1
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Gillard M, Troian-Gautier L, Decottignies A, Elias B. pH-Activatable Ruthenium(II) Fluorescein Salphen Schiff Base Photosensitizers for Theranostic Applications. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2549-2558. [PMID: 38345026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes exhibit a lack of selectivity toward cancer tissues despite extensive studies as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Here, we report pH-activatable RuII photosensitizers for molecularly targeted PDT by exploiting the higher acidity of tumoral tissue. The fluorescein moiety, well known for its high pH sensitivity, was connected to a RuII center to yield novel photosensitizers for pH-sensitive 1O2 photogeneration. Their ability to photosensitize molecular dioxygen was studied at various pHs and revealed a drastic enhancement from 0.07 to 0.66 of the 1O2 quantum yield under acidic conditions (pH 7.5 to pH 5.5). Their photocytotoxicity against U2OS osteosarcoma cells was also investigated at pH 5.5 and 7.5 through IC50 determination. A strong enhancement of the photocytotoxicity reaching 930 nM was observed at pH 5.5, which showed the potential of such photosensitizers for pH-activatable PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gillard
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Wel Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
| | - Anabelle Decottignies
- Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations of Genomes, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 75, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Elias
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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2
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Hirahara M, Iwamoto A, Teraoka Y, Mizuno Y, Umemura Y, Uekita T. Ruthenium Pyrazole Complexes: A Family of Highly Active Metallodrugs for Photoactivated Chemotherapy. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1988-1996. [PMID: 38215027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes bearing bis pyrazole (pzH) ligands, cis-[Ru(bpy)2(R-pzH)2]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, R = -H, -Cl), were examined as photoactivated anticancer prodrugs. A dicationic pyrazole complex deprotonated to give monocationic pyrazole-pyrazolate complexes, cis-[Ru(bpy)2(R-pz-)(R-pzH)]+, in an aqueous solution with pKa values of 9.5 and 7.2 for R = H and R = Cl, respectively. Upon deprotonation, relative quantum yields of photosubstitution decreased while lipophilicity of the complexes increased according to the measurements of water-octanol coefficients. The ruthenium complex with 4-chloropyrazole ligands displayed high cytotoxicity upon light irradiation (IC50 = 0.060 ± 0.016 μM) toward lung cancer cells, which was 7 times higher than that in the dark (IC50 = 0.44 ± 0.07 μM). Additional experiments for the ruthenium R-pyrazole complexes indicated that (1) selective photodissociation of the 4-chloropyrazole ligand occurs from cis-[Ru(bpy)2(4-Clpz-)(4-ClpzH)]+, (2) photoinduced ligand dissociation is dominant rather than photoinduced generation of singlet oxygen (1O2), and (3) induction of cell death occurs via the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Hirahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Aki Iwamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Yuto Teraoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Mizuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Yasushi Umemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Takamasa Uekita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
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3
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Maeda A, Tokumoto JY, Kojima S, Fujimori K, Moriuchi-Kawakami T, Hirahara M. Binding of Stimuli-Responsive Ruthenium Aqua Complexes with 9-Ethylguanine. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:37391-37401. [PMID: 37841177 PMCID: PMC10569010 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive ruthenium complexes proximal- and distal-[Ru(C10tpy)(C10pyqu) OH2]2+ (proximal-1 and distal-1; C10tpy = 4'-decyloxy-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine and C10pyqu = 2-[2'-(6'-decyloxy)-pyridyl]quinoline) were experimentally studied for adduct formation with a model DNA base. At 303 K, proximal-1 exhibited 1:1 adduct formation with 9-ethylguanine (9-EtG) to yield proximal-[Ru(C10tpy)(C10pyqu)(9-EtG)]2+ (proximal-RuEtG). Rotation of the guanine ligand on the ruthenium center was sterically hindered by the presence of an adjacent quinoline moiety at 303 K. Results from 1H NMR measurements indicated that photoirradiation of a proximal-RuEtG solution caused photoisomerization to distal-RuEtG, whereas heating of proximal-RuEtG caused ligand substitution to proximal-1. The distal isomer of the aqua complex, distal-1, was observed to slowly revert to proximal-1 at 303 K. In the presence of 9-EtG, distal-1 underwent thermal back-isomerization to proximal-1 and adduct formation to distal-RuEtG. Kinetic analysis of 1H NMR measurements showed that adduct formation between proximal-1 and 9-EtG was 8-fold faster than that between distal-1 and 9-EtG. This difference may be attributed to intramolecular hydrogen bonding and steric repulsion between the aqua ligand and the pendant moiety of the bidentate ligand..
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Jun-ya Tokumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujimori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Takayo Moriuchi-Kawakami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Masanari Hirahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
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4
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Del Pino JMV, Scalambra F, Bermejo-Casadesús C, Massaguer A, García-Maroto F, Romerosa A. Study of the biological activity of photoactive bipyridyl-Ru(II) complexes containing 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA). J Inorg Biochem 2023; 246:112291. [PMID: 37352655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The water-soluble ruthenium complex cis-[Ru(dcbpyH)2(PTAH)2]Cl2·3H2O (1) (dcbpy = 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine; PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) has been synthesized and characterised by NMR, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The optical properties of 1 were studied, including photoactivation under visible light, as well as its biological properties, together with those of the previously published Ru complexes cis-[Ru(bpy)2(PTA)2]Cl2 (2), trans-[Ru(bpy)2(PTA)2](CF3SO3)2 (3) and cis-[Ru(bpy)2(H2O)(PTA)](CF3SO3)2 (4) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). Anticancer activities of the complexes against human lung (A549), cervical (HeLa) and prostate (PC3) carcinoma cells were evaluated under dark conditions and upon photoactivation with visible light. None of the complexes exhibited cytotoxic activity in the absence of light irradiation (IC50 > 100 μM). However, after photoactivation, the cytotoxicity of complexes 1, 2 and 3 against the three cell lines markedly increased, resulting in IC50 values between 25.3 μM and 9.3 μM. Notably, these complexes did not show toxicity against red blood cells. These findings show the potential of complexes 1, 2 and, particularly, 3 for selective and controlled cancer photochemotherapy. The reactivity of the Ru complexes against DNA under UV-Vis irradiation was studied by analysing plasmid mobility. Experimental data shows that 4 unfolds supercoiled DNA (SC DNA) both in the dark and under visible irradiation, while 1 and 3 are only active under light, being 2 inactive in either case. The unfolding activities of complexes 3 and 4 were dependent on the air present in the reaction. The measured intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon irradiation with complexes 1, 2 and 3 suggest that their mechanism of action is related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franco Scalambra
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Anna Massaguer
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Romerosa
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain.
