1
|
Amouri H. Luminescent Complexes of Platinum, Iridium, and Coinage Metals Containing N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Design, Structural Diversity, and Photophysical Properties. Chem Rev 2023; 123:230-270. [PMID: 36315851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The employment of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to design luminescent metal compounds has been the focus of recent intense investigations because of the strong σ-donor properties, which bring stability to the whole system and tend to push the d-d dark states so high in energy that they are rendered thermally inaccessible, thereby generating highly emissive complexes for useful applications such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), or featuring chiroptical properties, a field that is still in its infancy. Among the NHC complexes, those containing organic chromophores such as naphthalimide, pyrene, and carbazole exhibit rich emission behavior and thus have attracted extensive interest in the past five years, especially carbene coinage metal complexes with carbazolate ligands. In this review, the design strategies of NHC-based luminescent platinum and iridium complexes with large spin-orbit-coupling (SOC) are described first. Subsequent paragraphs illustrate the recent advances of luminescent coinage metal complexes with nucleophilic- and electrophilic-based carbenes based on silver, gold, and copper metal complexes that have the ability to display rich excited state emissions in particular via thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The luminescence mechanism and excited state dynamics are also described. We then summarize the advance of NHC-metal complexes in the aforementioned fields in recent years. Finally, we propose the development trend of this fast-growing field of luminescent NHC-metal complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hani Amouri
- CNRS, IPCM (UMR 8232), Sorbonne Université-Faculté des Sciences et Ingénerie Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lázaro A, Cunha C, Bosque R, Pina J, Ward JS, Truong KN, Rissanen K, Lima JC, Crespo M, Seixas de Melo JS, Rodríguez L. Room-Temperature Phosphorescence and Efficient Singlet Oxygen Production by Cyclometalated Pt(II) Complexes with Aromatic Alkynyl Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8220-8230. [PMID: 32469212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of five novel cyclometalated platinum(II) compounds containing five different alkynyl-chromophores was achieved by the reaction of the previously synthesized Pt-Cl cyclometalated compound (1) with the corresponding RC≡CH by a Sonogashira reaction. It was observed that the spectral and photophysical characteristics of the cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes (Pt-Ar) are essentially associated with the platinum-cyclometalated unit. Room-temperature emission of the Pt-Ar complexes was attributed to phosphorescence in agreement with DFT calculations. Broad nanosecond (ns)-transient absorption spectra were observed with decays approximately identical to those obtained from the emission of the triplet state. From the femtosecond-transient absorption (fs-TA) data, two main excited-state decay components were identified: one in the order of a few picoseconds was assigned to fast intersystem crossing to populate the triplet excited-state and the second (hundreds of ns) was associated with the decay of the transient triplet state. In general, efficient singlet oxygen photosensitization quantum yields were observed from the triplet state of these complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Lázaro
- Departament de Quı́mica Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Quı́mica Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martı́ i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Cunha
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ramon Bosque
- Departament de Quı́mica Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Quı́mica Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martı́ i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - João Pina
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jas S Ward
- Jyväskylä University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Khai-Nghi Truong
- Jyväskylä University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Jyväskylä University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - João Carlos Lima
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Quı́mica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Margarita Crespo
- Departament de Quı́mica Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Quı́mica Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martı́ i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Sérgio Seixas de Melo
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Laura Rodríguez
- Departament de Quı́mica Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Quı́mica Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martı́ i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sobottka S, Nößler M, Ostericher AL, Hermann G, Subat NZ, Beerhues J, Behr‐van der Meer M, Suntrup L, Albold U, Hohloch S, Tremblay JC, Sarkar B. Tuning Pt II -Based Donor-Acceptor Systems through Ligand Design: Effects on Frontier Orbitals, Redox Potentials, UV/Vis/NIR Absorptions, Electrochromism, and Photocatalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:1314-1327. [PMID: 31778594 PMCID: PMC7027812 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric platinum donor-acceptor complexes [(pimp)Pt(Q2- )] are presented in this work, in which pimp=[(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimino)methyl]pyridine and Q2- =catecholate-type donor ligands. The properties of the complexes are evaluated as a function of the donor ligands, and correlations are drawn among electrochemical, optical, and theoretical data. Special focus has been put on the spectroelectrochemical investigation of the complexes featuring sulfonyl-substituted phenylendiamide ligands, which show redox-induced linkage isomerism upon oxidation. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) as well as electron flux density analysis have been employed to rationalize the optical spectra of the complexes and their reactivity. Compound 1 ([(pimp)Pt(Q2- )] with Q2- =3,5-di-tert-butylcatecholate) was shown to be an efficient photosensitizer for molecular oxygen and was subsequently employed in photochemical cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reactions. The results thus display new avenues for donor-acceptor systems, including their role as photocatalysts for organic transformations, and the possibility to introduce redox-induced linkage isomerism in these compounds through the use of sulfonamide substituents on the donor ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Sobottka
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieAnorganische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstrasse 34–3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Maite Nößler
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieAnorganische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstrasse 34–3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Andrew L. Ostericher
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieAnorganische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstrasse 34–3614195BerlinGermany
- Current address: Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California San Diego9500 Gilman DriveLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Gunter Hermann
- QoD Technologies GmbHc/o Freie Universität BerlinAltensteinstrasse 4014195BerlinGermany
| | - Noah Z. Subat
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieAnorganische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstrasse 34–3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Julia Beerhues
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieAnorganische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstrasse 34–3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Margarethe Behr‐van der Meer
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieAnorganische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstrasse 34–3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Lisa Suntrup
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieAnorganische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstrasse 34–3614195BerlinGermany
- Current address: Department of ChemistryUniversity of Massachusetts Boston100 Morrissey BoulevardBostonMA02125USA
| | - Uta Albold
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieAnorganische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstrasse 34–3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieAnorganische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstrasse 34–3614195BerlinGermany
- Current address: University of PaderbornWarburger Strasse 10033098PaderbornGermany
| | - Jean Christophe Tremblay
- Laboratoire de physique et chimie théoriquesCNRS/Université de Lorraine—UMR 70191 bd Arago57070MetzFrance
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieAnorganische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstrasse 34–3614195BerlinGermany
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Irmler P, Gogesch FS, Mang A, Bodensteiner M, Larsen CB, Wenger OS, Winter RF. Directing energy transfer in Pt(bodipy)(mercaptopyrene) dyads. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11690-11705. [PMID: 31265019 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01737b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report on the photophysical properties of three dyads that combine a 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (bodipy, BDP) and a mercaptopyrene (SPyr) dye ligand at a Pt(PEt3)2 fragment. σ-Bonding of the dyes to the Pt ion promotes intersystem crossing (ISC) via the external heavy atom effect. The coupling of efficient ISC with charge-transfer from the electron-rich mercaptopyrene to the electron-accepting BDP ligand (PB-CT) gives rise to a multitude of (potentially) emissive states. This culminates in the presence of four different emissions for the mono- and dinuclear complexes BPtSPyr and BPtSPyrSPtB with an unsubstituted BDP ligand and either a terminal 1-mercaptopyrene or a bridging pyrene-1,6-dithiolate ligand. Thus, in fluid solution, near IR emission at 724 nm from the 3PB-CT state is observed with a quantum yield of up to 15%. Excitation into the BDP-based 1ππ* or the pyrene-based 1ππ* band additionally trigger fluorescence and phosphorescence emissions from the BDP-centred 1ππ* and 3ππ* states. In frozen solution, at 77 K, phosphorescence from the pyrene ligand becomes the prominent emission channel, while PB-CT emission is absent. Alkylation of the BDP ligand in KBPtSPyr funnels all excitation energy into fluorescence and phosphorescence emissions from the KBDP ligand. The assignments of the various excited states and the deactivation cascades were probed by absorption and emission spectroscopy, transient absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical and UV/Vis/NIR spectroelectrochemical measurements, and by quantum chemical calculations. Our conclusions are further corroborated with the aid of suitable reference compounds comprising of just one chromophore. All dyads are triplet sensitizers and are able to generate singlet oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Irmler
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Irmler P, Gogesch FS, Larsen CB, Wenger OS, Winter RF. Four different emissions from a Pt(Bodipy)(PEt3)2(S-Pyrene) dyad. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:1171-1174. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A bodipy-Pt-mercaptopyrene diad emits from a pyrene-to-bodipy charge-transfer, the bodipy 1ππ* and 3ππ* and the pyrene 3ππ* states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Irmler
