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Weinert HM, Wölper C, Radović A, Cutsail GE, Siera H, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. From Neutral Diarsenes to Diarsene Radical Ions and Diarsene Dications. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400204. [PMID: 38391392 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Diarsene [L(MeO)GaAs]2 (L=HC[C(Me)N(Ar)]2, Ar=2,6-iPr2C6H3, 4) reacts with MeOTf and MeNHC (MeNHC=1,3,4,5-tetra-methylimidazol-2-ylidene) to the diarsene [L(TfO)GaAs]2 (5) and the carbene-coordinated diarsene [L(MeO)GaAsAs(MeNHC)Ga(OMe)L] (6). The NHC-coordination results in an inversion of the redox properties of the diarsene 4, which shows only a reversible reduction event at E1/2=-2.06 V vs Fc0/+1, whereas the carbene-coordinated diarsene 6 shows a reversible oxidation event at E1/2=-1.31 V vs Fc0/+1. Single electron transfer reactions of 4 and 6 yielded [K[2.2.2.]cryp][L(MeO)GaAs]2 (8) and [L(MeO)GaAsAs(MeNHC)-Ga(OMe)L][B(C6F5)4] (9) containing the radical anion [L(MeO)GaAs]2⋅- (8⋅-) and the NHC-coordinated radical cation [L(MeO)GaAsAs(MeNHC)Ga(OMe)L]⋅+ (9⋅+), respectively, while the salt-elimination reaction of the triflate-coordinated diarsene 5 with Na[B(C6F5)4] gave [LGaAs]2[B(C6F5)4]2 (11) containing the dication [LGaAs]2 2+ (112+). Compounds 1-11 were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, EPR (8, 9), IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy and by single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD). DFT calculations provided a detailed understanding of the electronic nature of the diarsenes (4, 6) and the radical ions (8⋅-, 9⋅+), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Micha Weinert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Aleksa Radović
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - George E Cutsail
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Hannah Siera
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
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Szlosek R, Seidl M, Balázs G, Scheer M. A General Pathway towards NHC ⋅ GaH 2 (OTf) Adducts - The Key for the Synthesis of NHC-Stabilized Cationic 13/15 Chain Compounds of Gallium. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301752. [PMID: 37401824 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
A general pathway towards NHC (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene)-stabilized galliummonotriflates NHC ⋅ GaH2 (OTf) (NHC=IDipp, 1 a; IPr2 Me2 , 1 b; IMes, 1 c; IDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene, IPr2 Me2 =1,3-bis-(diisopropyl)-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene, IMes=1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene) is reported. Quantum chemical calculations give detailed insight into the underlying reaction pathway. The obtained NHC ⋅ GaH2 (OTf) compounds were employed in reactions with donor-stabilized pnictogenylboranes to synthesize the elusive cationic parent 13/15/13 chain compounds [IDipp ⋅ GaH2 ER2 E'H2 ⋅ D][OTf] (3 a: D=IDipp, E=P, E'=B, R=H; 3 b: D=NMe3 , E=P, E'=B, R=H, 3 c: D=NMe3 , E=P, E'=B, R=Ph, 3 d: D=IDipp, E=P, E'=Ga, R=H). Supporting computational studies highlight the electronic features of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Szlosek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Krüger J, Wölper C, Schulz S. Role of Group 13 Metals in the Electronic Properties of L(X)M-Substituted Pnictinidenes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krüger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, Essen 45141, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, Duisburg 47057, Germany
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Bücker A, Wölper C, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Structurally characterised intermediate of the oxidative addition of a heteroleptic germylene to gallanediyle. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9758-9761. [PMID: 35959720 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03561h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bond activation reactions using main group metal complexes are gaining increasing interest. We report on reactions of LGa (L = HC[C(Me)N(Ar)]2, Ar = Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3,) with heteroleptic tetrylenes L'ECl (E = Ge, Sn; L' = N(SiMe3)Ar), yielding the donor-acceptor complex LGa-Sn(Cl)L' (1) or the oxidative addition product L(Cl)GaGeL' (3). The reaction with DMPGeCl (DMP = 2,6-Mes2C6H3, Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) yielded LGa(μ-Cl)GeDMP (2), which represents an intermediate of the oxidative addition reaction. 1-3 were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as by single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD), while their electronic nature was analyzed by quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bücker
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany. .,Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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Radius U, Philipp MS. A Versatile Route To Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbene‐stabilized Stibinidenes. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Udo Radius
- Universität Würzburg Institut für Anorganische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg GERMANY
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Krüger J, Haak J, Wölper C, Cutsail GE, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Single-Electron Oxidation of Carbene-Coordinated Pnictinidenes-Entry into Heteroleptic Radical Cations and Metalloid Clusters. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5878-5884. [PMID: 35333051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stable heavy main group element radicals are challenging synthetic targets. Although several strategies have been developed to stabilize such odd-electron species, the number of heavier pnictogen-centered radicals is limited. We report on a series of two-coordinated pnictogen-centered radical cations [(MecAAC)EGa(Cl)L][B(C6F5)4] (MecAAC = [H2C(CMe2)2NDipp]C; Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3; E = As 1, Sb 2, Bi 3; L = HC[C(Me)NDipp]2) synthesized by one-electron oxidation of L(Cl)Ga-substituted pnictinidenes (MecAAC)EGa(Cl)L (E = As I, Sb II, Bi III). 1-3 were characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD) (1, 2), while quantum chemical calculations support their description as carbene-coordinated pnictogen-centered radical cations. The low thermal stability of 3 enables access to metalloid bismuth clusters as shown by formation of [{LGa(Cl)}3Bi6][B(C6F5)4] (4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krüger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Haak
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - George E Cutsail
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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Dankert F, Hering-Junghans C. Heavier group 13/15 multiple bond systems: synthesis, structure and chemical bond activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1242-1262. [PMID: 35014640 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06518a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heavier group 13/15 multiple bonds have been under investigation since the late 80s and to date, several examples have been published, which shows the obsoleteness of the so-called double bond rule. Especially in the last few years, more and more group 13/15 multiple bonds became synthetically feasible and their application in terms of small molecule activation has been demonstrated. Our group has recently shown that the combination of the pnictinidene precursor DipTer-Pn(PMe3) (Pn = P, As) in combination with Al(I) synthons afforded the first examples of phospha- and arsaalumenes as isolable and thermally robust compounds. This feature article is intended to show the recent developments in the field, to outline early synthetic approaches and to discuss strategies to unlock the synthetic potential of these elusive chemical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dankert
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 29A, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - C Hering-Junghans
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 29A, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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