1
|
Wu C. Ruthenium‐based complex dyes for dye‐sensitized solar cells. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Guey Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Light Driven Photovoltaic Modules National Central University Jhong‐Li Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mauri L, Colombo A, Dragonetti C, Roberto D, Fagnani F. Recent Investigations on Thiocyanate-Free Ruthenium(II) 2,2'-Bipyridyl Complexes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247638. [PMID: 34946719 PMCID: PMC8707669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Three decades ago, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) emerged as a method for harnessing the energy of the sun and for converting it into electricity. Since then, a lot of work has been devoted to create better global photovoltaic efficiencies and long term stability. Among photosensitizers for DSSCs, thiocyanate-free ruthenium(II) complexes have gained increasing interest due to their better stability compared to conventional thiocyanate-based complexes, such as benchmark dyes N719 and Z907. In this mini-review, two classes of thiocyanate-free Ru(II) complexes are presented: (a) bis-bipyridyl compounds bearing an ancillary cyclometalating bidentate ligand; (b) bipyridyl compounds bearing non-cyclometalating ancillary ligands. The coverage, mainly from 2014 up to now, is not exhaustive, but illustrates the most recent design strategies and photovoltaic properties of these two families of ruthenium(II) dyes.
Collapse
|
3
|
Muñoz-García AB, Benesperi I, Boschloo G, Concepcion JJ, Delcamp JH, Gibson EA, Meyer GJ, Pavone M, Pettersson H, Hagfeldt A, Freitag M. Dye-sensitized solar cells strike back. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12450-12550. [PMID: 34590638 PMCID: PMC8591630 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01336f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are celebrating their 30th birthday and they are attracting a wealth of research efforts aimed at unleashing their full potential. In recent years, DSCs and dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) have experienced a renaissance as the best technology for several niche applications that take advantage of DSCs' unique combination of properties: at low cost, they are composed of non-toxic materials, are colorful, transparent, and very efficient in low light conditions. This review summarizes the advancements in the field over the last decade, encompassing all aspects of the DSC technology: theoretical studies, characterization techniques, materials, applications as solar cells and as drivers for the synthesis of solar fuels, and commercialization efforts from various companies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Muñoz-García
- Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Iacopo Benesperi
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Gerrit Boschloo
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Javier J Concepcion
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Jared H Delcamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Gibson
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Michele Pavone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
- University Management and Management Council, Vice Chancellor, Uppsala University, Segerstedthuset, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marina Freitag
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nguyen TD, Lan YP, Wu CG. The function of Chalcogenophene in the Cyclomatelated Ring of the Cycloruthenated Dyes applied in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11328-11337. [PMID: 34278784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three thiocyanate-free cycloruthenated complexes, DUY24-O, DUY24, and DUY24-Se containing furan, thiophene, and selenophene, respectively, as a part of the cycloruthenated ring, were designed to reveal the function of the chalcogen atom on the physicochemical and photovoltaic performance of the cycloruthenated sensitizers applied in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The three sensitizers have a similar molecular size; therefore, the effect of molecular dimensions on their photovoltaic performance can be negligible. NMR data, electron-donating resonance effects, optical properties, and the energy levels of the frontier orbitals reveal that the physical/photovoltaic properties of the three sensitizers were affected significantly by the chalcogen atom on the cyclometalated chalcogenophene ring. The λmax (both in ethanol and adsorbed on TiO2), frontier orbital level, and dye loading of thiophene- and selenophene-containing dyes are very close. Nevertheless, DUY24-Se has a higher molar absorption coefficient compared to DUY24; therefore, the DSC based on DUY24-Se has higher efficiency (8.4% under AM1.5 G one-sun and 26% under T5-light at ca. 6000 lux) than that sensitized with the DUY24 dye. These efficiencies are also higher than those (7.9 and 21.6%, respectively) of the cell dyed with N719, fabricated using the same conditions. The better performance of the device sensitized with DUY24-Se compared to DUY24-based cells suggests that selenophene is as good as (or even better than) thiophene to be a part of the cyclometalated ring for thiocyanate-free cycloruthenated sensitizers applied in DSCs. Furan-containing DUY24-O has much worse photovoltaic performance compared to the other two dyes. This is not only because DUY24-O has the shortest λmax, the lowest molar absorption coefficient, and the highest HOMO level but also the lowest dye loading (because of the strong interaction between the oxygen in furan and TiO2, the array of DUY24-O occupies more surface when adsorbed on TiO2) and the fastest charge recombination. The physicochemical and photovoltaic properties as well as the adsorption behavior of the dye on the TiO2 anode for the cycloruthenated sensitizers affected significantly by the chalcogen atom of the chalcogenophene on the cyclometalated ring provide a new strategy to design high-efficiency NCS-free cyclometalated sensitizers for DSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- The-Duy Nguyen
- Research Center for New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Modules and Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Jhong-Li, 32001 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Po Lan
- Research Center for New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Modules and Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Jhong-Li, 32001 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Guey Wu
- Research Center for New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Modules and Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Jhong-Li, 32001 Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vidal A, Calligaro R, Gasser G, Alberto R, Balducci G, Alessio E. cis-Locked Ru(II)-DMSO Precursors for the Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Bis-Heteroleptic Polypyridyl Compounds. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7180-7195. [PMID: 33908778 PMCID: PMC8154425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We describe a synthetic
strategy for the preparation of bis-heteroleptic
polypyridyl Ru(II) complexes of the type [Ru(L1)2(L2)]2+ (L1 and L2 = diimine ligands) from well-defined Ru(II) precursors.
