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Slynchuk V, Schedel C, Scheele M, Schnepf A. Stabilization of Colloidal Germanium Nanoparticles: From the Study to the Prospects of the Application in Thin-Film Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15948. [PMID: 37958931 PMCID: PMC10649905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the stabilization of halide-terminated Ge nanoparticles prepared via a disproportionation reaction of metastable Ge(I)X solutions with well-defined size distribution. Further tailoring of the stability of the Ge nanoparticles was achieved using variations in the substituent. Ge nanoparticles obtained in this way are readily dispersed in organic solvents, long-term colloidally stable, and are perfect prerequisites for thin-film preparation. This gives these nanomaterials a future in surface-dependent optical applications, as shown for the halide-terminated nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Slynchuk
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Christine Schedel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Marcus Scheele
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
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2
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Bykowski J, Sinclair J, Trach J, Ferguson MJ, Rivard E. Molecular Sn(II) precursors for room temperature deposition of crystalline elemental tin. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1602-1607. [PMID: 36645418 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We report mild routes for the deposition of crystalline films of elemental tin via the formation and subsequent decomposition of unstable tin(II) hydrides. Specifically, we take advantage of efficient OtBu/H metathesis involving Sn(II) alkoxide precursors and the hydride source pinacolborane (HBpin); related -N(SiMe3)2/H exchange also afforded elemental tin as a final (insoluble) product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Bykowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Jocelyn Sinclair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Trach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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3
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Endohedral group-14 clusters Au@X12 (X = Ge, Sn, Pb) and their anions: a first-principles study. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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4
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Philipp MSM, Bertermann R, Radius U. Activation of Ge-H and Sn-H Bonds with N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and a Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202493. [PMID: 36177710 PMCID: PMC10100474 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A study of the reactivity of several N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and the cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene 1-(2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidin-2-ylidene (cAACMe ) with the group 14 hydrides GeH2 Mes2 and SnH2 Me2 (Me=CH3 , Mes=1,3,5-(CH3 )3 C6 H2 ) is presented. The reaction of GeH2 Mes2 with cAACMe led to the insertion of cAACMe into one Ge-H bond to give cAACMe H-GeHMes2 (1). If 1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene (Me2 ImMe ) was used as the carbene, NHC-mediated dehydrogenative coupling occurred, which led to the NHC-stabilized germylene Me2 ImMe ⋅GeMes2 (2). The reaction of SnH2 Me2 with cAACMe also afforded the insertion product cAACMe H-SnHMe2 (3), and reaction of two equivalents Me2 ImMe with SnH2 Me2 gave the NHC-stabilized stannylene Me2 ImMe ⋅SnMe2 (4). If the sterically more demanding NHCs Me2 ImMe , 1,3-di-isopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene (iPr2 ImMe ) and 1,3-bis-(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene (Dipp2 Im) were employed, selective formation of cyclic oligomers (SnMe2 )n (5; n=5-8) in high yield was observed. These cyclic oligomers were also obtained from the controlled decomposition of cAACMe H-SnHMe2 (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S M Philipp
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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5
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Philipp MSM, Bertermann R, Radius U. N‐Heterocyclic Carbene and Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene Adducts of Germanium(IV) and Tin(IV) Chlorides and Organyl Chlorides. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. M. Philipp
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Udo Radius
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg GERMANY
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6
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Ackermann MT, Seidl M, Wen F, Ferguson MJ, Timoshkin AY, Rivard E, Scheer M. An NHC-Stabilized H 2 GeBH 2 Precursor for the Preparation of Cationic Group 13/14/15 Hydride Chains. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103780. [PMID: 34761837 PMCID: PMC9299135 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization and reactivity studies of the NHC-stabilized complex IDipp ⋅ GeH2 BH2 OTf (1) (IDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene) are reported. Nucleophilic substitution of the triflate (OTf) group in 1 by phosphine or arsine donors provides access to the cationic group 13/14/15 chains [IDipp ⋅ GeH2 BH2 ERR1 R2 ]+ (2 E=P; R, R1 =H; R2 =t Bu; 3 E=P; R=H; R1 , R2 =Ph; 4 a E=P; R, R1 , R2 =Ph; 4 b E=As; R, R1 , R2 =Ph). These novel cationic chains were characterized by X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Moreover, the formation of the parent complexes [IDipp ⋅ GeH2 BH2 PH3 ][OTf] (5) and [IDipp ⋅ GeH3 ][OTf] (6) were achieved by reaction of 1 with PH3 . Accompanying DFT computations give insight into the stability of the formed chains with respect to their decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Fuwei Wen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta11227 Saskatchewan Dr.EdmontonAlbertaT6G 2G2Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta11227 Saskatchewan Dr.EdmontonAlbertaT6G 2G2Canada
