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Landaeta VR, Horsley Downie TM, Wolf R. Low-Valent Transition Metalate Anions in Synthesis, Small Molecule Activation, and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1323-1463. [PMID: 38354371 PMCID: PMC10906008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This review surveys the synthesis and reactivity of low-oxidation state metalate anions of the d-block elements, with an emphasis on contributions reported between 2006 and 2022. Although the field has a long and rich history, the chemistry of transition metalate anions has been greatly enhanced in the last 15 years by the application of advanced concepts in complex synthesis and ligand design. In recent years, the potential of highly reactive metalate complexes in the fields of small molecule activation and homogeneous catalysis has become increasingly evident. Consequently, exciting applications in small molecule activation have been developed, including in catalytic transformations. This article intends to guide the reader through the fascinating world of low-valent transition metalates. The first part of the review describes the synthesis and reactivity of d-block metalates stabilized by an assortment of ligand frameworks, including carbonyls, isocyanides, alkenes and polyarenes, phosphines and phosphorus heterocycles, amides, and redox-active nitrogen-based ligands. Thereby, the reader will be familiarized with the impact of different ligand types on the physical and chemical properties of metalates. In addition, ion-pairing interactions and metal-metal bonding may have a dramatic influence on metalate structures and reactivities. The complex ramifications of these effects are examined in a separate section. The second part of the review is devoted to the reactivity of the metalates toward small inorganic molecules such as H2, N2, CO, CO2, P4 and related species. It is shown that the use of highly electron-rich and reactive metalates in small molecule activation translates into impressive catalytic properties in the hydrogenation of organic molecules and the reduction of N2, CO, and CO2. The results discussed in this review illustrate that the potential of transition metalate anions is increasingly being tapped for challenging catalytic processes with relevance to organic synthesis and energy conversion. Therefore, it is hoped that this review will serve as a useful resource to inspire further developments in this dynamic research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Michaliszyn K, Smirnova ES, Bucci A, Martin-Diaconescu V, Lloret-Fillol J. Well‐defined Nickel P3C Complexes as Hydrogenation Catalysts of N‐Heteroarenes Under Mild Conditions. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto Bucci
- ICIQ: Institut Catala d'Investigacio Quimica - SPAIN
| | | | - Julio Lloret-Fillol
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) - Ave. Paisos Catalans 16Spain 43005 Tarragona SPAIN
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3
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Handford RC, Nesbit MA, Smith PW, Britt RD, Tilley TD. Versatile Fe-Sn Bonding Interactions in a Metallostannylene System: Multiple Bonding and C-H Bond Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:358-367. [PMID: 34958213 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The metallostannylene Cp*(iPr2MeP)(H)2Fe-SnDMP (1; Cp* = η5-C5Me5; DMP = 2,6-dimesitylphenyl), formed by hydrogen migration in a putative Cp*(iPr2MeP)HFe[Sn(H)DMP] intermediate, serves as a robust platform for exploration of transition-metal main-group element bonding and reactivity. Upon one-electron oxidation, 1 expels H2 to generate the coordinatively unsaturated [Cp*(iPr2MeP)Fe═SnDMP][B(C6F5)4] (3), which possesses a highly polarized Fe-Sn multiple bond that involves interaction of the tin lone pair with iron. Evidence from EPR and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, along with DFT studies, shows that 3 is primarily an iron-based radical with charge localization at tin. Upon reduction of 3, C-H bond activation of the phosphine ligand was observed to produce Cp*HFe(κ2-(P,Sn)═Sn(DMP)CH2CHMePMeiPr) (5). Complex 5 was also accessed via thermolysis of 1, and kinetics studies of this thermolytic pathway indicate that the reductive elimination of H2 from 1 to produce a stannylyne intermediate, Cp*(iPr2MeP)Fe[SnDMP] (A), is likely rate-determining. Evidence indicates that the production of 5 proceeds through a concerted C-H bond activation. DFT investigations suggest that the transition state for this transformation involves C-H cleavage across the Fe-Sn bond and that a related transition state where C-H bond activation occurs exclusively at the tin center is disfavored, illustrating an effect of iron-tin cooperativity in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex C Handford
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mark A Nesbit