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5
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Oladipupo OE, Prescott MC, Blevins ER, Gray JL, Cameron CG, Qu F, Ward NA, Pierce AL, Collinson ER, Hall JF, Park S, Kim Y, McFarland SA, Fedin I, Papish ET. Ruthenium Complexes with Protic Ligands: Influence of the Position of OH Groups and π Expansion on Luminescence and Photocytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065980. [PMID: 36983054 PMCID: PMC10053956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protic ruthenium complexes using the dihydroxybipyridine (dhbp) ligand combined with a spectator ligand (N,N = bpy, phen, dop, Bphen) have been studied for their potential activity vs. cancer cells and their photophysical luminescent properties. These complexes vary in the extent of π expansion and the use of proximal (6,6'-dhbp) or distal (4,4'-dhbp) hydroxy groups. Eight complexes are studied herein as the acidic (OH bearing) form, [(N,N)2Ru(n,n'-dhbp)]Cl2, or as the doubly deprotonated (O- bearing) form. Thus, the presence of these two protonation states gives 16 complexes that have been isolated and studied. Complex 7A, [(dop)2Ru(4,4'-dhbp)]Cl2, has been recently synthesized and characterized spectroscopically and by X-ray crystallography. The deprotonated forms of three complexes are also reported herein for the first time. The other complexes studied have been synthesized previously. Three complexes are light-activated and exhibit photocytotoxicity. The log(Do/w) values of the complexes are used herein to correlate photocytotoxicity with improved cellular uptake. For Ru complexes 1-4 bearing the 6,6'-dhbp ligand, photoluminescence studies (all in deaerated acetonitrile) have revealed that steric strain leads to photodissociation which tends to reduce photoluminescent lifetimes and quantum yields in both protonation states. For Ru complexes 5-8 bearing the 4,4'-dhbp ligand, the deprotonated Ru complexes (5B-8B) have low photoluminescent lifetimes and quantum yields due to quenching that is proposed to involve the 3LLCT excited state and charge transfer from the [O2-bpy]2- ligand to the N,N spectator ligand. The protonated OH bearing 4,4'-dhbp Ru complexes (5A-8A) have long luminescence lifetimes which increase with increasing π expansion on the N,N spectator ligand. The Bphen complex, 8A, has the longest lifetime of the series at 3.45 μs and a photoluminescence quantum yield of 18.7%. This Ru complex also exhibits the best photocytotoxicity of the series. A long luminescence lifetime is correlated with greater singlet oxygen quantum yields because the triplet excited state is presumably long-lived enough to interact with 3O2 to yield 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaitan E Oladipupo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Meredith C Prescott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Emily R Blevins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Jessica L Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Fengrui Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Nicholas A Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Abigail L Pierce
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Collinson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - James Fletcher Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Seungjo Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Igor Fedin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Papish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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6
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Sun Y, Das S, Brown SR, Blevins ER, Qu F, Ward NA, Gregory SA, Boudreaux CM, Kim Y, Papish ET. Ruthenium pincer complexes for light activated toxicity: Lipophilic groups enhance toxicity. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 240:112110. [PMID: 36596265 PMCID: PMC10231263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nine ruthenium CNC pincer complexes (1-9) were tested for anticancer activity in cell culture under both dark and light conditions. These complexes included varied CNC pincer ligands including OH, OMe, or Me substituents on the pyridyl ring and wingtip N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) groups which varied as methyl (Me), phenyl (Ph), mesityl (Mes), and 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (Dipp). The supporting ligands included acetonitrile, Cl, and 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) donors. The synthesis of complexes 8 and 9 is described herein and are fully characterized by spectroscopic (1H NMR, IR, UV-Vis, MS) and analytical techniques. Single crystal X-ray diffraction results are reported herein for 8 and 9. The other complexes (1-7) are reported elsewhere. The four most lipophilic ruthenium complexes (6, 7, 8, and 9) showed the best activity vs. MCF7 cancer cells with complexes 6 and 9 showing cytotoxicity and complex 7 and 8 showing light activated photocytotoxicity. The distribution of these compounds between octanol and water is reported as log(Do/w) values, and increasing log(Do/w) values correlate roughly with improved activity vs. cancer cells. Overall, lipophilic wingtip groups (e.g. Ph, Mes, Dipp) on the NHC ring and a lower cationic charge (1+ vs. 2+) appears to be beneficial for improved anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Sun
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Sanjit Das
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Spenser R Brown
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Emily R Blevins
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Fengrui Qu
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Nicholas A Ward
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Shawn Aiden Gregory
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Chance M Boudreaux
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Elizabeth T Papish
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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7
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Synthesis and photobiological evaluation of Ru(II) complexes with expanded chelate polypyridyl ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 238:112031. [PMID: 36327501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Photoreactive Ru(II) complexes capable of ejecting ligands have been used extensively for photocaging applications and for the creation of "photocisplatin" reagents. The incorporation of distortion into the structure of the coordination complex lowers the energy of dissociative excited states, increasing the yield of the photosubstitution reaction. While steric clash between ligands induced by adding substituents at the coordinating face of the ligand has been extensively utilized, a lesser known, more subtle approach is to distort the coordination sphere by altering the chelate ring size. Here a systematic study was performed to alter metal-ligand bond lengths, angles, and to cause intraligand distortion by introducing a "linker" atom or group between two pyridine rings. The synthesis, photochemistry, and photobiology of five Ru(II) complexes containing CH2, NH, O, and S-linked dipyridine ligands was investigated. All systems where stable in the dark, and three of the five were photochemically active in buffer. While a clear periodic trend was not observed, this study lays the foundation for the creation of photoactive systems utilizing an alternative type of distortion to facilitate photosubstitution reactions.