For this purpose, a series of six neutral, anionic, and cationic cis-locked Ru(II)-DMSO complexes (2–7) of the general formula [Y] fac-[RuX(DMSO–S)3(O–O)]n (where O–O
is a symmetrical chelating anion: oxalate (ox), malonate (mal), acetylacetonate
(acac); X = DMSO–O or Cl–; n = −1/0/+1 depending on the nature and charge of X and O–O;
when present, Y = K+ or PF6–) were efficiently prepared from the well-known cis-[RuCl2(DMSO)4] (1). When treated
with diimine chelating ligands (L1 = bpy, phen, dpphen), the compounds 2–7 afforded the target [Ru(L1)2(O–O)]0/+ complex together with the undesired (and
unexpected) [Ru(L1)3]2+ species. Nevertheless,
we found that the formation of [Ru(L1)3]2+can
be minimized by carefully adjusting the reaction conditions: in particular,
high selectivity toward [Ru(L1)2(O–O)]0/+ and almost complete conversion of the precursor was obtained within
minutes, also on a 100–200 mg scale, when the reactions were
performed in absolute ethanol at 150 °C in a microwave reactor.
Depending on the nature of L1 and concentration, with the oxalate
and malonate precursors, the neutral product [Ru(L1)2(O–O)]
can precipitate spontaneously from the final mixture, in pure form
and acceptable-to-good yields. When spontaneous precipitation of the
disubstituted product does not occur, purification from [Ru(L1)3]2+ can be rather easily accomplished by column
chromatography or solvent extraction. By comparison, under the same
conditions, compound 1 is much less selective, thus demonstrating
that locking the geometry of the precursor through the introduction
of O–O in the coordination sphere of Ru is a valid strategic
approach. By virtue of its proton-sensitive nature, facile and quantitative
replacement of O–O in [Ru(L1)2(O–O)]0/+ by L2, selectively affording [Ru(L1)2(L2)]2+, was accomplished in refluxing ethanol in the presence of
a slight excess of trifluoroacetic acid or HPF6. cis-Locked Ru(II)-DMSO
complexes bearing
a symmetrical chelating anion, such as [K] fac-[RuCl(DMSO−S)3(η2-mal)] (2), are suitable
precursors for the two-step selective preparation of bis-heteroleptic
polypyridyl compounds of the type [Ru(L1)2(L2)]2+ (L1 and L2 = diimine ligands).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Vidal
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Rudy Calligaro
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemistry, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Roger Alberto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Balducci
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Enzo Alessio
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lavrova MA, Mishurinskiy SA, Smirnov DE, Kalle P, Krivogina EV, Kozyukhin SA, Emets VV, Mariasina SS, Dolzhenko VD, Bezzubov SI. Cyclometalated Ru(ii) complexes with tunable redox and optical properties for dye-sensitized solar cells. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16935-16945. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03564e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometalated Ru(ii) complexes with 2-arylbenzimidazoles demonstrate enhanced light-harvesting properties and good characteristics in dye-sensitized solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniil E. Smirnov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Moscow
- Russia
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Paulina Kalle
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Moscow
- Russia
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Ekaterina V. Krivogina
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
| | - Sergey A. Kozyukhin
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
| | - Viktor V. Emets
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119071
- Russia
| | | | - Vladimir D. Dolzhenko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Moscow
- Russia
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Stanislav I. Bezzubov
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kender WT, Turro C. Unusually Slow Internal Conversion in N-Heterocyclic Carbene/Carbanion Cyclometallated Ru(II) Complexes: A Hammett Relationship. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2650-2660. [PMID: 30896168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of six [Ru(bpy)2(NHC-R)]+ complexes were synthesized and characterized, where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and NHC-R is an N-heterocyclic carbene covalently linked to a carbanion with a number of substituents, R = -OMe (1), -Me (2), -H (3), -Cl (4), -CO2Et (5), and -NO2 (6). The effects of these strongly σ-donating NHC-R ligands on the ground-state electronic structure and on the excited-state character and dynamics were probed using electrochemistry, TD-DFT calculations, and steady-state absorption and emission spectroscopies, along with ultrafast transient absorption and time-resolved IR measurements. The excitation of 1-5 with a 400 nm pulse (irf = 85 fs) results in the population of a high energy singlet state, Sn, that rapidly intersystem crosses into a high-lying triplet state, Tn. Over the course of 7-22 ps, Tn relaxes to the lowest lying triplet state, T1, which is metal/ligand-to-ligand charge transfer, 3Ru(d)/NHC(π) → bpy(π*) in character. These 3ML-LCT states decay to regenerate the ground state with lifetimes, τ, that range from <8 to 15 ns at 298 K and from 10 to 23 ns at 77 K in CH3CN. Both the excited-state lifetime at 77 K and the Tn → T1 rate of internal conversion of 1-5 are dependent on the substituent R, and the latter correlates with the Hammett parameter (σ+p) of the NHC-R ligand. Excitation of 1-5 with low energy light, 550-670 nm, does not result in the population of Tn, as only T1 is observed. In the case of 6, excitation is expected to populate a 1Ru(d)/NHC(π) → NHC(π*) state localized on the NHC-NO2 ligand, which decays to a higher energy 3Ru(d)/NHC(π) → NHC(π*) state followed by internal conversion to the 3Ru(d)/NHC(π) → bpy(π*) T1 state with τ = 250 ps; the population of both states is independent of excitation wavelength in 6. This work demonstrates that the introduction of one NHC-R ligand in these complexes permits the population of a higher energy triplet state that decays to T1 in the picosecond time range. The relatively slow Tn → T1 internal conversion in these complexes makes the population of the higher-energy state potentially useful for more efficient charge injection into semiconductors for solar energy conversion or to aid in accessing dissociative metal-centered states for drug delivery. Overall, this work shows the ability to synthetically access valuable excited-state dynamics using the two different Ru-C bonds of the asymmetric NHC-R ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William T Kender
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|