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Patrick W Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - R David Britt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - T Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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4
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Lehnert N, Kim E, Dong HT, Harland JB, Hunt AP, Manickas EC, Oakley KM, Pham J, Reed GC, Alfaro VS. The Biologically Relevant Coordination Chemistry of Iron and Nitric Oxide: Electronic Structure and Reactivity. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14682-14905. [PMID: 34902255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological events in biology. Metal coordination chemistry, especially with iron, is at the heart of many biological transformations involving NO. A series of heme proteins, nitric oxide synthases (NOS), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), and nitrophorins, are responsible for the biosynthesis, sensing, and transport of NO. Alternatively, NO can be generated from nitrite by heme- and copper-containing nitrite reductases (NIRs). The NO-bearing small molecules such as nitrosothiols and dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs) can serve as an alternative vehicle for NO storage and transport. Once NO is formed, the rich reaction chemistry of NO leads to a wide variety of biological activities including reduction of NO by heme or non-heme iron-containing NO reductases and protein post-translational modifications by DNICs. Much of our understanding of the reactivity of metal sites in biology with NO and the mechanisms of these transformations has come from the elucidation of the geometric and electronic structures and chemical reactivity of synthetic model systems, in synergy with biochemical and biophysical studies on the relevant proteins themselves. This review focuses on recent advancements from studies on proteins and model complexes that not only have improved our understanding of the biological roles of NO but also have provided foundations for biomedical research and for bio-inspired catalyst design in energy science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Eunsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Hai T Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jill B Harland
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Andrew P Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Manickas
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Kady M Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - John Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Garrett C Reed
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Victor Sosa Alfaro
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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5
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Grunenberg J. How Strong is a Reverse Dative Bond? Compliance Constants as Unique Bond Strength Descriptors. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:20-22. [PMID: 34928135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The concepts of bond strength and bond order are at the very heart of chemistry. Nevertheless, the study of local mechanical bond strengths in large polyatomic molecules is a nontrivial task. In a recent publication, Peters and Lehnert et al. [Inorg. Chem. 2020, 59 (20), 14967-14982] found a quite strong (reverse) dative Fe···B bond for a synthesized low-spin {FeNO}10 complex supported by an ambiphilic trisphosphineborane ligand. Their conclusion was, among other criteria, based on a surprisingly high Fe-B force constant of 1.56 mdyn/Å. Nevertheless, this high value might be based on numerical ambiguities of (rigid) real-space force constants, a flaw, that may affect many other combined spectroscopic and electronic structure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Grunenberg
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität (TU) Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Lu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shihui Zou
- Key Lab of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Baizeng Fang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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7