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8
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Papish ET, Oladipupo OE. Factors that influence singlet oxygen formation vs. ligand substitution for light-activated ruthenium anticancer compounds. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 68:102143. [PMID: 35483128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on light-activated ruthenium anticancer compounds and the factors that influence which pathway is favored. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is favored by π expansion and the presence of low-lying triplet excited states (e.g. 3MLCT, 3IL). Photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) refers to light-driven ligand dissociation to give a toxic metal complex or a toxic ligand upon photo substitution. This process is driven by steric bulk near the metal center and weak metal-ligand bonds to create a low-energy 3MC state with antibonding character. With protic dihydroxybipyridine ligands, ligand charge can play a key role in these processes, with a more electron-rich deprotonated ligand favoring PDT and an electron-poor protonated ligand favoring PACT in several cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Papish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Olaitan E Oladipupo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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9
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Oladipupo O, Brown SR, Lamb RW, Gray JL, Cameron CG, DeRegnaucourt AR, Ward NA, Hall JF, Xu Y, Petersen CM, Qu F, Shrestha AB, Thompson MK, Bonizzoni M, Webster CE, McFarland SA, Kim Y, Papish ET. Light-responsive and Protic Ruthenium Compounds Bearing Bathophenanthroline and Dihydroxybipyridine Ligands Achieve Nanomolar Toxicity towards Breast Cancer Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:102-116. [PMID: 34411308 PMCID: PMC8810589 DOI: 10.1111/php.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report new ruthenium complexes bearing the lipophilic bathophenanthroline (BPhen) ligand and dihydroxybipyridine (dhbp) ligands which differ in the placement of the OH groups ([(BPhen)2 Ru(n,n'-dhbp)]Cl2 with n = 6 and 4 in 1A and 2A , respectively). Full characterization data are reported for 1A and 2A and single crystal X-ray diffraction for 1A . Both 1A and 2A are diprotic acids. We have studied 1A , 1B , 2A , and 2B (B = deprotonated forms) by UV-vis spectroscopy and 1 photodissociates, but 2 is light stable. Luminescence studies reveal that the basic forms have lower energy 3 MLCT states relative to the acidic forms. Complexes 1A and 2A produce singlet oxygen with quantum yields of 0.05 and 0.68, respectively, in acetonitrile. Complexes 1 and 2 are both photocytotoxic toward breast cancer cells, with complex 2 showing EC50 light values as low as 0.50 μM with PI values as high as >200 vs. MCF7. Computational studies were used to predict the energies of the 3 MLCT and 3 MC states. An inaccessible 3 MC state for 2B suggests a rationale for why photodissociation does not occur with the 4,4'-dhbp ligand. Low dark toxicity combined with an accessible 3 MLCT state for 1 O2 generation explains the excellent photocytotoxicity of 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaitan Oladipupo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Spenser R. Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Robert W. Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Jessica L. Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Alexa R. DeRegnaucourt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - James Fletcher Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yifei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Courtney M. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Fengrui Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Ambar B. Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Matthew K. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Marco Bonizzoni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Charles Edwin Webster
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.,Corresponding Authors’: (Charles Edwin Webster), (Sherri A. McFarland), (Yonghyun Kim), (Elizabeth T. Papish)
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.,Corresponding Authors’: (Charles Edwin Webster), (Sherri A. McFarland), (Yonghyun Kim), (Elizabeth T. Papish)
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.,Corresponding Authors’: (Charles Edwin Webster), (Sherri A. McFarland), (Yonghyun Kim), (Elizabeth T. Papish)
| | - Elizabeth T. Papish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.,Corresponding Authors’: (Charles Edwin Webster), (Sherri A. McFarland), (Yonghyun Kim), (Elizabeth T. Papish)
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10
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Hirahara M, Furutani S, Goto H, Fujimori K, Moriuchi-Kawakami T. A Visible-Light and Temperature Responsive Host-Guest System: Photoisomerization of a Ruthenium Complex and Inclusion Complex Formation with Cyclodextrins. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4477-4483. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04003k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the visible-light- and thermal-stimuli-responsive properties of a host–guest system based on proximal- and distal-[Ru(C10tpy)(C10pyqu)OH2]2+ (proximal and distal-1, C10tpy = 4’-decyloxy-2,2’;6’,2”-terpyridine, C10pyqu = 2-[2’-(6’-decyloxy)-pyridyl]quinoline). The...
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11
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Toupin NP, Steinke SJ, Herroon MK, Podgorski I, Turro C, Kodanko JJ. Unlocking the Potential of Ru(II) Dual-action Compounds with the Power of the Heavy-atom Effect. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:378-388. [PMID: 34866185 DOI: 10.1111/php.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, photochemical and biological characterization of two new Ru(II) photoactivated complexes based on [Ru(tpy)(Me2 bpy)(L)]2+ (tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, Me2 bpy = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine), where L = pyridyl-BODIPY (pyBOD). Two pyBOD ligands were prepared bearing flanking hydrogen or iodine atoms. Ru(II)-bound BODIPY dyes show a red-shift of absorption maxima relative to the free dyes and undergo photodissociation of BODIPY ligands with green light irradiation. Addition of iodine into the BODIPY ligand facilitates intersystem crossing, which leads to efficient singlet oxygen production in the free dye, but also enhances quantum yield of release of the BODIPY ligand from Ru(II). This represents the first report of a strategy to enhance photodissociation quantum yields through the heavy-atom effect in Ru(II) complexes. Furthermore, Ru(II)-bound BODIPY dyes display fluorescence turn-on once released, with a lead analog showing nanomolar EC50 values against triple negative breast cancer cells, >100-fold phototherapeutic indexes under green light irradiation, and higher selectivity toward cancer cells as compared to normal cells than the corresponding free BODIPY photosensitizer. Conventional Ru(II) photoactivated complexes require nonbiorthogonal blue light for activation and rarely show submicromolar potency to achieve cell death. Our study represents an avenue for the improved photochemistry and potency of future Ru(II) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean J Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Mackenzie K Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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12
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13
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Chen Y, Bai L, Zhang P, Zhao H, Zhou Q. The Development of Ru(II)-Based Photoactivated Chemotherapy Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:5679. [PMID: 34577150 PMCID: PMC8465985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) is a novel cancer treatment method that has drawn increasing attention due to its high selectivity and low side effects by spatio-temporal control of irradiation. Compared with photodynamic therapy (PDT), oxygen-independent PACT is more suitable for treating hypoxic tumors. By finely tuning ligand structures and coordination configurations, many Ru(II) complexes can undergo photoinduced ligand dissociation, and the resulting Ru(II) aqua species and/or free ligands may have anticancer activity, showing their potential as PACT agents. In this mini-review, we summarized the progress in Ru(II)-based PACT agents, as well as challenges that researchers in this field still face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Chen
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Lijuan Bai
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Pu Zhang
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hua Zhao
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Qianxiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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14
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Hirahara M, Umemura Y. A Synthetic Route to a Ruthenium Complex via Successive Photosubstitution Reactions. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:13193-13199. [PMID: 34492768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photosubstitution reactions of cis-[Ru(bpy)2(MeCN)2]2+ with a pyrazole ligand (pzH) were studied under various conditions toward the development of a photochemical synthetic route to polypyridyl ruthenium complexes (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). In the absence of a base, light irradiation of an acetonitrile solution of pyrazole and cis-[Ru(bpy)2(MeCN)2]2+ gave a mixture of the reactant and cis-[Ru(bpy)2(pzH)(MeCN)]2+. In the presence of a mild base such as N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, a second photosubstitution from cis-[Ru(bpy)2(pzH)(MeCN)]2+ to cis-[Ru(bpy)2(pz)(pzH)]+ (1b) was greatly enhanced, as confirmed by UV-vis and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The yields of 1b were increased in solvents with moderate coordinating properties, such as acetone. The successive photosubstitution reaction was observed using a stoichiometric amount of pyrazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Hirahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Yasushi Umemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
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15
