1
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Larsen S, Adewuyi JA, Thomas KE, Conradie J, Rousselin Y, Ung G, Ghosh A. Electronic Structure of Metallophlorins: Lessons from Iridium and Gold Phlorin Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9842-9853. [PMID: 38743029 PMCID: PMC11134504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Phlorins have long remained underexplored relative to their fully conjugated counterparts, such as porphyrins, hydroporphyrins, and corroles. Herein, we have attempted to bridge that knowledge gap with a scalar-relativistic density functional theory (DFT) study of unsubstituted iridium and gold phlorin derivatives and a multitechnique experimental study of iridium-bispyridine and gold complexes of 5,5-dimethyl-10,15,20-tris(pentafluorophenyl)phlorin. Theory and experiments concur that the phlorin derivatives exhibit substantially smaller HOMO-LUMO gaps, as reflected in a variety of observable properties. Thus, the experimentally studied Ir and Au complexes absorb strongly in the near-infrared (NIR), with absorption maxima at 806 and 770 nm, respectively. The two complexes are also weakly phosphorescent with emission maxima at 950 and 967 nm, respectively. They were also found to photosensitize singlet oxygen formation, with quantum yields of 40 and 28%, respectively. The near-infrared (NIR) absorption and emission are consonants with smaller electrochemical HOMO-LUMO gaps of ∼1.6 V, compared to values of ∼2.1 V, for electronically innocent porphyrins and corroles. Interestingly, both the first oxidation and reduction potentials of the Ir complex are some 600 mV shifted to more negative potentials relative to those of the Au complex, indicating an exceptionally electron-rich macrocycle in the case of the Ir complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Larsen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Joseph A. Adewuyi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Kolle E. Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of South Africa
| | - Yoann Rousselin
- ICMUB,
UMR CNRS 6302, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comte, BP 47870, Dijon Cedex 21078, France
| | - Gaël Ung
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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2
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Johannessen K, Johansen MAL, Einrem RF, M cCormick M cPherson LJ, Alemayehu AB, Borisov SM, Ghosh A. Influence of Fluorinated Substituents on the Near-Infrared Phosphorescence of 5d Metallocorroles. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2023; 3:241-245. [PMID: 37810408 PMCID: PMC10557119 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of fluorinated substituents on the luminescent properties of rhenium-oxo, osmium-nitrido, and gold triarylcorroles was studied via a comparison of four ligands: triphenylcorrole (TPC), tris(p-trifluoromethylphenyl)corrole (TpCF3PC), tris{3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl}corrole (T3,5-CF3PC), and tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole (TPFPC). For each metal series examined, fluorinated substituents were found to enhance the luminescent properties, with the phosphorescence quantum yields and triplet decay times increasing in the order TPC < TpCF3PC < T3,5-CF3PC < TPFPC. Among the 11 complexes examined, the highest phosphorescence quantum yield, 2.2%, was recorded for Re[TPFPC](O).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rune F. Einrem
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT−The Arctic University
of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Laura J. McCormick McPherson
- EPSRC
National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Abraham B. Alemayehu
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT−The Arctic University
of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT−The Arctic University
of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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3
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Shing KP, Qin L, Wu LL, Huang JS, Che CM. Ruthenium(v) terminal arylimido corroles: isolation, spectroscopic characterization and reactivity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10602-10609. [PMID: 37800003 PMCID: PMC10548528 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02266h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Terminal Ru(v)-imido species are thought to be as reactive to group transfer reactions as their Ru(v)-oxo homologues, but are less studied. With the electron-rich corrole ligand, relatively stable and isolable Ru(v)-arylimido complexes [Ru(tBu-Cor)(NAr)] (H3(tBu-Cor) = 5,15-diphenyl-10-(p-tert-butylphenyl)corrole, Ar = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2 (Mes), 2,6-(iPr)2C6H3 (Dipp), 2,4,6-(iPr)3C6H2 (Tipp), and 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3 (BTF)) can be prepared from [Ru(tBu-Cor)]2 under strongly reducing conditions. This type of Ru(v)-monoarylimido corrole complex with S = ½ was characterized by high-resolution ESI mass spectrometry, X-band EPR, resonance Raman spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, and elemental analysis, together with computational studies. Under heating/light irradiation (xenon lamp) conditions, the complexes [Ru(tBu-Cor)(NAr)] (Ar = Mes, BTF) could undergo aziridination of styrenes and amination of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds with up to 90% product yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Pan Shing
