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Wang W, Xi H, Fu D, Ma D, Gong W, Zhao Y, Li X, Wu L, Guo Y, Zhao G, Wang H. Growth Process of Fe-O Nanoclusters with Different Sizes Biosynthesized by Protein Nanocages. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11657-11668. [PMID: 38641862 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
All protein-directed syntheses of metal nanoclusters (NCs) and nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted considerable attention because protein scaffolds provide a unique metal coordination environment and can adjust the shape and morphology of NCs and NPs. However, the detailed formation mechanisms of NCs or NPs directed by protein templates remain unclear. In this study, by taking advantage of the ferritin nanocage as a biotemplate to monitor the growth of Fe-O NCs as a function of time, we synthesized a series of iron NCs with different sizes and shapes and subsequently solved their corresponding three-dimensional atomic-scale structures by X-ray protein crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. The time-dependent structure analyses revealed the growth process of these Fe-O NCs with the 4-fold channel of ferritin as nucleation sites. To our knowledge, the newly biosynthesized Fe35O23Glu12 represents the largest Fe-O NCs with a definite atomic structure. This study contributes to our understanding of the formation mechanism of iron NCs and provides an effective method for metal NC synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hongfang Xi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Dan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Danyang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Wenjun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yaqin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Lijie Wu
- IHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guanghua Zhao
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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2
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Xia X, Li H, Zang J, Cheng S, Du M. Advancements of the Molecular Directed Design and Structure-Activity Relationship of Ferritin Nanocage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7629-7654. [PMID: 38518374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Ferritin nanocages possess remarkable structural properties and biological functions, making them highly attractive for applications in functional materials and biomedicine. This comprehensive review presents an overview of the molecular characteristics, extraction and identification of ferritin, ferritin receptors, as well as the advancements in the directional design of high-order assemblies of ferritin and the applications based on its unique structural properties. Specifically, this Review focuses on the regulation of ferritin assembly from one to three dimensions, leveraging the symmetry of ferritin and modifications on key interfaces. Furthermore, it discusses targeted delivery of nutrition and drugs through facile loading and functional modification of ferritin. The aim of this Review is to inspire the design of micro/nano functional materials using ferritin and the development of nanodelivery vehicles for nutritional fortification and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xia
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Han Li
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jiachen Zang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuzhen Cheng
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Ming Du
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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Jobichen C, Ying Chong T, Rattinam R, Basak S, Srinivasan M, Choong YK, Pandey KP, Ngoc TB, Shi J, Angayarkanni J, Sivaraman J. Bacterioferritin nanocage structures uncover the biomineralization process in ferritins. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad235. [PMID: 37529551 PMCID: PMC10388152 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element involved in various metabolic processes. The ferritin family of proteins forms nanocage assembly and is involved in iron oxidation, storage, and mineralization. Although several structures of human ferritins and bacterioferritins have been solved, there is still no complete structure that shows both the trapped Fe-biomineral cluster and the nanocage. Furthermore, whereas the mechanism of iron trafficking has been explained using various approaches, structural details on the biomineralization process (i.e. the formation of the mineral itself) are generally lacking. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of apoform and biomineral bound form (holoforms) of the Streptomyces coelicolor bacterioferritin (ScBfr) nanocage and the subunit crystal structure. The holoforms show different stages of Fe-biomineral accumulation inside the nanocage, in which the connections exist in two of the fourfold channels of the nanocage between the C-terminal of the ScBfr monomers and the Fe-biomineral cluster. The mutation and truncation of the bacterioferritin residues involved in these connections significantly reduced the iron and phosphate binding in comparison with those of the wild type and together explain the underlying mechanism. Collectively, our results represent a prototype for the bacterioferritin nanocage, which reveals insight into its biomineralization and the potential channel for bacterioferritin-associated iron trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tan Ying Chong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Rajesh Rattinam
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sandip Basak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mahalashmi Srinivasan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yeu Khai Choong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Kannu Priya Pandey
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Tran Bich Ngoc
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jayaraman Angayarkanni
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
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4