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Hao L, Zhong YM, Tan CP, Mao ZW. Acidity-responsive phosphorescent metal complexes for cancer imaging and theranostic applications. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Hachey AC, Havrylyuk D, Glazer EC. Biological activities of polypyridyl-type ligands: implications for bioinorganic chemistry and light-activated metal complexes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 61:191-202. [PMID: 33799087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polypyridyl coordinating ligands are common in metal complexes used in medicinal inorganic chemistry. These ligands possess intrinsic cytotoxicity, but detailed data on this phenomenon are sparse, and cytotoxicity values vary widely and are often irreproducible. To provide new insights into the biological effects of bipyridyl-type ligands and structurally related metal-binding systems, reports of free ligand cytotoxicity were reviewed. The cytotoxicity of 25 derivatives of 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline demonstrates that there is no correlation between IC50 values and ligand properties such as pKa, log D, polarizability volume, and electron density, as indicated by NMR shifts. As a result of these observations, as well as the various reported mechanisms of action of polypyridyl ligands, we offer the hypothesis that biological effects are governed by the availability of and affinity for specific metal ions within the experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Hachey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kentucky, 505 Rose St, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Dmytro Havrylyuk
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kentucky, 505 Rose St, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kentucky, 505 Rose St, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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Karmakar J, Nandy P, Das S, Bhattacharya D, Karmakar P, Bhattacharya S. Utilization of Guanidine-Based Ancillary Ligands in Arene-Ruthenium Complexes for Selective Cytotoxicity. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8226-8238. [PMID: 33817481 PMCID: PMC8015125 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A family of three water-soluble half-sandwich arene-ruthenium complexes, depicted as C 1 -C 3 , having the general formula [Ru(p-cymene)(L)Cl]Cl has been synthesized, where L represents (1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)guanidine (L 1 ) or (benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)guanidine (L 2 ) or (benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)guanidine (L 3 ). The crystal structure of complex C 3 has been determined. The complexes show several absorption bands in the visible and ultraviolet regions, and they also show prominent emission in the visible region while excited near 400 nm. Studies on the interaction of ligands L 1 -L 3 and complexes C 1 -C 3 with calf thymus DNA reveal that the complexes are better DNA binders than the ligands, which is attributable to the imposed planarity of the ruthenium-bound guanidine-based ligand, enabling it to serve as a better intercalator. Molecular docking studies show that the complexes effectively bind with DNA through electrostatic and H-bonding interactions and partial intercalation of the guanidine-based ligands. Cytotoxicity studies carried out on two carcinoma cell lines (PC3 and A549) and on two non-cancer cell lines (BPH1 and WI-38) show a marked improvement in antitumor activity owing to complex formation, which is attributed to improvement in cellular uptake on complex formation. The C 1 complex is found to exhibit the most prominent activity against the PC3 cell line. Inclusion of the guanidine-based ligands in the half-sandwich ruthenium-arene complexes is found to be effective for displaying selective cytotoxicity to cancer cells and also for convenient tracing of the complexes in cells due to their prominent emissive nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jit Karmakar
- Department
of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Promita Nandy
- Department
of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Saurabh Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Debalina Bhattacharya
- Department
of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata 700 013, India
- Department
of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur
University, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department
of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur
University, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Samaresh Bhattacharya
- Department
of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
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18
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Qu F, Lamb RW, Cameron CG, Park S, Oladipupo O, Gray JL, Xu Y, Cole HD, Bonizzoni M, Kim Y, McFarland SA, Webster CE, Papish ET. Singlet Oxygen Formation vs Photodissociation for Light-Responsive Protic Ruthenium Anticancer Compounds: The Oxygenated Substituent Determines Which Pathway Dominates. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2138-2148. [PMID: 33534562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes bearing protic diimine ligands are cytotoxic to certain cancer cells upon irradiation with blue light. Previously reported complexes of the type [(N,N)2Ru(6,6'-dhbp)]Cl2 with 6,6'-dhbp = 6,6'-dihydroxybipyridine and N,N = 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) (1A), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (2A), and 2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline (dop) (3A) show EC50 values as low as 4 μM (for 3A) vs breast cancer cells upon blue light irradiation ( Inorg. Chem. 2017, 56, 7519). Herein, subscript A denotes the acidic form of the complex bearing OH groups, and B denotes the basic form bearing O- groups. This photocytotoxicity was originally attributed to photodissociation, but recent results suggest that singlet oxygen formation is a more plausible cause of photocytotoxicity. In particular, bulky methoxy substituents enhance photodissociation but these complexes are nontoxic ( Dalton Trans 2018, 47, 15685). Cellular studies are presented herein that show the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis indicators upon treatment of cells with complex 3A and blue light. Singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) shows the formation of 1O2 in cell culture for cells treated with 3A and blue light. At physiological pH, complexes 1A-3A are deprotonated to form 1B-3B in situ. Quantum yields for 1O2 (ϕΔ) are 0.87 and 0.48 for 2B and 3B, respectively, and these are an order of magnitude higher than the quantum yields for 2A and 3A. The values for ϕΔ show an increase with 6,6'-dhbp derived substituents as follows: OMe < OH < O-. TD-DFT studies show that the presence of a low lying triplet metal-centered (3MC) state favors photodissociation and disfavors 1O2 formation for 2A and 3A (OH groups). However, upon deprotonation (O- groups), the 3MLCT state is accessible and can readily lead to 1O2 formation, but the dissociative 3MC state is energetically inaccessible. The changes to the energy of the 3MLCT state upon deprotonation have been confirmed by steady state luminescence experiments on 1A-3A and their basic analogs, 1B-3B. This energy landscape favors 1O2 formation for 2B and 3B and leads to enhanced toxicity for these complexes under physiological conditions. The ability to convert readily from OH to O- groups allowed us to investigate an electronic change that is not accompanied by steric changes in this fundamental study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengrui Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Robert W Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Seungjo Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Olaitan Oladipupo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Jessica L Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Yifei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Houston D Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Marco Bonizzoni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Charles Edwin Webster
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Elizabeth T Papish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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19
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Lapachol in the Design of a New Ruthenium(II)-Diphosphine Complex as a Promising Anticancer Metallodrug. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 214:111289. [PMID: 33137682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of two new Ru(II)/diphosphine complexes containing Lapachol (Lap) and Lawsone (Law): (1) [Ru(Lap)(dppm)2]PF6 and (2) [Ru(Law)(dppm)2]PF6, where dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, is reported here. The complexes were synthetized and fully characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductivity, UV-Vis, IR, 31P{1H}, 1H and 13C NMR, and the crystal structure of the complex (1) was determined by X-ray diffraction. Complexes (1) and (2) showed high in vitro cytotoxicity against four cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, A549 and DU-145), with IC50 values in the micromolar range (0.03 to 2.70 μM). Importantly, complexes (1) and (2) were more active than the cisplatin, the drug used as a reference in the cytotoxic assays. Moreover, complex (1) showed high selectivity to triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Studies of the mechanism of action in MDA-MB-231 cancer cells showed that complex (1) inhibits cell migration, colony formation, and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by activation of the mitochondrial pathway through the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Furthermore, complex (1) induces ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) generation in MDA-MB-231 cells, which can cause DNA damage. Finally, complexes (1) and (2) interact with DNA by minor grooves and show a moderate interaction with BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin), with the involvement of hydrophobic interactions. Essentially, Ru(II)/diphosphine-naphthoquinone complexes have remarkable cytotoxic effects with high selectivity to triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) and could be promising anticancer candidates for cancer treatment. SYNOPSIS: The naphthoquinones Lapachol and Lawsone can form new ruthenium compounds with promising anticancer properties.
