: 32804491 PMCID: PMC8009525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
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A new Re bipyridine-type complex,
namely, fac-Re(pmbpy)(CO)3Cl (pmbpy =
4-phenyl-6-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)-2,2′-bipyridine), 1, carrying a single OH moiety as local proton source, has
been synthesized, and its electrochemical behavior under Ar and under
CO2 has been characterized. Two isomers of 1, namely, 1-cis characterized by the
proximity of Cl to OH and 1-trans, are
identified. The interconversion between 1-cis and 1-trans is clarified by DFT calculations,
which reveal two transition states. The energetically lower pathway
displays a non-negligible barrier of 75.5 kJ mol–1. The 1e– electrochemical reduction of 1 affords the neutral intermediate 1-OPh, formally derived
by reductive deprotonation and loss of Cl– from 1. 1-OPh, which exhibits an entropically favored
intramolecular Re–O bond, has been isolated and characterized.
The detailed electrochemical mechanism is demonstrated by combined
chemical reactivity, spectroelectrochemistry, spectroscopic (IR and
NMR), and computational (DFT) approaches. Comparison with previous
Re and Mn derivatives carrying local proton sources highlights that
the catalytic activity of Re complexes is more sensitive to the presence
of local OH groups. Similar to Re-2OH (2OH = 4-phenyl-6-(phenyl-2,6-diol)-2,2′-bipyridine), 1 and Mn-1OH display a selective reduction of
CO2 to CO. In the case of the Re bipyridine-type complex,
the formation of a relatively stable Re–O bond and a preference
for phenolate-based reactivity with CO2 slightly inhibit
the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO, resulting
in a low TON value of 9, even in the presence of phenol as a proton
source. A new Re bipyridine-type complex, namely, fac-Re(pmbpy)(CO)3Cl (pmbpy = 4-phenyl-6-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)-2,2′-bipyridine), 1, carrying a single OH moiety as local proton source, has
been synthesized, and its electrochemical behavior under Ar and under
CO2 has been characterized. Two isomers of 1, namely, 1-cis characterized by the
proximity of Cl to OH and 1-trans, are
identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rotundo
- Chemistry Department, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Bari), University of Bari, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Dmitry E Polyansky
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Roberto Gobetto
- Chemistry Department, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Bari), University of Bari, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - David C Grills
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Etsuko Fujita
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Carlo Nervi
- Chemistry Department, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Bari), University of Bari, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gerald F Manbeck
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
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17
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Merillas B, Cuéllar E, Diez-Varga A, Torroba T, García-Herbosa G, Fernández S, Lloret-Fillol J, Martín-Alvarez JM, Miguel D, Villafañe F. Luminescent Rhenium(I)tricarbonyl Complexes Containing Different Pyrazoles and Their Successive Deprotonation Products: CO 2 Reduction Electrocatalysts. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11152-11165. [PMID: 32705866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cationic fac-[Re(CO)3(pz*H)(pypzH)]OTf (pz*H = pyrazole, pzH; 3,5-dimethylpyrazole, dmpzH; indazole, indzH; 3-(2-pyridyl)pyrazole, pypzH) were obtained from fac-[ReBr(CO)3(pypzH)] by halide abstraction with AgOTf and subsequent addition of the corresponding pyrazole. Successive deprotonation with Na2CO3 and NaOH gave neutral fac-[Re(CO)3(pz*H)(pypz)] and anionic Na{fac-[Re(CO)3(pz*)(pypz)]} complexes, respectively. Cationic fac-[Re(CO)3(pz*H)(pypzH)]OTf, neutral complexes fac-[Re(CO)3(pz*H)(pypz)], and fac-[Re(CO)3(pypz)2Na] were subjected to photophysical and electrochemical studies. They exhibit phosphorescent decays from a prevalently 3MLCT excited state with quantum yields (Φ) in the range between 0.03 and 0.58 and long lifetimes (τ from 220 to 869 ns). The electrochemical behavior in Ar atmosphere of cationic and neutral complexes indicates that the oxidation processes assigned to ReI → ReII occurs at lower potentials for the neutral complex compared to cationic complex. The reduction processes occur at the ligands and do not depend on the charge of the complexes. The electrochemical behavior in CO2 saturated media is consistent with CO2 electrocatalyzed reduction, where the values of the catalytic activity [icat(CO2)/icat(Ar)] ranged from 2.7 to 11.5 (compared to 8.1 for fac-[Re(CO)3Cl(bipy)] studied as a reference). Controlled potential electrolysis for the pyrazole cationic (3a) and neutral (4a) complexes after 1 h affords CO in faraday yields of 61 and 89%, respectively. These values are higher for indazole complexes and may be related to the acidity of the coordinated pyrazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Merillas
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Miguel Delibes, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Elena Cuéllar
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Miguel Delibes, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alberto Diez-Varga
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Tomás Torroba
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Gabriel García-Herbosa
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Sergio Fernández
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Julio Lloret-Fillol
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Martín-Alvarez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Miguel Delibes, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Daniel Miguel
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Miguel Delibes, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Fernando Villafañe
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Miguel Delibes, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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18
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Paul LA, Rajabi S, Jooss C, Meyer F, Ebrahimi F, Siewert I. A dinuclear rhenium complex in the electrochemically driven homogeneous and heterogeneous H +/CO 2-reduction. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:8367-8374. [PMID: 32520049 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00381f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A dinculear Re(CO)3 complex with a proton responsive phenol unit and a pyrene anchor in the ligand backbone was investigated in the electrochemical CO2/H+ conversion in solution and adsorbed on multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) on an GC electrode surface. The pyrene group unit is introduced at the end of the ligand synthesis via a coupling reaction, which allows for a versatile ligand modification in order to tune the electronic properties or to introduce various anchor groups for heterogenisation at a late stage. The redox chemistry of the pyrene-α-diimine-Re(CO)3 complex, 1, was investigated in N,N-dimethylformamide (dmf), including IR-spectroelectrochemical (IR-SEC) characterisation of the short lived, reduced species. Subsequently, the electrochemical H+/CO2-reduction catalysis in dmf/water was investigated. The complex catalyses syngas formation yielding CO and H2 with similar rates, namely in Faraday yields of 45% and 35%, respectively. Since the similar complex without the pyrene anchor in the backbone, I, prefers CO2 over H+ reduction, the formation of syngas was rationalised by the small differences in the redox properties and pKa values of the phenol-pyrene unit in regard to phenol unit as in I. Subsequently, the complex was adsorbed on multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) on a GC electrode surface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed coating of the electrode. The immobilised complex was utilised in the electrochemical CO2/H+ reduction in dmf/water, however, the complex quickly desorbed under reductive conditions, likely due to the good solubility of the reduced species. Water as a solvent prevents desorption as confirmed by XPS, however, then a preference for H2 formation over syngas formation was observed under electrocatalytic conditions. Thus, these experiments show, that the results obtained in aqueous organic solution are not easily transferable to the heterogeneous systems operating in water due to changes in the reaction rates for competing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Paul
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr. 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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