1
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Landaeta VR, Horsley Downie TM, Wolf R. Low-Valent Transition Metalate Anions in Synthesis, Small Molecule Activation, and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1323-1463. [PMID: 38354371 PMCID: PMC10906008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This review surveys the synthesis and reactivity of low-oxidation state metalate anions of the d-block elements, with an emphasis on contributions reported between 2006 and 2022. Although the field has a long and rich history, the chemistry of transition metalate anions has been greatly enhanced in the last 15 years by the application of advanced concepts in complex synthesis and ligand design. In recent years, the potential of highly reactive metalate complexes in the fields of small molecule activation and homogeneous catalysis has become increasingly evident. Consequently, exciting applications in small molecule activation have been developed, including in catalytic transformations. This article intends to guide the reader through the fascinating world of low-valent transition metalates. The first part of the review describes the synthesis and reactivity of d-block metalates stabilized by an assortment of ligand frameworks, including carbonyls, isocyanides, alkenes and polyarenes, phosphines and phosphorus heterocycles, amides, and redox-active nitrogen-based ligands. Thereby, the reader will be familiarized with the impact of different ligand types on the physical and chemical properties of metalates. In addition, ion-pairing interactions and metal-metal bonding may have a dramatic influence on metalate structures and reactivities. The complex ramifications of these effects are examined in a separate section. The second part of the review is devoted to the reactivity of the metalates toward small inorganic molecules such as H2, N2, CO, CO2, P4 and related species. It is shown that the use of highly electron-rich and reactive metalates in small molecule activation translates into impressive catalytic properties in the hydrogenation of organic molecules and the reduction of N2, CO, and CO2. The results discussed in this review illustrate that the potential of transition metalate anions is increasingly being tapped for challenging catalytic processes with relevance to organic synthesis and energy conversion. Therefore, it is hoped that this review will serve as a useful resource to inspire further developments in this dynamic research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Regenauer NI, Wadepohl H, Roşca DA. Metal-Ligand Cooperativity in Iron Dinitrogen Complexes: Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Disproportionation and an Anionic Fe(0)N 2 Hydride. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7426-7435. [PMID: 35508073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metal-ligand cooperativity and redox-active ligands enable the use of open-shell first-row transition metals in catalysis. However, the fleeting nature of the reactive intermediates prevents direct inspection of the relevant catalytic species. By employing phosphine α-iminopyridine (PNN)-based complexes, we show that chemical and redox metal-ligand cooperativity can be combined in the coordination sphere of iron dinitrogen complexes. These systems show dual activation modes either through deprotonation, which triggers reversible core dearomatization, or through reversibly accepting one electron by reducing the imine functionality. (PNN)Fe(N2) fragments can be obtained under mildly reducing conditions. Deprotonation of such complexes induces dearomatization of the pyridine core while retaining a terminally coordinated N2 ligand. This species is nevertheless stable in solution only below -30 °C and undergoes unusual ligand-assisted redox disproportionation through proton-coupled electron transfer at room temperature. The origin of this phenomenon is the significant lability of the α-imine C-H bonds in the dearomatized species, where the calculated bond dissociation free energy is 48.7 kcal mol-1. The dispropotionation reaction yields an overreduced iron compound, demonstrating that the formation of such species can be triggered by mild bases, and does not require harsh reducing agents. Reaction of the dearomatized species with dihydrogen yields a rare anionic Fe hydride that binds dinitrogen and features a rearomatized core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas I Regenauer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dragoş-Adrian Roşca
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Kinzhalov MA, Ivanov DM, Melekhova AA, Bokach NA, Gomila RM, Frontera A, Kukushkin VY. Chameleonic Metal-bound Isocyanides: π-Donating CuI-center Imparts a Nucleophilicity to the Isocyanide Carbon toward Halogen Bonding. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00034b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the structures of the isostructural cocrystals [CuI3(CNXyl)3]·CHX3 (X = Br, I), two adjacent CuI-bound isocyanide groups, whose carbon lone pairs are blocked by the ligation, exhibit nucleophilic properties induced...