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20
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Hirahara M, Nakano H, Uchida K, Yamamoto R, Umemura Y. Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding: A Key Factor Controlling the Photosubstitution of Ruthenium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11273-11286. [PMID: 32799483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Photosubstitution reactions of ruthenium complexes with pyrazole ligands, cis-[Ru(bpy)2(pzH)2]2+ (1a), cis-[Ru(bpy)2(pz)(pzH)]+ (1b), and cis-[Ru(bpy)2(pz)2]0 (1c) (pzH = pyrazole, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), were investigated. Dicationic complex 1a was deprotonated to 1b using moderate base (pKa = 15.2, MeCN), while the second deprotonation to give 1c required more severe conditions (pKa = 26.9). Monocationic complex 1b possessed an N-H···N-type intramolecular hydrogen bond between the pyrazole and pyrazolate ligands, as corroborated by the solid-state crystal structure. The photosubstitution quantum yield of 1a (Φ = 0.26) was comparable to that of cis-[Ru(bpy)2(pyridine)2]2+ (Φ = 0.24) in acetonitrile solution. In contrast, the photodissociation of a pzH ligand was strongly suppressed by the deprotonation of a pyrazole ligand N-H group. In the presence of 10 000 equiv of 4,4'-dimethylaminopyridine, the quantum yield dropped to ∼2 × 10-6 in acetonitrile. The photosubstitution quantum yield of 1b was even smaller than that of neutral complex 1c, although 1c had a smaller HOMO-LUMO energy gap than monocationic complex 1b. The small quantum yield of 1b was attributed to intramolecular hydrogen bonding between pyrazole and pyrazolate ligands. The apparent rate constants for the photosubstitution of 1b were highly solvent-dependent. The photosubstitution of 1b was suppressed in aprotic solvents, while the reaction was accelerated by 2 orders of magnitude in protic solvents with strong proton donor abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Hirahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, Hashirimizu 1-10-20, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, Hashirimizu 1-10-20, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Kyohei Uchida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, Hashirimizu 1-10-20, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Rei Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, Hashirimizu 1-10-20, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Yasushi Umemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, Hashirimizu 1-10-20, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
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21
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Goralski ST, Manes TA, Lumsden SEA, Lynch VM, Rose MJ. Divergent Solution and Solid-State Structures of Mono- and Dinuclear Nickel(II) Pyridone Complexes. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean T. Goralski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Taylor A. Manes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Simone E. A. Lumsden
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Vincent M. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael J. Rose
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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22
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Beebe SJ, Celestine MJ, Bullock JL, Sandhaus S, Arca JF, Cropek DM, Ludvig TA, Foster SR, Clark JS, Beckford FA, Tano CM, Tonsel-White EA, Gurung RK, Stankavich CE, Tse-Dinh YC, Jarrett WL, Holder AA. Synthesis, characterization, DNA binding, topoisomerase inhibition, and apoptosis induction studies of a novel cobalt(III) complex with a thiosemicarbazone ligand. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 203:110907. [PMID: 31715377 PMCID: PMC7053658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 9-anthraldehyde-N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone (MeATSC) 1 and [Co(phen)2(O2CO)]Cl·6H2O 2 (where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) were synthesized. [Co(phen)2(O2CO)]Cl·6H2O 2 was used to produce anhydrous [Co(phen)2(H2O)2](NO3)33. Subsequently, anhydrous [Co(phen)2(H2O)2](NO3)33 was reacted with MeATSC 1 to produce [Co(phen)2(MeATSC)](NO3)3·1.5H2O·C2H5OH 4. The ligand, MeATSC 1 and all complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT IR, UV-visible, and multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, and 59Co) spectroscopy, along with HRMS, and conductivity measurements, where appropriate. Interactions of MeATSC 1 and complex 4 with calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) were investigated by carrying out UV-visible spectrophotometric studies. UV-visible spectrophotometric studies revealed weak interactions between ctDNA and the analytes, MeATSC 1 and complex 4 (Kb = 8.1 × 105 and 1.6 × 104 M-1, respectively). Topoisomerase inhibition assays and cleavage studies proved that complex 4 was an efficient catalytic inhibitor of human topoisomerases I and IIα. Based upon the results obtained from the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay on 4T1-luc metastatic mammary breast cancer cells (IC50 = 34.4 ± 5.2 μM when compared to IC50 = 13.75 ± 1.08 μM for the control, cisplatin), further investigations into the molecular events initiated by exposure to complex 4 were investigated. Studies have shown that complex 4 activated both the apoptotic and autophagic signaling pathways in addition to causing dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Furthermore, activation of cysteine-aspartic proteases3 (caspase 3) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner coupled with the ΔΨm, studies implicated the intrinsic apoptotic pathway as the major regulator of cell death mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Beebe
- The Frank Reidy Center for Bioelectrics, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 300, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Michael J Celestine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Jimmie L Bullock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Shayna Sandhaus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Jessa Faye Arca
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Donald M Cropek
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, IL 61822, USA
| | - Tekettay A Ludvig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Sydney R Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Jasmine S Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Floyd A Beckford
- The University of Virginia's College at Wise, 1 College Avenue, Wise, VA 24293, USA
| | - Criszcele M Tano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Tonsel-White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Raj K Gurung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Courtney E Stankavich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Yuk-Ching Tse-Dinh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - William L Jarrett
- School of Polymers and High-Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Alvin A Holder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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23
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Phillips AM, Pombeiro AJ. Transition Metal-Based Prodrugs for Anticancer Drug Delivery. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7476-7519. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181203141122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
:
Transition metal complexes, of which the platinum(II) complex cisplatin is an example,
have been used in medicine to treat cancer for more than 40 years. Although many successes have
been achieved, there are problems associated with the use of these drugs, such as side effects and
drug resistance. Converting them into prodrugs, to make them more inert, so that they can travel to
the tumour site unchanged and release the drug in its active form only there, is a strategy which is
the subject of much research nowadays. The new prodrugs may be activated and release the cytotoxic
agent by differences in oxygen concentration or in pH, by the action of overexpressed enzymes,
by differences in metabolic rates, etc., which characteristically distinguish cancer cells from
normal ones, or even by the input of radiation, which can be visible light. Converting a metal complex
into a prodrug may also be used to improve its pharmacological properties. In some cases, the
metal complex is a carrier which transports the active drug as a ligand. Some platinum prodrugs
have reached clinical trials. So far platinum, ruthenium and cobalt have been the most studied metals.