- Fachbereich Chemie
- Universität Konstanz
- D-78457 Konstanz
- Germany
| | | | | | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Haque A, Al-Balushi RA, Al-Busaidi IJ, Khan MS, Raithby PR. Rise of Conjugated Poly-ynes and Poly(Metalla-ynes): From Design Through Synthesis to Structure-Property Relationships and Applications. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8474-8597. [PMID: 30112905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated poly-ynes and poly(metalla-ynes) constitute an important class of new materials with potential application in various domains of science. The key factors responsible for the diverse usage of these materials is their intriguing and tunable chemical and photophysical properties. This review highlights fascinating advances made in the field of conjugated organic poly-ynes and poly(metalla-ynes) incorporating group 4-11 metals. This includes several important aspects of conjugated poly-ynes viz. synthetic protocols, bonding, electronic structure, nature of luminescence, structure-property relationships, diverse applications, and concluding remarks. Furthermore, we delineated the future directions and challenges in this particular area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashanul Haque
- Department of Chemistry , Sultan Qaboos University , P.O. Box 36, Al-Khod 123 , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rayya A Al-Balushi
- Department of Chemistry , Sultan Qaboos University , P.O. Box 36, Al-Khod 123 , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Idris Juma Al-Busaidi
- Department of Chemistry , Sultan Qaboos University , P.O. Box 36, Al-Khod 123 , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Muhammad S Khan
- Department of Chemistry , Sultan Qaboos University , P.O. Box 36, Al-Khod 123 , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Paul R Raithby
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , U.K
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ramu V, Gautam S, Garai A, Kondaiah P, Chakravarty AR. Glucose-Appended Platinum(II)-BODIPY Conjugates for Targeted Photodynamic Therapy in Red Light. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:1717-1726. [PMID: 29400953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Platinum(II) complexes [Pt(L1)(R-BODIPY)]Cl (1) and [Pt(L2)(R-BODIPY)]Cl (2), where R-BODIPY is 8-(4-ethynylphenyl)-distyryl-4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3, L1 is 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine, and L2 is (2,2':6',2″-terpyridin-4'-oxy)ethyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, were synthesized and characterized, and their photocytotoxicity was studied. The phenylacetylide complex [Pt(L1)(C≡CPh)]Cl (3) was prepared and used as a control. Complexes 1 and 2 showed near-IR absorption bands at 713 nm (ε = 3.47 × 104 M-1 cm-1) and 715 nm (3.2 × 104 M-1 cm-1) in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) (pH 7.2). The BODIPY complexes are emissive in 10% DMSO-DMEM at pH 7.2 with λem (λex, Φf) = 822 nm (710 nm, 0.022) for complex 1 and λem (λex, Φf) = 825 nm (710 nm, 0.026) for complex 2. They generated singlet oxygen (1O2) in red light as evidenced from 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) titration experiments. The singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) values for 1 and 2 were ∼0.6 signifying their photosensitizing ability. They were remarkably photodynamic therapy (PDT) active in red light showing significant red light-induced cytotoxicity in cervical HeLa, lung cancer A549, and breast cancer MCF-7 cells (IC50: 2.3-24.7 μM in light) with negligible dark toxicity (IC50 > 100 μM). A significant enhancement in cellular uptake was observed for 2 having glucose-appended terpyridine ligand compared to 1. The confocal microscopy showed significant mitochondrial localization of the complexes as evidenced from the JC-1 assay. The complexes released the photoactive R-BODIPY ligand upon red light-irradiation as evidenced from the mass and 1H NMR spectral studies. Complex 2 is remarkable in satisfying the essential requirements of targeted PDT in red light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Ramu
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Srishti Gautam
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Aditya Garai
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Paturu Kondaiah
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Akhil R Chakravarty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Irmler P, Winter RF. σ-Pt-BODIPY Complexes with Platinum Attachment to Carbon Atoms C2 or C3: Spectroscopic, Structural, and (Spectro)Electrochemical Studies and Photocatalysis. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Irmler
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße
10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Rainer F. Winter
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße
10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Barbon SM, Buddingh JV, Maar RR, Gilroy JB. Boron Difluoride Adducts of a Flexidentate Pyridine-Substituted Formazanate Ligand: Property Modulation via Protonation and Coordination Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12003-12011. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Barbon
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre
for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jasmine V. Buddingh
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre
for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Ryan R. Maar
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre
for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre
for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|