1
|
Weinert HM, Wölper C, Radović A, Cutsail GE, Siera H, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. From Neutral Diarsenes to Diarsene Radical Ions and Diarsene Dications. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400204. [PMID: 38391392 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Diarsene [L(MeO)GaAs]2 (L=HC[C(Me)N(Ar)]2, Ar=2,6-iPr2C6H3, 4) reacts with MeOTf and MeNHC (MeNHC=1,3,4,5-tetra-methylimidazol-2-ylidene) to the diarsene [L(TfO)GaAs]2 (5) and the carbene-coordinated diarsene [L(MeO)GaAsAs(MeNHC)Ga(OMe)L] (6). The NHC-coordination results in an inversion of the redox properties of the diarsene 4, which shows only a reversible reduction event at E1/2=-2.06 V vs Fc0/+1, whereas the carbene-coordinated diarsene 6 shows a reversible oxidation event at E1/2=-1.31 V vs Fc0/+1. Single electron transfer reactions of 4 and 6 yielded [K[2.2.2.]cryp][L(MeO)GaAs]2 (8) and [L(MeO)GaAsAs(MeNHC)-Ga(OMe)L][B(C6F5)4] (9) containing the radical anion [L(MeO)GaAs]2⋅- (8⋅-) and the NHC-coordinated radical cation [L(MeO)GaAsAs(MeNHC)Ga(OMe)L]⋅+ (9⋅+), respectively, while the salt-elimination reaction of the triflate-coordinated diarsene 5 with Na[B(C6F5)4] gave [LGaAs]2[B(C6F5)4]2 (11) containing the dication [LGaAs]2 2+ (112+). Compounds 1-11 were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, EPR (8, 9), IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy and by single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD). DFT calculations provided a detailed understanding of the electronic nature of the diarsenes (4, 6) and the radical ions (8⋅-, 9⋅+), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Micha Weinert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Aleksa Radović
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - George E Cutsail
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Hannah Siera
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kapp L, Wölper C, Siera H, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Catalytic hydroboration of aldehydes and ketones with an electron-rich acyclic metallasilylene. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4161-4170. [PMID: 38487240 PMCID: PMC10935726 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06842k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of main group metal complexes in catalytic reactions is of increasing interest. Here we show that the electron-rich, acyclic metallasilylene L'(Cl)GaSiL C (L' = HC[C(Me)NDipp]2, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; L = PhC(NtBu)2) acts as a precatalyst in the hydroboration of aldehydes with HBPin. Mechanistic studies with iso-valeraldehyde show that silylene C first reacts with the aldehyde with [2 + 1] cycloaddition in an oxidative addition to the oxasilirane 1, followed by formation of the alkoxysilylene LSiOCH[Ga(Cl)L']CH2CHMe2 (2), whose formation formally results from a reductive elimination reaction at the Si center. Alkoxysilylene 2 represents the active hydroboration catalyst and shows the highest catalytic activity with n-hexanal (reaction time: 40 min, yield: >99%, TOF = 150 h-1) at room temperature with a catalytic load of only 1 mol%. Furthermore, the hydroboration reaction catalysed by alkoxysilylene 2 is a living reaction with good chemoselectivity. Quantum chemical calculations not only provide mechanistic insights into the formation of alkoxysilylene 2 but also show that two completely different hydroboration mechanisms are possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leon Kapp
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Hannah Siera
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7 45117 Essen Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Be Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kueper N, Chari K, Bütefür J, Habenicht J, Rossol T, Kim SK, Tabie M, Kirchner F, Kirchner EA. EEG and EMG dataset for the detection of errors introduced by an active orthosis device. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1304311. [PMID: 38317650 PMCID: PMC10839100 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1304311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Kueper
- Robotics Innovation Centre, German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Bremen, Germany
| | - Kartik Chari
- Robotics Innovation Centre, German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Bremen, Germany
| | - Judith Bütefür
- Institute of Medical Technology Systems, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Julia Habenicht
- Institute of Medical Technology Systems, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Rossol
- Robotics Innovation Centre, German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Bremen, Germany
| | - Su Kyoung Kim
- Robotics Innovation Centre, German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Bremen, Germany
| | - Marc Tabie
- Robotics Innovation Centre, German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Bremen, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchner
- Robotics Innovation Centre, German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Bremen, Germany
- Robotics Lab, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Elsa Andrea Kirchner