This review presents the recent developments in this area, including the types of complexes
used, the mechanisms of drug action and in some cases the techniques applied to monitor drug delivery
to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M.F. Phillips
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Armando J.L. Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Park S, Gray JL, Altman SD, Hairston AR, Beswick BT, Kim Y, Papish ET. Cellular uptake of protic ruthenium complexes is influenced by pH dependent passive diffusion and energy dependent efflux. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 203:110922. [PMID: 31775072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The lipophilic vs. hydrophilic properties of three protic ruthenium compounds were studied as a function of pH. Specifically, we measured Log(Do/w) values for [(N,N)2Ru(6,6'-dhbp)]2+ complexes (where N,N = 2,2'-bipyridine (1A), 1,10-phenanthroline (2A), 2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline (3A) and 6,6'-dhbp is the diprotic 6,6'-dihydroxy-2,2'-bipyridine ligand) from pH 4.0 to 8.0. This study allowed us to demonstrate that as the ligand is deprotonated at higher pH values the resulting neutral charge on the complex improves its lipophilic properties. Thus, improved uptake by passive diffusion is expected with protic ligands on Ru(II). Furthermore, cellular studies have demonstrated that passive diffusion is the dominant pathway for cellular uptake. However, metabolic inhibition has also shown that energy dependent efflux reduces the amount of the ruthenium complex (as measured by mean fluorescence intensity) in the cells. These compounds have been shown by fluorescence microscopy to accumulate in the nuclei of cancer cells (MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and HeLa). Taken together, this data shows that uptake is required for toxicity but uptake alone is not sufficient. The greatest light activated toxicity appears to occur in breast cancer cell lines with relatively moderate uptake (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231) rather than the cell line with the greatest uptake of complex 3A (normal breast cell line MCF-10A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjo Park
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Jessica L Gray
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Sarah D Altman
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Angela R Hairston
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Brianna T Beswick
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Elizabeth T Papish
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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25
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Electrospun oral formulations for combined photo-chemotherapy of colon cancer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 183:110411. [PMID: 31421404 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report new formulations for the combined photo-chemotherapy of colon cancer. Fibers were fabricated via coaxial-electrospinning with the intent of targeting delivery of the anti-cancer drug carmofur (CAR) and the photosensitizer rose bengal (RB) selectively to the colon site. The fibers comprised a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) core loaded with the active ingredients, and a pH-sensitive Eudragit L100-55 shell. The fibers were found to be homogeneous and cylindrical and have visible core-shell structures. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that both CAR and RB were present in the fibers in the amorphous physical form. In vitro drug release studies showed that the fibers have the potential to selectively deliver drugs to the colon, with only 10-15 % release noted in the acidic conditions of the stomach but sustained release at pH 7.4. Cytotoxicity studies were undertaken on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) and colon cancer (Caco-2) cells, and the influence of light on cell death was also explored. The fibers loaded with CAR alone showed obvious toxicity to both cell lines, with and without the application of light. The RB-loaded fibers led to high viability (ca. 80% for both cell types) in the absence of light, but much greater toxicity was noted (30-50%) with light. The same trends were observed with the formulation containing both CAR and RB, but with lower viabilities. The RB and RB/CAR loaded systems show clear selectivity for cancerous over non-cancerous cells. Finally, mucoadhesion studies revealed there were strong adhesive forces between the rat colonic mucosa and the fibers after they had passed through an acidic environment. Such electrospun fibers thus could have potential in the development of oral therapies for colon cancer.