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Lin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Liang-Liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Jie-Sheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation Shenzhen China
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Alemayehu AB, Ghosh A. Phenol- and resorcinol-appended metallocorroles and their derivatization with fluorous tags. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19256. [PMID: 36357501 PMCID: PMC9649713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron tribromide-mediated demethylation of rhenium-oxo and gold meso-tris(4-methoxyphenyl)corrole and meso-tris(3,5-dimethoxyphenylcorrole), M[TpOMePC] and M[T(3,5-OMe)PC] (M = ReO, Au), have yielded the corresponding phenol- and resorcinol-appended metallocorroles, M[TpOHPC] and M[T(3,5-OH)PC], in good yields. The latter compounds proved insoluble in dichloromethane and chloroform but soluble in THF. The M[T(3,5-OH)PC] derivatives also proved moderately soluble in 0.05 M aqueous KOH. Unlike oxidation-prone aminophenyl-substituted corroles, the phenol- and resorcinol-appended metallocorroles could be readily handled in air without special precautions. The phenolic metallocorroles could be readily alkylated with 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,11-heptadecafluoroundecyl iodide ("FtI") to afford the fluorous-tagged metallocorroles M[TpOFtPC] and M[T(3,5-OFt)PC] in > 90% yields. The simplicity of the synthetic protocols promise a wide range of phenolic and fluorous-tagged porphyrin analogues with potential applications to diverse fields such as sensors, catalysis, and photodynamic therapy, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B. Alemayehu
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Panchavarnam S, Sengupta R, Ravikanth M. Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Palladium(II) Complex of α-Formyl Pyrrolyl Dipyrromethene. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5587-5595. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00166g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple α-formyl pyrrolyl dipyrromethene ligand was synthesized by deboronation of BF2-complex of α-formyl pyrrolyl dipyrrin under Lewis acid-catalyzed conditions. The α-formyl pyrrolyl dipyrrin ligand was treated with PdCl2 in...
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Einrem RF, Jonsson ET, Teat SJ, Settineri NS, Alemayehu AB, Ghosh A. Regioselective formylation of rhenium-oxo and gold corroles: substituent effects on optical spectra and redox potentials. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34086-34094. [PMID: 35497316 PMCID: PMC9042328 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vilsmeier-Haack formylation of ReO and Au meso-triarylcorroles over 16-18 hours affords moderate to good yields (47-65%) of the ReO-3-formyl and Au-3,17-diformyl derivatives in a highly regioselective manner. Formylation was found to effect substantial upshifts for redox potentials (especially the reduction potentials) as well as significant to dramatic redshifts for both the Soret and Q bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune F Einrem
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway N-9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Einar Torfi Jonsson
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway N-9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720-8229 USA
| | - Nicholas S Settineri
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720-8229 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway N-9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway N-9037 Tromsø Norway
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Alemayehu AB, Thomas KE, Einrem RF, Ghosh A. The Story of 5d Metallocorroles: From Metal-Ligand Misfits to New Building Blocks for Cancer Phototherapeutics. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3095-3107. [PMID: 34297542 PMCID: PMC8382219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Porphyrin chemistry is Shakespearean: over a
century of study has
not withered the field’s apparently infinite variety. Heme
proteins continually astonish us with novel molecular mechanisms,
while new porphyrin analogues bowl us over with unprecedented optical,
electronic, and metal-binding properties. Within the latter domain,
corroles occupy a special place, exhibiting a unique and rich coordination
chemistry. The 5d metallocorroles are arguably the icing on that cake. New Zealand chemist Penny Brothers has used the word “misfit”
to describe the interactions of boron, a small atom with a predilection
for tetrahedral coordination, and porphyrins, classic square-planar
ligands. Steve Jobs lionized misfits as those who see things differently
and push humanity forward. Both perspectives have inspired us. The
5d metallocorroles are misfits in that they encapsulate a large 5d
transition metal ion within the tight cavity of a contracted porphyrin
ligand. Given the steric mismatch inherent in their structures,
the syntheses
of some 5d metallocorroles are understandably capricious,
proceeding under highly specific conditions and affording poor yields.