- Robotics Innovation Centre, German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Bremen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Technology Systems, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sharma MK, Weinert HM, Wölper C, Schulz S. Gallaphosphene L(Cl)GaPGaL: A novel phosphinidene transfer reagent. Chemistry 2024:e202400110. [PMID: 38235843 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Gallaphosphene L(Cl)GaPGaL 1 (L=HC[C(Me)N(Ar)]2 ; Ar=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) reacts with N-heterocyclic carbenes R NHC (R NHC=[CMeN(R)]2 C; R=Me, iPr) to R NHC-coordinated phosphinidenes R NHC→PGa(Cl)L (R=Me 2 a, iPr 2 b) and with isonitriles RNC (R=iPr, Cy) to 1,3-phosphaazaallenes L(Cl)GaP=C=N-R (R=iPr 3 a, Cy 3 b), respectively. Quantum chemical calculations reveal that 2 a/2 b possess two localized lone pair of electrons, whereas 3 a/3 b only show one localized lone pair as was reported for gallaphosphene 1. 2 b reacts with 2.5 equivalents of a borane (THF ⋅ BH3 ) to the NHC-stabilized phosphinidene-borane complex [iPr NHC→P(BH2 )]2 (BH3 )3 4 with concomitant formation of LGa(H)Cl 5. 2-5 are characterized by heteronuclear (1 H, 13 C{1 H}, 31 P{1 H}) NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Sharma
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141, Essen
| | - Hanns M Weinert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141, Essen
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141, Essen
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141, Essen
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, D-47057, Duisburg
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Glöckler E, Kapp L, Wölper C, Schumacher M, Gröschel AH, Schulz S. Homoleptic and heteroleptic ketodiiminate zinc complexes for the ROP of cyclic l-lactide. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29879-29885. [PMID: 37842672 PMCID: PMC10568404 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06529d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Homo- and heteroleptic ketodiiminate zinc complexes L12Zn2 (1, L1 = [Me2NC2H4NC(Me)CH]2CO), L2(ZnCp)2 (2, L2 = [Me2NC3H6NC(Me)CH]2CO, Cp = C5H5) and L2HZnCp* (3, Cp* = C5Me5) were synthesized and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as by elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD, 2, 3). The catalytical activity of heteroleptic complexes 2 and 3 were tested in the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of l-lactide. Homobimetallic complex 2 showed the highest activity and selectivity for the synthesis of cyclic polylactide (cPLLA; TOF = 17 460 h-1) at 100 °C in toluene solution, while linear polymers are formed with mononuclear complex 3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Glöckler
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Leon Kapp
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Marcel Schumacher
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Münster and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN) Busso-Peus-Strasse 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - André H Gröschel
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Münster and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN) Busso-Peus-Strasse 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45141 Essen Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Carl-Benz-Straße 199 47057 Duisburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharma MK, Chabbra S, Wölper C, Weinert HM, Reijerse EJ, Schnegg A, Schulz S. Modulating the frontier orbitals of L(X)Ga-substituted diphosphenes [L(X)GaP] 2 (X = Cl, Br) and their facile oxidation to radical cations. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12643-12650. [PMID: 36519043 PMCID: PMC9645402 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04207j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulating the electronic structures of main group element compounds is crucial to control their chemical reactivity. Herein we report on the synthesis, frontier orbital modulation, and one-electron oxidation of two L(X)Ga-substituted diphosphenes [L(X)GaP]2 (X = Cl 2a, Br 2b; L = HC[C(Me)N(Ar)]2, Ar = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3). Photolysis of L(Cl)GaPCO 1 gave [L(Cl)GaP]22a, which reacted with Me3SiBr with halide exchange to [L(Br)GaP]22b. Reactions with MeNHC (MeNHC = 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene) gave the corresponding carbene-coordinated complexes L(X)GaPP(MeNHC)Ga(X)L (X = Cl 3a, Br 3b). DFT calculations revealed that the carbene coordination modulates the frontier orbitals (i.e. HOMO/LUMO) of diphosphenes 2a and 2b, thereby affecting the reactivity of 3a and 3b. In marked contrast to diphosphenes 2a and 2b, the cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of the carbene-coordinated complexes each show one reversible redox event at E 1/2 = -0.65 V (3a) and -0.36 V (3b), indicating their one-electron oxidation to the corresponding radical cations as was confirmed by reactions of 3a and 3b with the [FeCp2][B(C6F5)4], yielding the radical cations [L(X)GaPP(MeNHC)Ga(X)L]B(C6F5)4 (X = Cl 4a, Br 4b). The unpaired spin in 4a (79%) and 4b (80%) is mainly located at the carbene-uncoordinated phosphorus atoms as was revealed by DFT calculations and furthermore experimentally proven in reactions with n Bu3SnH, yielding the diphosphane cations [L(X)GaPHP(MeNHC)Ga(X)L]B(C6F5)4 (X = Cl 5a, Br 5b). Compounds 2-5 were fully characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as by single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD), and compounds 4a and 4b were further studied by EPR spectroscopy, while their bonding nature was investigated by DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Sharma