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26
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Tian N, Feng Y, Sun W, Lu J, Lu S, Yao Y, Li C, Wang X, Zhou Q. A nuclear permeable Ru(ii)-based photoactivated chemotherapeutic agent towards a series of cancer cells: in vitro and in vivo studies. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:6492-6500. [PMID: 30994660 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00441f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes which can undergo photo-induced ligand dissociation and DNA covalent binding are considered as potential photoactivated chemotherapeutic (PACT) agents. Herein four pyridine-2-sulfonate (py-SO3-) ligand based Ru(ii) complexes [Ru(N-N)2(py-SO3)]+ (1-4) were synthesized and studied. All the complexes can undergo fast py-SO3- ligand dissociation and DNA covalent binding upon visible light irradiation. However, only complex 4 exhibited high photo-induced anticancer activities towards a series of cancer cells, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in 100-300 nM regions and phototoxicity index (PI) values of about 100. In particular, complex 4 can also kill cisplatin resistant SKOV-3 and A549 cancer cells with IC50 values in 200-400 nM regions and PI values of about 50, which should be the first report of Ru(ii) based PACT agents that are also effective towards cisplatin resistant cancer cells. Complex 4 exhibited much higher cell uptake and nuclear accumulation levels, which may be the main reasons for its high anticancer activities. The in vivo anticancer experiments indicated that complex 4 can inhibit tumor growth significantly with fewer side effects. Our results may provide guidelines for developing novel photoactivatable Ru(ii) anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
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27
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Guo H, Dang C, Zhao J, Dick B. Lighting the Flavin Decorated Ruthenium(II) Polyimine Complexes: A Theoretical Investigation. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:8486-8493. [PMID: 31185537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The emission properties of a series of flavin (FL) decorated Ru (II) polyimine complexes were investigated by extensive time-dependent (TD) density functional theory (DFT) and DFT based calculations. We attributed the moderate emission properties of FL decorated Ru(II) polyimine complex (Ru-1), such as triplet lifetime and luminescence quantum yield, to the dominant fast nonradiative decay due to the small adiabatic energy gap between the ground state and the lowest lying triplet state (Δ Ead) and the slow radiative decay owing to the ligand localized triplet (3IL) nature of the emissive state. Electron withdrawing groups such as F and Cl were attached to the FL moiety of Ru-1 to alter Δ Ead. Both the radiative and nonradiative decay rates were found to be sensitive to Δ Ead and may result in a drastic change of the photophysical properties of the Ru(II) complexes. Specifically, substitution with F leads to an increase in the Δ Ead from 1.85 to 1.93 eV, resulting in a nearly doubled phosphorescent quantum yield and triplet lifetime with respect to Ru-1. These findings are vital for the rational design of phosphorescent transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , 116024 , P. R. China
| | - Can Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , 116024 , P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , 116024 , P. R. China
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Regensburg , 93053 , Germany
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28
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Zhao J, Liu N, Sun S, Gou S, Wang X, Wang Z, Li X, Zhang W. Light-activated ruthenium (II)-bicalutamide prodrugs for prostate cancer. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 196:110684. [PMID: 31054419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of clinically approved anticancer drug to tumor sites is an effective way to achieve enhanced drug efficacy as well as reduced side effects and toxicity. Here bicalutamide is caged by the Ru(II) center through the nitrile group, and three photoactive Ru(II) complexes were designed and synthesized. Docking study showed that the ruthenium(II) fragments can effectively block the binding of complexes 1-3 with AR (androgen receptor) owing to the large steric structures, thus bicalutamide in complexes 1-3 could not interact with AR-LBD (ligand binding domain). Once irradiation with blue light (465nm), complexes 1-3 can release bicalutamide and anticancer Ru(II) fragments, which possesses dual-action of AR binding and DNA interaction simultaneously. In vitro cytotoxicity study on these complexes further confirmed that complexes 1-3 exhibited considerable cytotoxicity upon irradiation with blue light. Significantly, complex 3 could be activated at 660nm, which greatly increases the scope of complex 3 to treat deeper within tissue. Theoretical calculations showed that the lowest singlet excitation energy of complex 3 is lower than those of complexes 1-2, which explains the experimental results well. Moreover, the 3MC (metal centered) states of these complexes are more stable than their 3MLCT (metal to ligand charge transfer) states, indicating that the photoactive processes of these complexes are likely to result in ligand dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shuchen Sun
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zhimei Wang
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China.
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29
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Li ZJ, Shao JY, Wu SH, Zhong YW. Nanocrystalline Sb-doped SnO 2 films modified with cyclometalated ruthenium complexes for two-step electrochromism. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:2197-2205. [PMID: 30675878 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04968h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sb-Doped nanocrystalline SnO2 (SnO2:Sb) thin films functionalized with cyclometalated ruthenium complexes 1 or 2 on FTO conductive glasses have been prepared and characterized. These complexes contain a redox-active amine unit separated from the ruthenium ion by a phenyl or biphenyl linker, respectively, to modify the absorption wavelengths at different redox states. Near-infrared electrochromism of both films has been examined by oxidative spectroelectrochemical measurements and double-potential-step chronoamperometry. A contrast ratio (ΔT%) of 33% at 1070 nm and 63% at 696 nm has been achieved for the SnO2:Sb/1 film in two stepwise oxidation processes, respectively. The other film with complex 2 shows two-step electrochromism at 1310 and 806 nm with ΔT% of 36% and 76%, respectively. The response time of electrochromic switching is around a few seconds. Taking advantage of the good contrast ratio, the rapid response, and the long retention time of each oxidation state, these films have been successfully used to demonstrate surface-confined flip-flop memory functions with a high ON/OFF ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Juan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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30
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Mehanna S, Mansour N, Audi H, Bodman-Smith K, Mroueh MA, Taleb RI, Daher CF, Khnayzer RS. Enhanced cellular uptake and photochemotherapeutic potential of a lipophilic strained Ru(ii) polypyridyl complex. RSC Adv 2019; 9:17254-17265. [PMID: 35519840 PMCID: PMC9064604 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02615k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A strained Ru(ii) prodrug exhibited enhanced cellular uptake and phototoxicity due to its lipophilic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Mehanna
- Department of Natural Sciences
- Lebanese American University
- Beirut 1102-2801
- Lebanon
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
| | - Najwa Mansour
- Department of Natural Sciences
- Lebanese American University
- Beirut 1102-2801
- Lebanon
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
| | - Hassib Audi
- Department of Natural Sciences
- Lebanese American University
- Beirut 1102-2801
- Lebanon
| | - Kikki Bodman-Smith
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences
- University of Surrey
- UK
| | - Mohamad A. Mroueh
- School of Pharmacy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Lebanese American University
- Lebanon
| | - Robin I. Taleb
- Department of Natural Sciences
- Lebanese American University
- Beirut 1102-2801
- Lebanon
| | - Costantine F. Daher
- Department of Natural Sciences
- Lebanese American University
- Beirut 1102-2801
- Lebanon
| | - Rony S. Khnayzer
- Department of Natural Sciences
- Lebanese American University
- Beirut 1102-2801
- Lebanon
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31
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Lari M, Martínez-Alonso M, Busto N, Manzano BR, Rodríguez AM, Acuña MI, Domínguez F, Albasanz JL, Leal JM, Espino G, García B. Strong Influence of Ancillary Ligands Containing Benzothiazole or Benzimidazole Rings on Cytotoxicity and Photoactivation of Ru(II) Arene Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:14322-14336. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Lari
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Alonso
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Natalia Busto
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | | | | | - M. Isabel Acuña
- CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernando Domínguez
- CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - José M. Leal
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Gustavo Espino
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Begoña García
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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32
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Abstract