| | - Alexey Y. Timoshkin
- Institute of ChemistrySaint Petersburg State UniversityUniversitetskaya emb. 7/9199034St. PetersburgRussia
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta11227 Saskatchewan Dr.EdmontonAlbertaT6G 2G2Canada
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
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7
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Sinclair J, Medroa Del Pino W, Aku-Dominguez K, Minami Y, Kiran A, Ferguson MJ, Yasuda M, Rivard E. Access to metastable [GeH 2] n materials via a molecular "bottom-up" approach. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17688-17696. [PMID: 34807204 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02850b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the application of a mild, molecular-based, hydride metathesis protocol for the preparation of metastable germanium(II) dihydrides with compositions approaching [GeH2]n. The common starting material for this work [Ge(OtBu)2] was prepared in a high yield and shown to undergo OtBu/H exchange at Ge with the hydride sources pinacolborane (HBpin), catecholborane (HBcat), and diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL-H) to give the [GeH2]n materials as yellow to orange solids. Heating one of these [GeH2]n materials to 200 °C affords a narrowing of the optical band gap (from 2.5 eV) and the generation of amorphous Ge. Reaction of [Ge(OtBu)2] with excess H3B·SMe2 in toluene at 70 °C provides a convenient route to thin films of amorphous Ge, including its deposition onto soft substrates, such as polyethyleneterephthalate (PET). Accompanying computations give insight into the energetics of OtBu/H exchange at Ge, and reveal a general thermodynamic preference for branched structures of [GeH2]n oligomers over linear forms as the Ge chain becomes longer. We also show that [Ge(OtBu)2] is a suitable pre-catalyst for the borylation of aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Sinclair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - William Medroa Del Pino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - Kwami Aku-Dominguez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - Yohei Minami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Anagha Kiran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
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8
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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9
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10
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Rojisha VC, Purushothaman I, De S, Parameswaran P. Nature of C N bond in N-heterocyclic carbene. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Omaña AA, Green RK, Kobayashi R, He Y, Antoniuk ER, Ferguson MJ, Zhou Y, Veinot JGC, Iwamoto T, Brown A, Rivard E. Frustrated Lewis Pair Chelation as a Vehicle for Low-Temperature Semiconductor Element and Polymer Deposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:228-231. [PMID: 32960472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The stabilization of silicon(II) and germanium(II) dihydrides by an intramolecular Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) ligand, PB, i Pr2 P(C6 H4 )BCy2 (Cy=cyclohexyl) is reported. The resulting hydride complexes [PB{SiH2 }] and [PB{GeH2 }] are indefinitely stable at room temperature, yet can deposit films of silicon and germanium, respectively, upon mild thermolysis in solution. Hallmarks of this work include: 1) the ability to recycle the FLP phosphine-borane ligand (PB) after element deposition, and 2) the single-source precursor [PB{SiH2 }] deposits Si films at a record low temperature from solution (110 °C). The dialkylsilicon(II) adduct [PB{SiMe2 }] was also prepared, and shown to release poly(dimethylsilane) [SiMe2 ]n upon heating. Overall, this study introduces a "closed loop" deposition strategy for semiconductors that steers materials science away from the use of harsh reagents or high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rachel K Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yingjie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Evan R Antoniuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Alex Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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12
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Omaña AA, Green RK, Kobayashi R, He Y, Antoniuk ER, Ferguson MJ, Zhou Y, Veinot JGC, Iwamoto T, Brown A, Rivard E. Frustrated Lewis Pair Chelation as a Vehicle for Low‐Temperature Semiconductor Element and Polymer Deposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A. Omaña
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Rachel K. Green
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Yingjie He
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Evan R. Antoniuk
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jonathan G. C. Veinot
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Alex Brown
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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