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4
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Balto KP, Gembicky M, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Crystalline Hydrogen-Bonding Networks and Mixed-Metal Framework Materials Enabled by an Electronically Differentiated Heteroditopic Isocyanide/Carboxylate Linker Group. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:12545-12554. [PMID: 34347461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-metal solid-state framework materials are emerging candidates for advanced applications in catalysis and chemical separations. Traditionally, the syntheses of mixed-metal framework systems rely on postsynthetic ion exchange, metalloligands, or metal-deposition techniques for the incorporation of a second metal within a framework material. However, these methods are often incompatible with the incorporation of low-valent metal centers, which preferentially bind to electronically "soft" ligands according to the tenets of hard/soft acid/base theory. Here we present the electronically differentiated isocyanide/carboxylate heteroditopic linker ligand 1,4-CNArMes2C6H4CO2H (TIBMes2H; TIB = terphenyl isocyanide benzoate; ArMes2 = 2,6-(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)2C6H2), which is capable of selective binding of low-valent metals via the isocyano group and complexation of hard Lewis acidic metals through the carboxylate unit. This heteroditopic ligand also possesses an encumbering m-terphenyl backbone at the isocyanide function to foster coordinative unsaturation. The treatment of TIBMes2H with [Cu(NCMe)4]PF6 in a 3:1 ratio results in preferential binding of the isocyanide group to the Cu(I) center as assayed by multinuclear NMR and IR spectroscopies. IR spectroscopy also provides strong evidence for the formation of a copper(I) tris(isocyanide) complex, wherein the carboxylic acid group remains unperturbed. The addition of TIBMes2 to [Cu(NCMe)4]PF6 in a 4:1 ratio results in crystallization of the hydrogen-bonding network, [Cu(TIBMes2H)4]PF6, in which the formation of R22(8) hydrogen bonds results in a 7-fold interpenetrated diamondoid lattice structure. The preassembly of a copper(I) tris(isocyanide) complex using TIBMes2H, followed by deprotonation and the introduction of ZnCl2, generates a novel and unusual zwitterionic solid-state phase (denoted as Cu/Zn-ISOCN-5; ISOCN = isocyanide coordination network) consisting of a coordinatively unsaturated [Cu(CNR)3]+ cationic secondary building unit (SBU) and an anionic, paddlewheel-type Zn(II)-based SBU of the formulation [Cl2Zn2(O2CR)3]-. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis provided firm evidence for a 2:1 Zn-to-Cu ratio in the network, thereby indicating that the isocyanide and carboxylate groups selectively bind soft and hard Lewis acidic metal centers, respectively. The extended structure of Cu/Zn-ISOCN-5 is a densely packed, noninterpenetrated AB-stacked layer network with modest surface area. However, it is thermally robust, and its formation and compositional integrity validate the use of an electronically differentiated linker for the formation of mixed-metal frameworks incorporating low-valent metal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista P Balto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Milan Gembicky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Joshua S Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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5
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Ruch AA, Ellison MC, Nguyen JK, Kong F, Handa S, Nesterov VN, Slaughter LM. Highly Sterically Encumbered Gold Acyclic Diaminocarbene Complexes: Overriding Electronic Control in Regiodivergent Gold Catalysis. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A. Ruch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203,United States
| | - Matthew C. Ellison
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203,United States
| | - John K. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203,United States
| | - Fanji Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203,United States
| | - Sachin Handa
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078,United States
| | - Vladimir N. Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203,United States
| | - LeGrande M. Slaughter
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203,United States
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6
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Till M, Kelly JA, Ziegler CGP, Wolf R, Guo T, Ringenberg MR, Lutsker E, Reiser O. Synthesis and Characterization of Bidentate Isonitrile Iron Complexes. Organometallics 2021; 40:1042-1052. [PMID: 34054182 PMCID: PMC8155556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The divalent iron complexes trans-[FeBr2(BINC)2], [Cp*FeCl(BINC)] (Cp* = Me5C5), and [FeBr2(CNAr3NC)2] with the chelating bis(isonitrile) ligands BINC (bis(2-isocyanophenyl)phenylphosphonate) and CNAr3NC (2,2″-diisocyano-3,5,3″,5"tetramethyl-1,1':3',1″-terphenyl) have been prepared and characterized. Their subsequent reduction yields the di- and trinuclear compounds [Fe3(BINC)6], [Cp*Fe(BINC)]2, [Fe(CNAr3NC)2]2, and [K(Et2O)]2[Fe(CNAr3NC)2]2. The molecular structures of all new species were determined by X-ray crystallography and compared to those of related iron carbonyl complexes, demonstrating that the bidentate isonitrile ligands are capable surrogates for two CO ligands with only minimal distortion of the tetrahedral or octahedral geometry of the parent complexes. The complexes were further characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, and the electrochemical properties of selected compounds were analyzed by UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Till
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - John A Kelly
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph G P Ziegler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tianao Guo
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mark R Ringenberg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eugen Lutsker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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7
