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Wathudura P, McEachin J, Zhang D. Insights into Spectral Distortion and Nonlinearity in UV-Vis and Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Molecular Fluorophore Solutions: Effects of Cascading Optical Processes (Part IV). Anal Chem 2024; 96:13542-13550. [PMID: 39101903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Reproducibility and linearity are crucial benchmarks for any measurement technology. However, UV-vis and fluorescence spectral distortion and nonlinearity are prevalent, even in seemingly simple fluorescent solutions that comprise only one dissolved molecular fluorophore, without exogenous absorbing or scattering species. In this report, we introduce an analytical model for the quantification of fluorescence interference on UV-vis measurements and a conceptual model for mechanistically understanding the impacts of higher-order cascading optical processes on fluorescence measurements. The experimental UV-vis transmittance can be dominated by interfering fluorescence, even for fluorophore solutions with theoretical absorbance values far below the instrument's linear dynamic range (LDR). Absorption-inner-filter-effect (aIFE) correction drastically improves the fluorescence LDR. However, the efficacy of aIFE correction hinges on two competing factors that strongly depend on the fluorophore's optical properties: the degree of fluorescence interference in UV-vis and the significance of secondary or higher-order emission triggered by fluorophore absorption of emitted photons. Our research sheds light on the remarkable complexity of cascading optical processes that can occur even in the simplest fluorescent solutions. It emphasizes the necessity of critically evaluating optical spectroscopic measurements of fluorescent solutions to improve the reliability of analyzing and interpreting optical spectra. Moreover, it lays the groundwork for future development of methods capable of handling challenging samples that exceed the capabilities of the current tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathum Wathudura
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Joshua McEachin
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Dongmao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
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Chniti S, Pongrácz P, Kollár L, Bényei A, Dörnyei Á, Takács A. Synthesis of Chroman-2,4-diones via Ring-Opening/Ring-Closing Reaction Involving Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Aryloxycarbonylation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1175-1183. [PMID: 38193890 PMCID: PMC10804402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation of 3-iodochromone was studied in the presence of primary and secondary amines using atmospheric pressure of carbon monoxide as a carbonyl source. This procedure successfully provided a library of chromone-3-carboxamides and 3-substituted chroman-2,4-diones in 40 to 92% isolated yields. The reaction proceeded via highly chemoselective aminocarbonylation (up to 100%) in the presence of secondary amines by using monodentate or bidentate phosphine ligands. The tendency of 3-iodochromone substrate to undergo ANRORC rearrangement with N-nucleophiles was crucial to shift the reaction toward an unprecedented chemoselective carbonylative transformation, where a late-stage carbonyl insertion is favored concomitantly to the last ring-closure step. The proposed aza-Michael addition/ring-opening/intramolecular aryloxycarbonylation sequence showed compatibility, uniquely, to primary amines when XantPhos was used as a ligand. The solid-state structures of chromone-3-carboxamide (2a) and chroman-2,4-dione (3s) were undoubtedly established by single-crystal XRD analysis. A catalytic cycle was proposed to rationalize the formation of the two types of carbonylated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Chniti
- Department
of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6., Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Péter Pongrácz
- Department
of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6., Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - László Kollár
- Department
of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6., Pécs H-7624, Hungary
- János
Szentágothai Research Centre, University
of Pécs, Ifjúság
u. 20., Pécs H-7624, Hungary
- HUN-REN-PTE
Research Group for Selective Chemical Syntheses, Ifjúság u. 6., Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Attila Bényei
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Dörnyei
- Department
of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6., Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Attila Takács
- János
Szentágothai Research Centre, University
of Pécs, Ifjúság
u. 20., Pécs H-7624, Hungary
- HUN-REN-PTE
Research Group for Selective Chemical Syntheses, Ifjúság u. 6., Pécs H-7624, Hungary
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Assel A, Stanley MM, Mia R, Boulila B, Cragg PJ, Owolabie I, Hetrick M, Flynt A, Wallace KJ, Ben Jannet H. A molecular chemodosimeter to probe "closed shell" ions in kidney cells. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9379-9391. [PMID: 37975744 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01408h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Two quinidine-functionalized coumarin molecular probes have been synthesized and have been found to bind metal cations (Cd2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+) with high affinity in organic-aqueous media (DMSO-HEPES). The chemodosimeters coordinate with the Zn2+ ions in a two-to-one ratio (molecular probe : Zn2+) with a log β of 10.0 M-2. Upon the addition of the closed-shell metal ions studied, a fluorescence turn-on via an excimer formation is seen at 542 nm due to the quinaldine moiety adopting a syn arrangement when coordinated to the metal Zn2+ ions. Confocal microscopy monitored free Zn2+ ions in the Human Embryonic Kidney cell line HEK293 by coordinating with the chemodosimter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Assel
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (LR11ES39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Meagan M Stanley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Science, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA.