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Wang J, Wang Q, Tang YJ, Fu HM, Fang F, Guo JS, Yan P, Chen YP. Unraveling the structure and function of bacterioferritin in Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis: Iron storage sites maintain cellular iron homeostasis. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 238:120016. [PMID: 37146397 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Anammox bacteria rely heavily on iron and have many iron storage sites. However, the biological significance of these iron storage sites has not been clearly defined. In this study, we explored the properties and location of iron storage sites to better understand their cellular function. To do this, the Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis iron storage protein, bacterioferritin (K.S Bfr), was successfully expressed and purified. In vitro, correctly assembled globulins were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The self-assembled K.S Bfr has active redox and can bind Fe2+ and mineralize it in the protein cavity. In vivo, engineered bacteria with K.S Bfr showed good adaptability to Fe2+, with a survival rate of 78.9% when exposed to 5 mM Fe2+, compared with only 66.0% for wild-type bacteria lacking K.S Bfr. A potential iron regulatory strategy similar to that of Anammox was identified in transcriptomic analysis of engineered bacteria. This system may be controlled by the iron uptake regulator Furto transport Fe2+ via FeoB and store excess Fe2+ in K.S Bfr to maintain cellular homeostasis. K.S Bfr has superior iron storage capacity both intracellularly and in vitro. The discovery of K.S Bfr reveals the storage location of iron-rich nanoparticles, increases our understanding of the adaptability of iron-dependent bacteria to Fe2+, and suggests possible iron regulation strategies in Anammox bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of MOE, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Que Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of MOE, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yu-Jiao Tang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of MOE, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Hui-Min Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of MOE, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of MOE, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Jin-Song Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of MOE, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of MOE, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - You-Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of MOE, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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Wang W, Wang Y, Xi H, Song Z, Zhang W, Xie L, Ma D, Qin N, Wang H. Extension Peptide of Plant Ferritin from Setaria italica Presents a Novel Fold. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:934-943. [PMID: 36576327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The extension peptide (EP) is the most distinctive feature of mature plant ferritin. Some EPs have exhibited serine-like protease activity, which is associated with iron uptake and release. EP forms a helix and a long loop, followed by a conserved core helical bundle. However, whether the EP adopts a stable or uniform folding pattern in all plants remains unclear. To clarify this, we investigated the crystal structure of ferritin-1 from Setaria italica (SiFer1), a type of monocotyledon. In our structure of SiFer1, the EP is different from other EPs in other solved structures of plant ferritins and consisted of a pair of β-sheets, a shorter helix, and two loops, which masks two hydrophobic pockets on the outer surface of every subunit. Furthermore, sequence analysis and structure comparison suggest that the EPs in ferritins from monocotyledons may adopt a novel fold pattern, and the conformations of EPs in ferritins are alterable among different plant species. Furthermore, additional eight iron atoms were first founded binding in the fourfold channels, demonstrating the vital function of fourfold channels in iron diffusion. In all, our structure provides new clues for understanding plant ferritins and the functions of the EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Wang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hongfang Xi
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zidan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Experimental Management Center, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Leilei Xie
- College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Experimental Management Center, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Danyang Ma
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Nan Qin
- College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Experimental Management Center, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Hongfei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Parida A, Mohanty A, Raut RK, Padhy I, Behera RK. Modification of 4-Fold and B-Pores in Bacterioferritin from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Reveals Their Role in Fe 2+ Entry and Oxidoreductase Activity. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:178-191. [PMID: 36525578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembled ferritin nanocages, nature's solution to iron toxicity and its low solubility, scavenge free iron to synthesize hydrated ferric oxyhydroxide mineral inside their central cavity by protein-mediated ferroxidase and hydrolytic/nucleation reactions. These complex processes in ferritin commence with the rapid influx of Fe2+ ions via the inter-subunit contact points (i.e., pores/channels). Investigation of these pores as Fe2+ uptake routes in ferritins remains a subject of intense research, in iron metabolism, toxicity, and bacterial pathogenesis, which are yet to be established in the bacterioferritin (BfrA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The electrostatic properties of this protein indicate that the 4-fold and B-pores might serve as potential Fe2+ entry routes. Therefore, in the current work, electrostatics at/along these pores was altered by site-directed mutagenesis to establish their role in Fe2+ uptake/oxidation (ferroxidase activity) in Mtb BfrA. Despite forming self-assembled protein nanocompartment, these 4-fold and B-pore variants exhibited partial loss of ferroxidase activity and lower accumulation of transient species, which not only indicated their role in Fe2+ entry but also suggested the existence of multiple pathways. Although the B-pore variants inhibited the rapid ferroxidase activity to a larger extent, they had minimal impact on their cage stability. The current work revealed the relative contribution of these pores toward rapid Fe2+ uptake/oxidation and cage stability, possibly as consequences of their differential symmetry, number of modified residues (at each pore), and heme content. Therefore, these findings may help to understand the role of these pores in iron acquisition and Mtb proliferation under iron-limiting conditions to control its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akankshika Parida