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Carpenter AE, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. A Well-Defined Isocyano Analogue of HCo(CO) 4. 3: Hydride Migration to Olefins, H-Atom Transfer and Reactivity toward Protic Sources. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex E. Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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8
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Wang L, Cheng J, Ma Y, Chen Q, Leng X, Deng L. Three-coordinate Bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)iron(0) complexes with alkene and alkyne ligation: Synthesis and characterization. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Construction of Synthetic Models for Nitrogenase-Relevant NifB Biogenesis Intermediates and Iron-Carbide-Sulfide Clusters. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10111317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of nitrogenase enzymes catalyzes the reduction of atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) to ammonia under remarkably benign conditions of temperature, pressure, and pH. Therefore, the development of synthetic complexes or materials that can similarly perform this reaction is of critical interest. The primary obstacle for obtaining realistic synthetic models of the active site iron-sulfur-carbide cluster (e.g., FeMoco) is the incorporation of a truly inorganic carbide. This review summarizes the present state of knowledge regarding biological and chemical (synthetic) incorporation of carbide into iron-sulfur clusters. This includes the Nif cluster of proteins and associated biochemistry involved in the endogenous biogenesis of FeMoco. We focus on the chemical (synthetic) incorporation portion of our own efforts to incorporate and modify C1 units in iron/sulfur clusters. We also highlight recent contributions from other research groups in the area toward C1 and/or inorganic carbide insertion.
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10
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Drance MJ, Wang S, Gembicky M, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Probing for Four-Coordinate Zerovalent Iron in a π-Acidic Ligand Field: A Functional Source of FeL4 Enabled by Labile Dinitrogen Binding. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myles J. Drance
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Milan Gembicky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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11
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Arroyave A, Gembicky M, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Aqueous Stability and Ligand Substitution of a Layered Cu(I)/Isocyanide-Based Organometallic Network Material with a Well-Defined Channel Structure. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11868-11878. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Arroyave
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Milan Gembicky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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12
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Burkhardt L, Vukadinovic Y, Nowakowski M, Kalinko A, Rudolph J, Carlsson PA, Jacob CR, Bauer M. Electronic Structure of the Hieber Anion [Fe(CO) 3(NO)] - Revisited by X-ray Emission and Absorption Spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:3551-3561. [PMID: 32125149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While the Hieber anion [Fe(CO)3(NO)]- has been reincarnated in the last years as an active catalyst in organic synthesis, there is still a debate about the oxidation state of the central Fe atom and the resulting charge of the NO ligand. To shed new light on this question and to understand the Fe-NO interaction in the Hieber anion, it is investigated in comparison to the formal 3d8 reference Fe(CO)5 and the formal 3d10 reference [Fe(CO)4]2- by the combination of valence-to-core X-ray emission spectroscopy (VtC-XES), X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), and high-energy-resolution fluorescence-detected XANES. In order to extract information about the electronic structure, time-dependent density functional theory and ground-state density functional theory calculations are applied. This combination of experimental and computational methods reveals that the electron density at the Fe center of the Hieber resembles that of the isoelectronic [Fe(CO)4]2-. These observations challenge recent descriptions of the Hieber anion and reopen the debate about the experimentally and computationally determined Fe oxidation state and charge on the NO ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Burkhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Yannik Vukadinovic
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Michał Nowakowski
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Kalinko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Julian Rudolph
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Per-Anders Carlsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christoph R Jacob
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Bauer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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13
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Dianionic Mononuclear
Cyclo
‐P
4
Complexes of Zero‐Valent Molybdenum: Coordination of the
Cyclo
‐P
4
Dianion in the Absence of Intramolecular Charge Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15329-15333. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Mandla KA, Neville ML, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Dianionic Mononuclear
Cyclo
‐P
4
Complexes of Zero‐Valent Molybdenum: Coordination of the
Cyclo
‐P
4
Dianion in the Absence of Intramolecular Charge Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Mandla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Michael L. Neville
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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15