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Tian S, Fan R, Albert T, Khade RL, Dai H, Harnden KA, Hosseinzadeh P, Liu J, Nilges MJ, Zhang Y, Moënne-Loccoz P, Guo Y, Lu Y. Stepwise nitrosylation of the nonheme iron site in an engineered azurin and a molecular basis for nitric oxide signaling mediated by nonheme iron proteins. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6569-6579. [PMID: 34040732 PMCID: PMC8132939 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00364j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mononitrosyl and dinitrosyl iron species, such as {FeNO}7, {FeNO}8 and {Fe(NO)2}9, have been proposed to play pivotal roles in the nitrosylation processes of nonheme iron centers in biological systems. Despite their importance, it has been difficult to capture and characterize them in the same scaffold of either native enzymes or their synthetic analogs due to the distinct structural requirements of the three species, using redox reagents compatible with biomolecules under physiological conditions. Here, we report the realization of stepwise nitrosylation of a mononuclear nonheme iron site in an engineered azurin under such conditions. Through tuning the number of nitric oxide equivalents and reaction time, controlled formation of {FeNO}7 and {Fe(NO)2}9 species was achieved, and the elusive {FeNO}8 species was inferred by EPR spectroscopy and observed by Mössbauer spectroscopy, with complemental evidence for the conversion of {FeNO}7 to {Fe(NO)2}9 species by UV-Vis, resonance Raman and FT-IR spectroscopies. The entire pathway of the nitrosylation process, Fe(ii) → {FeNO}7 → {FeNO}8 → {Fe(NO)2}9, has been elucidated within the same protein scaffold based on spectroscopic characterization and DFT calculations. These results not only enhance the understanding of the dinitrosyl iron complex formation process, but also shed light on the physiological roles of nitric oxide signaling mediated by nonheme iron proteins. Stepwise nitrosylation from Fe(ii) to {FeNO}7, {FeNO}8 and then to {Fe(NO)2}9 is reported for the first time in the same protein scaffold, providing deeper understanding of the detailed mechanism of dinitrosyl iron complex formation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana IL USA +1-217-333-2619
| | - Ruixi Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA USA +1-412-268-1061 +1-412-268-1704
| | - Therese Albert
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road Portland OR USA +1-503-346-3429
| | - Rahul L Khade
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology 1 Castle Point Terrace Hoboken NJ USA +1-201-216-8240 +1-201-216-5513
| | - Huiguang Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana IL USA +1-217-333-2619
| | - Kevin A Harnden
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana IL USA +1-217-333-2619
| | - Parisa Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana IL USA +1-217-333-2619
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana IL USA +1-217-333-2619
| | - Mark J Nilges
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana IL USA +1-217-333-2619
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology 1 Castle Point Terrace Hoboken NJ USA +1-201-216-8240 +1-201-216-5513
| | - Pierre Moënne-Loccoz
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road Portland OR USA +1-503-346-3429
| | - Yisong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA USA +1-412-268-1061 +1-412-268-1704
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana IL USA +1-217-333-2619
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8
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Fajardo J, Peters JC. Tripodal P 3XFe-N 2 Complexes (X = B, Al, Ga): Effect of the Apical Atom on Bonding, Electronic Structure, and Catalytic N 2-to-NH 3 Conversion. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:1220-1227. [PMID: 33410667 PMCID: PMC8279418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Terminal dinitrogen complexes of iron ligated by tripodal, tetradentate P3X ligands (X = B, C, Si) have previously been shown to mediate catalytic N2-to-NH3 conversion (N2RR) with external proton and electron sources. From this set of compounds, the tris(phosphino)borane (P3B) system is most active under all conditions canvassed thus far. To further probe the effects of the apical Lewis acidic atom on structure, bonding, and N2RR activity, Fe-N2 complexes supported by analogous group 13 tris(phosphino)alane (P3Al) and tris(phosphino)gallane (P3Ga) ligands are synthesized. The series of P3XFe-N2[0/1-] compounds (X = B, Al, Ga) possess similar electronic structures, degrees of N2 activation, and geometric flexibility as determined from spectroscopic, structural, electrochemical, and computational (DFT) studies. However, treatment of [Na(12-crown-4)2][P3XFe-N2] (X = Al, Ga) with excess acid/reductant in the form of HBArF4/KC8 generates only 2.5 ± 0.1 and 2.7 ± 0.2 equiv of NH3 per Fe, respectively. Similarly, the use of [H2NPh2][OTf]/Cp*2Co leads to the production of 4.1 ± 0.9 (X = Al) and 3.6 ± 0.3 (X = Ga) equiv of NH3. Preliminary reactivity studies confirming P3XFe framework stability under pseudocatalytic conditions suggest that a greater selectivity for hydrogen evolution versus N2RR may be responsible for the attenuated yields of NH3 observed for P3AlFe and P3GaFe relative to P3BFe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fajardo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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