Three broad approaches may be distinguished. (a) In the metal–alkyl approach, a free-base
corrole is exposed to an alkyllithium and the resulting lithio-corrole
is treated with an early transition metal chloride; a variant of the
method eschews alkyllithium and deploys a transition metal–alkyl
instead, resulting in elimination of the alkyl group as an alkane
and insertion of the metal into the corrole. This approach is useful
for inserting transition metals from groups 4, 5, and, to some extent,
6, as well as lanthanides and actinides. (b) In our laboratory,
we have often deployed a low-valent
organometallic approach for the middle transition elements
(groups 6, 7, 8, and 9). The reagents are low-valent metal–carbonyl
or −olefin complexes, which lose one or more carbon ligands
at high temperature, affording coordinatively unsaturated, sticky
metal fragments that are trapped by the corrole nitrogens. (c)
Finally, a metal acetate approach provides
the method of choice for gold and platinum insertion (groups 10 and
11). This Account provides a first-hand perspective
of the three approaches, focusing on the last two, which were largely
developed in our laboratory. In general, the products were characterized
with X-ray crystallography, electrochemistry, and a variety of spectroscopic
methods. The physicochemical data, supplemented by relativistic DFT
calculations, have provided fascinating insights into periodic trends
and relativistic effects. An unexpected feature of many 5d metallocorroles,
given their misfit
character, is their remarkable stability under thermal, chemical,
and photochemical stimulation. Many of them also exhibit long triplet
lifetimes on the order of 100 μs and effectively sensitize singlet
oxygen formation. Many exhibit phosphorescence in the near-infrared
under ambient conditions. Furthermore, water-soluble ReO and Au corroles
exhibit impressive photocytotoxicity against multiple cancer cell
lines, promising potential applications as cancer phototherapeutics.
We thus envision a bright future for the compounds as rugged building
blocks for new generations of therapeutic and diagnostic (theranostic)
agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B. Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Kolle E. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Rune F. Einrem
- Department of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway
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Alemayehu AB, McCormick-McPherson LJ, Conradie J, Ghosh A. Rhenium Corrole Dimers: Electrochemical Insights into the Nature of the Metal-Metal Quadruple Bond. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8315-8321. [PMID: 33998801 PMCID: PMC8278387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
interaction of free-base triarylcorroles with Re2(CO)10 in 1,2-dichlorobenzene in the presence of 2,6-lutidine
at 180 °C under strict anerobic conditions afforded approximately
10% yields of rhenium corrole dimers. The compounds exhibited diamagnetic 1H NMR spectra consistent with a metal–metal quadruple
bond with a σ2π4δ2 orbital occupancy. One of the compounds proved amenable to single-crystal
X-ray structure determination, yielding a metal–metal distance
of ∼2.24 Å, essentially identical to that in triple-bonded
osmium corrole dimers. On the other hand, the electrochemical properties
of Re and Os corrole dimers proved to be radically different. Thus,
the reduction potentials of the Re corrole dimers are some 800 mV
upshifted relative to those of their Os counterparts. Stated differently,
the Re corrole dimers are dramatically easier to reduce, reflecting
electron addition to δ* versus π* molecular orbitals for
Re and Os corrole dimers, respectively. The data also imply electrochemical
HOMO-LUMO gaps of only 1.0–1.1 V for rhenium corrole dimers,
compared with values of 1.85–1.90 V for their Os counterparts.