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Schild DJ, Peters JC. Light Enhanced Fe-Mediated Nitrogen Fixation: Mechanistic Insights Regarding H 2 Elimination, HER, and NH 3 Generation. ACS Catal 2019; 9:4286-4295. [PMID: 31467770 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite their proposed accumulation at the Fe sites of the FeMo-cofactor of MoFe-nitrogenase, the presence of hydride ligands in molecular model systems capable of the nitrogen reduction reaction (N2RR) appears to diminish the catalytic N2-to-NH3 conversion. We find that for an iron-based system bearing the trisphosphine ligand P2PPh, a dramatic difference in yields is observed for N2RR catalyzed by precatalysts with zero, one, or two hydride ligands; however, irradiating the three different catalysts with a mercury lamp results in similar yields. Although the efficacy for N2RR versus the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is modest for this system by comparison to certain iron (and other metal) catalysts, the system provides an opportunity to study the role of hydrides in the selectivity for N2RR versus HER, which is a central issue in catalyst design. Stochiometric reactions with hydride containing precatalysts reveal a hydrogen evolution cycle in which no nitrogen fixation occurs. Irradiation of the dihydride precatalysts, observed during turnover, results in H2 elimination and formation of (P2PPh)Fe(N2)2, which itself is unreactive with acids at low temperature. N2 functionalization does occur with acids and silyl electrophiles for the reduced species [(P2PPh)Fe(N2)]- and [(P2PPh)Fe(N2)]2-, which have been characterized independently. The requirement of accessing such low formal oxidation states explains the need for strong reductants. The low selectivity of the system for functionalization at Nβ versus Fe creates off-path hydride species that participate in unproductive HER, helping to explain the low selectivity for N2RR over HER. The data presented here hence lends further insight into the growing understanding of the selectivity, activity, and required driving force relevant to iron (and other) N2RR catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J. Schild
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C. Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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16
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Moore JT, Chatterjee S, Tarrago M, Clouston LJ, Sproules S, Bill E, Bernales V, Gagliardi L, Ye S, Lancaster KM, Lu CC. Enhanced Fe-Centered Redox Flexibility in Fe-Ti Heterobimetallic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:6199-6214. [PMID: 30957996 PMCID: PMC6727590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Previously, we reported the synthesis
of Ti[N(o-(NCH2P(iPr)2)C6H4)3] and
the Fe–Ti complex, FeTi[N(o-(NCH2P(iPr)2)C6H4)3], abbreviated as TiL (1), and FeTiL
(2), respectively. Herein, we describe the synthesis
and characterization of the complete redox families of the monometallic
Ti and Fe–Ti compounds. Cyclic voltammetry studies on FeTiL
reveal both reduction and oxidation processes at −2.16 and
−1.36 V (versus Fc/Fc+), respectively. Two isostructural
redox members, [FeTiL]+ and [FeTiL]− (2ox and 2red, respectively)
were synthesized and characterized, along with BrFeTiL (2-Br) and the monometallic [TiL]+ complex (1ox). The solid-state structures of the [FeTiL]+/0/– series feature short metal–metal bonds, ranging from 1.94–2.38
Å, which are all shorter than the sum of the Ti and Fe single-bond
metallic radii (cf. 2.49 Å). To elucidate the bonding and electronic
structures, the complexes were characterized with a host of spectroscopic
methods, including NMR, EPR, and 57Fe Mössbauer,
as well as Ti and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). These
studies, along with hybrid density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent
DFT calculations, suggest that the redox processes in the isostructural
[FeTiL]+,0,– series are primarily Fe-based and that
the polarized Fe–Ti π-bonds play a role in delocalizing
some of the additional electron density from Fe to Ti (net 13%). An isostructural redox series of Fe≡Ti complexes was investigated
using a combination of spectroscopic methods and density functional
theory to elucidate their electronic structures and to understand
their polarized metal−metal bonding. Overall, the results support
that the redox changes occur primarily at the Fe site though some
electron density is delocalized to Ti. Hence, the Ti plays an important
role in enhancing the redox flexibility of the single Fe site.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Moore
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Sudipta Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca New York 14853 , United States
| | - Maxime Tarrago
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Laura J Clouston
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Stephen Sproules
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion , Stiftstraße 34-36 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Varinia Bernales
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Shengfa Ye
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca New York 14853 , United States
| | - Connie C Lu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
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17
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Drance MJ, Sears JD, Mrse AM, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Neidig ML, Figueroa JS. Terminal coordination of diatomic boron monofluoride to iron. Science 2019; 363:1203-1205. [PMID: 30872521 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw6102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Boron monofluoride (BF) is a diatomic molecule with 10 valence electrons, isoelectronic to carbon monoxide (CO). Unlike CO, which is a stable molecule at room temperature and readily serves as both a bridging and terminal ligand to transition metals, BF is unstable below 1800°C in the gas phase, and its coordination chemistry is substantially limited. Here, we report the isolation of the iron complex Fe(BF)(CO)2(CNArTripp2)2 [ArTripp2, 2,6-(2,4,6-(i-Pr)3C6H2]2C6H3; i-Pr, iso-propyl], featuring a terminal BF ligand. Single-crystal x-ray diffraction as well as nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and Mössbauer spectroscopic studies on Fe(BF)(CO)2(CNArTripp2)2 and the isoelectronic dinitrogen (N2) and CO complexes Fe(N2)(CO)2(CNArTripp2)2 and Fe(CO)3(CNArTripp2)2 demonstrate that the terminal BF ligand possesses particularly strong σ-donor and π-acceptor properties. Density functional theory and electron-density topology calculations support this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles J Drance