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008Odisha, India
| | - Abhinav Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008Odisha, India
| | - Rohit Kumar Raut
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008Odisha, India
| | - Ipsita Padhy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008Odisha, India
| | - Rabindra K Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008Odisha, India
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Yeh CCG, Mokkawes T, Bradley J, Le Brun NE, de Visser S. Second coordination sphere effects on the mechanistic pathways for dioxygen activation by a ferritin: involvement of a Tyr radical and the identification of a cation binding site. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200257. [PMID: 35510795 PMCID: PMC9401865 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ferritins are ubiquitous diiron enzymes involved in iron(II) detoxification and oxidative stress responses and can act as metabolic iron stores. The overall reaction mechanisms of ferritin enzymes are still unclear, particularly concerning the role of the conserved, near catalytic center Tyr residue. Thus, we carried out a computational study of a ferritin using a large cluster model of well over 300 atoms including its first- and second-coordination sphere. The calculations reveal important insight into the structure and reactivity of ferritins. Specifically, the active site Tyr residue delivers a proton and electron in the catalytic cycle prior to iron(II) oxidation. In addition, the calculations highlight a likely cation binding site at Asp65, which through long-range electrostatic interactions, influences the electronic configuration and charge distributions of the metal center. The results are consistent with experimental observations but reveal novel detail of early mechanistic steps that lead to an unusual mixed-valent iron(III)-iron(II) center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Chih George Yeh
- The University of Manchester, Department of Chemical Engineering, Oxford Road, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Thirakorn Mokkawes
- The University of Manchester, Department of Chemical Engineering, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Justin Bradley
- University of East Anglia, School of Chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Nick E Le Brun
- University of East Anglia, School of Chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Samuel de Visser
- The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
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Distinct structural characteristics define a new subfamily of Mycoplasma ferritin. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.03.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Banerjee R, Srinivas V, Lebrette H. Ferritin-Like Proteins: A Conserved Core for a Myriad of Enzyme Complexes. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:109-153. [PMID: 36151375 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin-like proteins share a common fold, a four α-helix bundle core, often coordinating a pair of metal ions. Although conserved, the ferritin fold permits a diverse set of reactions, and is central in a multitude of macromolecular enzyme complexes. Here, we emphasize this diversity through three members of the ferritin-like superfamily: the soluble methane monooxygenase, the class I ribonucleotide reductase and the aldehyde deformylating oxygenase. They all rely on dinuclear metal cofactors to catalyze different challenging oxygen-dependent reactions through the formation of multi-protein complexes. Recent studies using cryo-electron microscopy, serial femtosecond crystallography at an X-ray free electron laser source, or single-crystal X-ray diffraction, have reported the structures of the active protein complexes, and revealed unprecedented insights into the molecular mechanisms of these three enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vivek Srinivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hugo Lebrette
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Metal utilization in genome-reduced bacteria: Do human mycoplasmas rely on iron? Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5752-5761. [PMID: 34765092 PMCID: PMC8566771 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are parasitic bacteria with streamlined genomes and complex nutritional requirements. Although iron is vital for almost all organisms, its utilization by mycoplasmas is controversial. Despite its minimalist nature, mycoplasmas can survive and persist within the host, where iron availability is rigorously restricted through nutritional immunity. In this review, we describe the putative iron-enzymes, transporters, and metalloregulators of four relevant human mycoplasmas. This work brings in light critical differences in the mycoplasma-iron interplay. Mycoplasma penetrans, the species with the largest genome (1.36 Mb), shows a more classic repertoire of iron-related proteins, including different enzymes using iron-sulfur clusters as well as iron storage and transport systems. In contrast, the iron requirement is less apparent in the three species with markedly reduced genomes, Mycoplasma genitalium (0.58 Mb), Mycoplasma hominis (0.67 Mb) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (0.82 Mb), as they exhibit only a few proteins possibly involved in iron homeostasis. The multiple facets of iron metabolism in mycoplasmas illustrate the remarkable evolutive potential of these minimal organisms when facing nutritional immunity and question the dependence of several human-infecting species for iron. Collectively, our data contribute to better understand the unique biology and infective strategies of these successful pathogens.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- ECF transporter
- ECF, energy-coupling factor
- Fur, ferric uptake regulator
- Hrl, histidine-rich lipoprotein
- Iron homeostasis
- Metal acquisition
- Metalloenzyme
- Mge, Mycoplasma genitalium
- Mho, Mycoplasma hominis
- Mollicutes
- Mpe, Mycoplasma penetrans
- Mpn, Mycoplasma pneumonia
- Mycoplasmas
- PDB, protein data bank
- RNR, ribonucleotide reductase
- XRF, X-ray fluorescence
- ZIP, zinc-iron permease
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