These HOMO–LUMO gaps rank among the first such values reported
for quadruple-bonded transition-metal dimers for any type of supporting
ligand, porphyrin-type or not. The first metal−metal
quadruple-bonded metallocorrole
dimers have been synthesized in the form of three rhenium meso-triarylcorrole dimers. The compounds exhibit electrochemical
HOMO−LUMO gaps of 1.0−1.1 V, which is some 750 mV smaller
than those of their triple-bonded Os counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Laura J McCormick-McPherson
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of South Africa
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Zhang X, Guo W, Zhu W, Liang X. meso-Expanded Co(III)corroles through Suzuki-Miyaura couplings: Synthesis and tunable electrocatalytic hydrogen evolutions and oxygen reductions. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, four meso-expanded Co(III)corroles at meta-positions through Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions and their structural characterization are successfully accomplished and reported. An analysis of the structure–property relationships by spectroscopy, electrochemistry and electrochemical catalysis demonstrate how the positional isomerism influence the electronic structure and their catalytic behaviors of hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) and oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Wenwu Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Xu Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
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Borges AP, Possato B, Hagenbach A, Machado AE, Deflon VM, Abram U, Maia PI. Re(V) complexes containing the phenylimido (NPh2−) core and SNS-thiosemicarbazide ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Alemayehu AB, Einrem RF, McCormick-McPherson LJ, Settineri NS, Ghosh A. Synthesis and molecular structure of perhalogenated rhenium-oxo corroles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19727. [PMID: 33184456 PMCID: PMC7665048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of our efforts to develop rhenium-oxo corroles as photosensitizers for oxygen sensing and photodynamic therapy, we investigated the potential β-perhalogenation of five ReO meso-tris(para-X-phenyl)corroles, Re[TpXPC](O) (X = CF3, H, F, CH3, and OCH3), with elemental chlorine and bromine. With Cl2, β-octachlorinated products Re[Cl8TpXPC](O) were rapidly obtained for X = CF3, H, and CH3, but X = OCH3 resulted in overchlorination on the meso-aryl groups. Full β-octabromination proved slower relative to Cu and Ir corroles, but the desired Re[Br8TpXPC](O) products were finally obtained for X = H and F after a week at room temperature. For X = CH3 and OCH3, these conditions led to undecabrominated products Re[Br11TpXPC](O). Compared to the β-unsubstituted starting materials, the β-octahalogenated products were found to exhibit sharp 1H NMR signals at room temperature, indicating that the aryl groups are locked in place by the β-halogens, and substantially redshifted Soret and Q bands. Single-crystal X-ray structures of Re[Cl8TpCF3PC](O), Re[Cl8TpCH3PC](O), and Re[Br8TpFPC](O) revealed mild saddling for one Cl8 structure and the Br8 structure. These structural variations, however, appear too insignificant to explain the slowness of the β-octabromination protocols, which seems best attributed to the deactivating influence of the high-valent Re center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rune F Einrem
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Nicholas S Settineri
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-8229, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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13
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Einrem RF, Alemayehu AB, Borisov SM, Ghosh A, Gederaas OA. Amphiphilic Rhenium-Oxo Corroles as a New Class of Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10596-10601. [PMID: 32426618 PMCID: PMC7227046 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A set of rhenium(V)-oxo meso-triarylcorroles bearing ester and carboxylic acid functionalities were synthesized with a view to determining their potential for photodynamic therapy. Toward this end, we measured their near-IR phosphorescence and their ability to sensitize singlet oxygen formation. The two esters studied, ReVO 5,10,15-tris(meta-carbomethoxyphenyl)corrole and ReVO 5,10,15-tris(para-carbomethoxyphenyl)corrole, were found to exhibit phosphorescence quantum yields of around 1% and fairly long phosphorescence lifetimes of about 60 μs in toluene. The corresponding carboxylic acids, which were examined in ethanolic/aqueous media, in contrast, showed much lower phosphorescence quantum yields on the order of 0.01% and somewhat shorter phosphorescent lifetimes. The quantum yields for singlet oxygen formation, on the other hand, turned out to be equally high (0.72 ± 0.02) for the esters and corresponding carboxylic acids. For the two carboxylic acids, we also carried out photocytotoxicity measurements on rat bladder cancer cells (AY27) and human colon carcinoma cells (WiDr). Cell viability measurements (MTT assays) indicated 50% cell death (LD50) for AY27 cells upon 5 min of blue light exposure with the meta carboxylic acid and upon 7 min of exposure with the para carboxylic acid; complete cell death resulted after 20 min for both compounds. The WiDr cells proved less sensitive, and LD50 values were reached after 8 and 12 min illumination with the meta and para carboxylic acids, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune F. Einrem
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Abraham B. Alemayehu
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Odrun A. Gederaas
- Department
of Clinical and Molecular Medicine and Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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