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Sears
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Anthony M Mrse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Curtis E Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Michael L Neidig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Joshua S Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
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18
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Chan C, Carpenter AE, Gembicky M, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Associative Ligand Exchange and Substrate Activation Reactions by a Zero-Valent Cobalt Tetraisocyanide Complex. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinglin Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Alex E. Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Milan Gembicky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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19
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Drance MJ, Mokhtarzadeh CC, Melaimi M, Agnew DW, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Controlled Expansion of a Strong‐Field Iron Nitride Cluster: Multi‐Site Ligand Substitution as a Strategy for Activating Interstitial Nitride Nucleophilicity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myles J. Drance
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Charles C. Mokhtarzadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358 La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Douglas W. Agnew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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20
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Mokhtarzadeh CC, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. A Highly-Reduced Cobalt Terminal Carbyne: Divergent Metal- and α-Carbon-Centered Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8100-8104. [PMID: 29906387 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reported here is the isolation of a dianionic cobalt terminal carbyne derived from chemical reduction of an encumbering isocyanide ligand. Crystallographic, spectroscopic and computational data reveal that this carbyne possesses a low-valent cobalt center with an extensively filled d-orbital manifold. This electronic character renders the cobalt center the primary site of nucleophilicity upon reaction with protic substrates and silyl electrophiles. However, reactions with internal alkynes result in [2+2] cycloaddition with the carbyne carbon to form a new C-C bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Mokhtarzadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358 , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
| | - Curtis E Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358 , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358 , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
| | - Joshua S Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358 , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
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21
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Drance MJ, Mokhtarzadeh CC, Melaimi M, Agnew DW, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Controlled Expansion of a Strong‐Field Iron Nitride Cluster: Multi‐Site Ligand Substitution as a Strategy for Activating Interstitial Nitride Nucleophilicity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13057-13061. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myles J. Drance
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Charles C. Mokhtarzadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358 La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Douglas W. Agnew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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22
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Koppaka A, Gamage MM, Captain B. Intermediates and catalytic hydrostannylation. Characterization of a rare complex Pt(IPr)[η2-E-(SnBut3)(H)C C(SiMe3)(H)]. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Chakarawet K, Davis-Gilbert ZW, Harstad SR, Young VG, Long JR, Ellis JE. Ta(CNDipp) 6 : An Isocyanide Analogue of Hexacarbonyltantalum(0). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10577-10581. [PMID: 28697283 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hexakis(2,6-diisopropylphenylisocyanide)tantalum is the first isocyanide analogue of the highly unstable Ta(CO)6 and represents the only well-defined zerovalent tantalum complex to be prepared by conventional laboratory methods. Two prior examples of homoleptic Ta0 complexes are known, Ta(benzene)2 and Ta(dmpe)3 , dmpe=1,2-bis(dimethylphosphano)ethane, but these have only been accessed via ligand co-condensation with tantalum vapor in a sophisticated metal-atom reactor. Consistent with its 17-electron nature, Ta(CNDipp)6 undergoes facile one-electron oxidation, reduction, or disproportionation reactions. In this sense, it qualitatively resembles V(CO)6 , the only paramagnetic homoleptic metal carbonyl isolable under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khetpakorn Chakarawet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Stephanie R Harstad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Victor G Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - John E Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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24
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Chakarawet K, Davis-Gilbert ZW, Harstad SR, Young VG, Long JR, Ellis JE. Ta(CNDipp) 6