| | - Rashid Mia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Science, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephen F Austin State University, P.O. Box 13006 SFA Station, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA
| | - Besma Boulila
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (LR11ES39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Peter J Cragg
- School of Applied Chemical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Iyanuoluwani Owolabie
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Meredith Hetrick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Alex Flynt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Karl J Wallace
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Science, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA.
| | - Hichem Ben Jannet
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (LR11ES39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
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4-Methyl-7-((2-((5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)ethyl)thio)-coumarin. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel compound 4-methyl-7-((2-((5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)ethyl)thio)-coumarin is obtained in good yield via a two-step protocol; that is, initial synthesis of the reagent 2-((2-chloroethyl)thio)-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole followed by alkylation of 7-mercapto-4-methylcoumarin. The product’s structure is assigned by 1D and 2D NMR experiments and is confirmed by single-crystal XRD.
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Wamsley M, Nawalage S, Hu J, Collier WE, Zhang D. Back to the Drawing Board: A Unifying First-Principle Model for Correlating Sample UV-Vis Absorption and Fluorescence Emission. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7123-7131. [PMID: 35507917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The popular textbook and literature model I(λx,λm) = K(λx,λm)(1-10-Ax) or its variants for correlating the sample absorption and fluorescence often fails even for the simplest samples where the fluorophore is the only light absorber. Reported is a first-principle model I(λx,λm) = K(λx,λm)Ax,f10-(Ax,sdx+Am,sdm) for correlating the sample fluorescence measured with a conventional spectrofluorometer and its UV-vis absorbance quantified with a conventional UV-vis spectrophotometer. This model can be simplified or expanded for a variety of fluorescence analyses. First, it enables curve-fitting fluorescence intensity as a function of the fluorophore or sample absorbance over a sample concentration range impossible with existing models. Second, it provides the theoretical foundation for an inner-filter-effect (IFE)-correction method developed earlier and explains mathematically the linearity between the IFE-corrected fluorescence and the fluorophore concentration or absorbance. Third, this model can be expanded for quantitative mechanistic studies of fluorescence intensity variations triggered by stimuli treatments. One demonstrated example is to quantify temperature effects on the emission-wavelength-specific and total fluorescence quantum yield of anthracene. We expect that this first-principle model will be broadly adopted for both student education that promotes evidence-based learning and a variety of fluorescence applications where disentangling sample absorption and emission are critical for reliable data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Wamsley
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Samadhi Nawalage
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Juan Hu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois 60604, United States
| | - Willard E Collier
- Department of Chemistry, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama 36088, United States
| | - Dongmao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
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El-Sawy ER, Abdelwahab AB, Kirsch G. Insight on Mercapto-Coumarins: Synthesis and Reactivity. Molecules 2022; 27:2150. [PMID: 35408548 PMCID: PMC9000435 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercapto (or sulfanyl)-coumarins are heterocycles of great interest in the development of valuable active structures in material and biological domains. They represent a highly exploitable class of compounds that open many possibilities for further chemical transformations. The present review aims to draw focus toward the synthetic applicability of various forms of mercapto-coumarins and their representations in pharmaceuticals and industries. This work covers the literature issued from 1970 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam Reda El-Sawy
- National Research Centre, Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | | | - Gilbert Kirsch
- Laboratoire Lorrain de Chimie Moleculaire (L.2.C.M.), Universite de Lorraine, 57050 Metz, France
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Duan H, Yin L, Chen T, Qi D, Zhang D. A “metal ions-induced poisoning behavior of biomolecules” inspired polymeric probe for Cu2+ selective detection on basis of coil to helix conformation transition. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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