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen Germany https://www.uni-due.de/ak_schulz/index_en.php
| | - Sonia Chabbra
- EPR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34-36 Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470 Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen Germany https://www.uni-due.de/ak_schulz/index_en.php
| | - Hanns M Weinert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen Germany https://www.uni-due.de/ak_schulz/index_en.php
| | - Edward J Reijerse
- EPR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34-36 Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470 Germany
| | - Alexander Schnegg
- EPR Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34-36 Mülheim an der Ruhr D-45470 Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen Germany https://www.uni-due.de/ak_schulz/index_en.php
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199 47057 Duisburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lorusso E, Ali W, Leniart M, Gebert B, Oberthür M, Gutmann JS. Tuning the Density of Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes on PET Fabrics by Aminolysis: Effect on Antifouling Performances. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E6. [PMID: 31861436 PMCID: PMC7023513 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we synthesize zwitterionic polymer brushes on polyester fabrics by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) after a prefunctionalization step involving an aminolysis reaction with ethylenediamine. Aminolysis is an easy method to achieve homogeneous distributions of functional groups on polyester fibers (PET) fabrics. Varying the polymerization time and the prefunctionalization conditions of the reaction, it is possible to tune the amount of water retained over the surface and study its effect on protein adhesion. This study revealed that the polymerization time plays a major role in preventing protein adhesion on the PET surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Lorusso
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West ÖP GmbH, 47798 Krefeld, Germany;
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Center of Nanointegration (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany;
| | - Wael Ali
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Center of Nanointegration (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany;
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, 47798 Krefeld, Germany; (M.L.); (B.G.)
| | - Michael Leniart
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, 47798 Krefeld, Germany; (M.L.); (B.G.)
| | - Beate Gebert
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, 47798 Krefeld, Germany; (M.L.); (B.G.)
| | - Markus Oberthür
- Department of Design, Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (HAW) Hamburg, 22087 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Jochen S. Gutmann
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West ÖP GmbH, 47798 Krefeld, Germany;
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Center of Nanointegration (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany;
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, 47798 Krefeld, Germany; (M.L.); (B.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lorusso E, Ali W, Hildebrandt M, Mayer-Gall T, Gutmann JS. Hydrogel Functionalized Polyester Fabrics by UV-Induced Photopolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1329. [PMID: 31405134 PMCID: PMC6723342 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We address a strategy to graft hydrogels onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics using different acrylate-based monomers. The hydrogel-modified fabrics were prepared by a two-step modification. To this end, double functional groups were firstly introduced onto the PET surface via an aminolysis reaction involving allylamine. The final grafted polymer networks were then obtained after UV-induced radical photopolymerization by varying acrylate monomer types in the presence of a cross-linker. After characterization, the resulting hydrogels showed different morphologies and abrasion resistance performances depending on their chemical nature. UV-photopolymerization is a fast and low-cost method to achieve technical fabrics with specific desired properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Lorusso
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West ÖP GmbH, Adlerstr. 1, 47798 Krefeld, Germany.
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Center of Nanointegration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Wael Ali
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Center of Nanointegration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany.
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstr. 1, 47798 Krefeld, Germany.
| | - Marcus Hildebrandt
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Center of Nanointegration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Mayer-Gall
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Center of Nanointegration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstr. 1, 47798 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Jochen S Gutmann
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West ÖP GmbH, Adlerstr. 1, 47798 Krefeld, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Center of Nanointegration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstr. 1, 47798 Krefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|