: An Isocyanide Analogue of Hexacarbonyltantalum(0). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Victor G. Young
- Department of Chemistry; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Long
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - John E. Ellis
- Department of Chemistry; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
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25
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Mokhtarzadeh CC, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Terminal Iron Carbyne Complexes Derived from Arrested CO
2
Reductive Disproportionation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles C. Mokhtarzadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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26
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Mokhtarzadeh CC, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Terminal Iron Carbyne Complexes Derived from Arrested CO
2
Reductive Disproportionation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10894-10899. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles C. Mokhtarzadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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27
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Biosynthesis of isonitrile lipopeptides by conserved nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene clusters in Actinobacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017. [PMID: 28634299 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705016114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A putative lipopeptide biosynthetic gene cluster is conserved in many species of Actinobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. marinum, but the specific function of the encoding proteins has been elusive. Using both in vivo heterologous reconstitution and in vitro biochemical analyses, we have revealed that the five encoding biosynthetic enzymes are capable of synthesizing a family of isonitrile lipopeptides (INLPs) through a thio-template mechanism. The biosynthesis features the generation of isonitrile from a single precursor Gly promoted by a thioesterase and a nonheme iron(II)-dependent oxidase homolog and the acylation of both amino groups of Lys by the same isonitrile acyl chain facilitated by a single condensation domain of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase. In addition, the deletion of INLP biosynthetic genes in M. marinum has decreased the intracellular metal concentration, suggesting the role of this biosynthetic gene cluster in metal transport.
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28
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Mokhtarzadeh CC, Carpenter AE, Spence DP, Melaimi M, Agnew DW, Weidemann N, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Geometric and Electronic Structure Analysis of the Three-Membered Electron-Transfer Series [(μ-CNR)2[CpCo]2]n (n = 0, 1–, 2−) and Its Relevance to the Classical Bridging-Carbonyl System. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles C. Mokhtarzadeh
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Alex E. Carpenter
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Daniel P. Spence
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
- UCSD-CNRS
Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Douglas W. Agnew
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Nils Weidemann
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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29
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Barnett BR, Labios LA, Stauber JM, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Synthetic and Mechanistic Interrogation of Pd/Isocyanide-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling: π-Acidic Ligands Enable Self-Aggregating Monoligated Pd(0) Intermediates. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R. Barnett
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Liezel A. Labios
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Julia M. Stauber
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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30
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Agnew DW, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Comparison of nucleophilic- and radical-based routes to the formation of manganese-main group element single bonds. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:6700-6707. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01102d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One-electron activation of main-group substrates by a stable manganese metalloradical provides a facile pathway to Mn-element single bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. Agnew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
| | | | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
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31
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Agnew DW, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Controlled cis Labilization of CO from Manganese(I) Mixed Carbonyl/Isocyanide Complexes: An Entry Point to Coordinatively Unsaturated Metallo-Lewis Acids. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. Agnew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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32
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Gowda AS, Baur A, Scaggs CA, Petersen JL, Hoover JM. Formation of Di-tert-butylurea from a Mononuclear Iron Tris(isocyanide) Complex. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anitha S. Gowda
- C.
Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Andreas Baur
- Department
of Biology, Chemistry, and Geoscience, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, West Virginia 26554, United States
| | - Carl A. Scaggs
- Department
of Biology, Chemistry, and Geoscience, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, West Virginia 26554, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Petersen
- C.
Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Jessica M. Hoover
- C.
Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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33
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Hickey AK, Lee WT, Chen CH, Pink M, Smith JM. A Bidentate Carbene Ligand Stabilizes a Low-Coordinate Iron(0) Carbonyl Complex. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Hickey
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East
Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Wei-Tsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East
Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East
Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East
Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East
Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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34
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Büldt LA, Guo X, Prescimone A, Wenger OS. A Molybdenum(0) Isocyanide Analogue of Ru(2,2′-Bipyridine)32+: A Strong Reductant for Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11247-50. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Büldt
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 and Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Xingwei Guo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 and Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 and Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 and Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Switzerland
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35
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Büldt LA, Guo X, Prescimone A, Wenger OS. Ein Molybdän(0)-Isocyanid-Komplex als Ru(2,2′-Bipyridin)32+-Analogon: ein starkes Reduktionsmittel für die Photoredoxkatalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Büldt
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 und Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Xingwei Guo
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 und Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 und Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 und Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Schweiz
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Barnett BR, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Monomeric Chini‐Type Triplatinum Clusters Featuring Dianionic and Radical‐Anionic π*‐Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R. Barnett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92193 USA
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92193 USA
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92193 USA
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Barnett BR, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Monomeric Chini-Type Triplatinum Clusters Featuring Dianionic and Radical-Anionic π*-Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9253-8. [PMID: 27346691 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their unique topologies and abilities to self-assemble into a variety of extended and aggregated structures, the binary platinum carbonyl clusters [Pt3 (CO)6 ]n (2-) ("Chini clusters") continue to draw significant interest. Herein, we report the isolation and structural characterization of the trinuclear electron-transfer series [Pt3 (μ-CO)3 (CNAr(Dipp2) )3 ](n-) (n=0, 1, 2), which represents a unique set of monomeric Pt3 clusters supported by π-acidic ligands. Spectroscopic, computational, and synthetic investigations demonstrate that the highest-occupied molecular orbitals of the mono- and dianionic clusters consist of a combined π*-framework of the CO and CNAr(Dipp2) ligands, with negligible Pt character. Accordingly, this study provides precedent for an ensemble of carbonyl and isocyanide ligands to function in a redox non-innocent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R Barnett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358, La Jolla, CA, 92193, USA
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358, La Jolla, CA, 92193, USA
| | - Joshua S Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358, La Jolla, CA, 92193, USA.
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Carpenter AE, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. A Well-Defined Isocyano Analogue of HCo(CO)4. 1: Synthesis, Decomposition, and Catalytic 1,1-Hydrogenation of Isocyanides. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex E. Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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Zhou X, Barton BE, Chambers GM, Rauchfuss TB, Arrigoni F, Zampella G. Preparation and Protonation of Fe2(pdt)(CNR)6, Electron-Rich Analogues of Fe2(pdt)(CO)6. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:3401-12. [PMID: 26999632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The complexes Fe2(pdt)(CNR)6 (pdt(2-) = CH2(CH2S(-))2) were prepared by thermal substitution of the hexacarbonyl complex with the isocyanides RNC for R = C6H4-4-OMe (1), C6H4-4-Cl (2), Me (3). These complexes represent electron-rich analogues of the parent Fe2(pdt)(CO)6. Unlike most substituted derivatives of Fe2(pdt)(CO)6, these isocyanide complexes are sterically unencumbered and have the same idealized symmetry as the parent hexacarbonyl derivatives. Like the hexacarbonyls, the stereodynamics of 1-3 involve both turnstile rotation of the Fe(CNR)3 as well as the inversion of the chair conformation of the pdt ligand. Structural studies indicate that the basal isocyanide has nonlinear CNC bonds and short Fe-C distances, indicating that they engage in stronger Fe-C π-backbonding than the apical ligands. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that these new complexes are far more reducing than the hexacarbonyls, although the redox behavior is complex. Estimated reduction potentials are E1/2 ≈ -0.6 ([2](+/0)), -0.7 ([1](+/0)), and -1.25 ([3](+/0)). According to DFT calculations, the rotated isomer of 3 is only 2.2 kcal/mol higher in energy than the crystallographically observed unrotated structure. The effects of rotated versus unrotated structure and of solvent coordination (THF, MeCN) on redox potentials were assessed computationally. These factors shift the redox couple by as much as 0.25 V, usually less. Compounds 1 and 2 protonate with strong acids to give the expected μ-hydrides [H1](+) and [H2](+). In contrast, 3 protonates with [HNEt3]BAr(F)4 (pKa(MeCN) = 18.7) to give the aminocarbyne [Fe2(pdt)(CNMe)5(μ-CN(H)Me)](+) ([3H](+)). According to NMR measurements and DFT calculations, this species adopts an unsymmetrical, rotated structure. DFT calculations further indicate that the previously described carbyne complex [Fe2(SMe)2(CO)3(PMe3)2(CCF3)](+) also adopts a rotated structure with a bridging carbyne ligand. Complex [3H](+) reversibly adds MeNC to give [Fe2(pdt)(CNR)6(μ-CN(H)Me)](+) ([3H(CNMe)](+)). Near room temperature, [3H](+) isomerizes to the hydride [(μ-H)Fe2(pdt)(CNMe)6](+) ([H3](+)) via a first-order pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Zhou
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bryan E Barton
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Geoffrey M Chambers
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thomas B Rauchfuss
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Federica Arrigoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampella
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
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Mokhtarzadeh CC, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Dinitrogen binding, P4-activation and aza-Büchner ring expansions mediated by an isocyano analogue of the CpCo(CO) fragment. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:14561-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02789j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic studies targeting an m-terphenyl isocyanide analogue of the unstable 16e−, S = 1 complex CpCo(CO) are reported (Cp = η5-C5H5).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
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Barnett BR, Moore CE, Chandrasekaran P, Sproules S, Rheingold AL, DeBeer S, Figueroa JS. Metal-only Lewis pairs between group 10 metals and Tl(i) or Ag(i): insights into the electronic consequences of Z-type ligand binding. Chem Sci 2015; 6:7169-7178. [PMID: 29861954 PMCID: PMC5951196 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03104d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexes bearing electron rich transition metal centers, especially those displaying coordinative unsaturation, are well-suited to form reverse-dative σ-interactions with Lewis acids. Herein we demonstrate the generality of zerovalent, group 10 m-terphenyl isocyanide complexes to form reverse-dative σ-interactions to Tl(i) and Ag(i) centers. Structural and spectroscopic investigations of these metal-only Lewis pairs (MOLPs) has allowed insight into the electronic consequences of Lewis-acid ligation within the primary coordination sphere of a transition metal center. Treatment of the bis-isocyanide complex, Pt(CNArDipp2)2 (ArDipp2 = 2,6-(2,6-(i-Pr)2C6H3)2C6H3) with TlOTf (OTf = [O3SCF3]-) yields the Pt/Tl MOLP [TlPt(CNArDipp2)2]OTf (1). 1H NMR and IR spectroscopic studies on 1, and its Pd congener [TlPd(CNArDipp2)2]OTf (2), demonstrate that the M → Tl interaction is labile in solution. However, treatment of complexes 1 and 2 with Na[BArF4] (ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) produces [TlPt(CNArDipp2)2]BArF4 (3) and [TlPd(CNArDipp2)2]BArF4 (4), in which Tl(i) binding is shown to be static by IR spectroscopy and, in the case of 3, 195Pt NMR spectroscopy as well. This result provides strong evidence that the M → Tl linkages can be attributed primarily to σ-donation from the group 10 metal to Tl, as loss of ionic stabilization of Tl by the triflate anion is compensated for by increasing the degree of M → Tl σ-donation. In addition, X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) on the Pd/Tl and Ni/Tl MOLPs, [TlPd(CNArDipp2)2]OTf (2) and [TlNi(CNArMes2)3]OTf, respectively, is used to illustrate that the formation of a reverse-dative σ-interaction with Tl(i) does not alter the spectroscopic oxidation state of the group 10 metal. Also reported is the ability of M(CNArDipp2)2 (M = Pt, Pd) to form MOLPs with Ag(i), yielding the complexes [AgM(CNArDipp2)2]OTf (5, M = Pt; 6, M = Pd). As was determined for the Tl-containing MOLPs 1-4, it is shown that the spectroscopic oxidation states of the group 10 metal in 5 and 6 are essentially unchanged compared to the zerovalent precursors M(CNArDipp2)2. However, in the case of 5 and 6, the formation of a dative M → Ag σ-bonding interaction facilitates the binding of Lewis bases to the group 10 metal trans to Ag, illustrating the potential of acceptor fragments to open up new coordination sites on transition metal complexes without formal, two-electron oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R Barnett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358 , La Jolla , CA 92093 , USA .
| | - Curtis E Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358 , La Jolla , CA 92093 , USA .
| | | | - Stephen Sproules
- School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358 , La Jolla , CA 92093 , USA .
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , Stiftstrasse 34-36 , D-45470 , Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , USA
| | - Joshua S Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358 , La Jolla , CA 92093 , USA .
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