The success of platinum-based anticancer agents has motivated the exploration of novel metal-based drugs for several decades, whereas problems such as drug-resistance and systemic toxicity hampered their clinical applications and efficacy. Stimuli-responsiveness of some metal complexes offers a good opportunity for designing site-specific prodrugs to maximize the therapeutic efficacy and minimize the side effect of metallodrugs. This review presents a comprehensive and up-to-date overview on the therapeutic stimuli-responsive metallodrugs that have appeared in the past two decades, where stimuli such as redox, pH, enzyme, light, temperature, and so forth were involved. The compounds are classified into three major categories based on the nature of stimuli, that is, endo-stimuli-responsive metallodrugs, exo-stimuli-responsive metallodrugs, and dual-stimuli-responsive metallodrugs. Representative examples of each type are discussed in terms of structure, response mechanism, and potential medical applications. In the end, future opportunities and challenges in this field are tentatively proposed. With diverse metal complexes being introduced, the foci of this review are pointed to platinum and ruthenium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Suxing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Nafees Muhammad
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , P. R. China
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33
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Rodríguez-Santiago AJ, Cortés N, Pham K, Miksovska J, Raptis RG. 4,4′-Dihydroxy-2,2′-bipyridine complexes of Co(III), Cu(II) and Zn(II); structural and spectroscopic characterization. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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34
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Abstract
Photoactivated chemotherapy is an approach where a biologically active compound is protected against interaction with the cell environment by a light-cleavable protecting group, and unprotected by light irradiation. As such, PACT represents a major scientific opportunity for developing new bioactive inorganic compounds. However, the societal impact of this approach will only take off if the PACT field is used to address real societal challenges, i.e., therapeutic questions that make sense in a clinical context, rather than purely chemical questions. In particular, I advocate here that the field has become mature enough to switch from a compound-based approach, where a particular cancer model is chosen only to demonstrate the utility of a compound, to a disease-based approach, where the question of which disease to cure comes first: which PACT compound should I make to solve that particular clinical problem? The advantages and disadvantages of PACT vs. other phototherapeutic techniques are discussed, and a roadmap towards real clinical applications of PACT is drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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35
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Turlington MD, Troian-Gautier L, Sampaio RN, Beauvilliers EE, Meyer GJ. Ligand Control of Supramolecular Chloride Photorelease. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5624-5631. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Turlington
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Renato N. Sampaio
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Evan E. Beauvilliers
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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36
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Madl CM, Heilshorn SC. Bioorthogonal Strategies for Engineering Extracellular Matrices. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2018; 28:1706046. [PMID: 31558890 PMCID: PMC6761700 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201706046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are commonly used as engineered extracellular matrix (ECM) mimics in applications ranging from tissue engineering to in vitro disease models. Ideal mechanisms used to crosslink ECM-mimicking hydrogels do not interfere with the biology of the system. However, most common hydrogel crosslinking chemistries exhibit some form of cross-reactivity. The field of bio-orthogonal chemistry has arisen to address the need for highly specific and robust reactions in biological contexts. Accordingly, bio-orthogonal crosslinking strategies have been incorporated into hydrogel design, allowing for gentle and efficient encapsulation of cells in various hydrogel materials. Furthermore, the selective nature of bio-orthogonal chemistries can permit dynamic modification of hydrogel materials in the presence of live cells and other biomolecules to alter matrix mechanical properties and biochemistry on demand. In this review, we provide an overview of bio-orthogonal strategies used to prepare cell-encapsulating hydrogels and highlight the potential applications of bio-orthogonal chemistries in the design of dynamic engineered ECMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Madl
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,
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37
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Burks DB, Vasiliu M, Dixon DA, Papish ET. Thermodynamic Acidity Studies of 6,6′-Dihydroxy-2,2′-bipyridine: A Combined Experimental and Computational Approach. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:2221-2231. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dalton B. Burks
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Monica Vasiliu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Elizabeth T. Papish
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
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38
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Biancalana L, Batchelor LK, Ciancaleoni G, Zacchini S, Pampaloni G, Dyson PJ, Marchetti F. Versatile coordination of acetazolamide to ruthenium(ii) p-cymene complexes and preliminary cytotoxicity studies. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:9367-9384. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01555d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The bioactive molecule acetazolamide was incorporated in Ru(ii)-p-cymene complexes with different coordination modes. Two of the resulting complexes were non cytotoxic towards A2780, A2780cisR and HEK-293 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Biancalana
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Lucinda K. Batchelor
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
- Università di Bologna
- I-40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
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39
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Qu F, Martinez K, Arcidiacono AM, Park S, Zeller M, Schmehl RH, Paul JJ, Kim Y, Papish ET. Sterically demanding methoxy and methyl groups in ruthenium complexes lead to enhanced quantum yields for blue light triggered photodissociation. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:15685-15693. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03295e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes exhibit enhanced photodissociation quantum yields due to bulky, weak donor ligands, illustrating the impact of electronics and sterics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengrui Qu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- The University of Alabama
- Tuscaloosa
- USA
| | | | | | - Seungjo Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- The University of Alabama
- Tuscaloosa
- USA
| | | | | | - Jared J. Paul
- Department of Chemistry
- Villanova University
- Villanova
- USA
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- The University of Alabama
- Tuscaloosa
- USA
| | - Elizabeth T. Papish
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- The University of Alabama
- Tuscaloosa
- USA
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Kohler L, Nease L, Vo P, Garofolo J, Heidary DK, Thummel RP, Glazer EC. Photochemical and Photobiological Activity of Ru(II) Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Complexes Containing Methylated Bipyridyl-type Ligands. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12214-12223. [PMID: 28949518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Light-activated compounds are powerful tools and potential agents for medical applications, as biological effects can be controlled in space and time. Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes can induce cytotoxic effects through multiple mechanisms, including acting as photosensitizers for singlet oxygen (1O2) production, generating other reactive oxygen species (ROS), releasing biologically active ligands, and creating reactive intermediates that form covalent bonds to biological molecules. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was performed on a series of Ru(II) complexes containing isomeric tetramethyl-substituted bipyridyl-type ligands. Three of the ligand systems studied contained strain-inducing methyl groups and created photolabile metal complexes, which can form covalent bonds to biomolecules upon light activation, while the fourth was unstrained and resulted in photostable complexes, which can generate 1O2. The compounds studied included both bis-heteroleptic complexes containing two bipyridine ligands and a third, substituted ligand and tris-homoleptic complexes containing only the substituted ligand. The photophysics, electrochemistry, photochemistry, and photobiology were assessed. Strained heteroleptic complexes were found to be more photoactive and cytotoxic then tris-homoleptic complexes, and bipyridine ligands were superior to bipyrimidine. However, the homoleptic complexes exhibited an enhanced ability to inhibit protein production in live cells. Specific methylation patterns were associated with improved activation with red light, and photolabile complexes were generally more potent cytotoxic agents than the photostable 1O2-generating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kohler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Leona Nease
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Pascal Vo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Jenna Garofolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - David K Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Randolph P Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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