1
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Mertens RT, Kim JH, Ofori S, Olelewe C, Kamitsuka PJ, Kwakye GF, Awuah SG. A gold-based inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation is effective against triple negative breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116010. [PMID: 38128183 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with metabolic heterogeneity and poor prognosis with limited treatment options. New treatment paradigms for TNBC remains an unmet need. Thus, therapeutics that target metabolism are particularly attractive approaches. We previously designed organometallic Au(III) compounds capable of modulating mitochondrial respiration by ligand tuning with high anticancer potency in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that an efficacious Au(III) dithiocarbamate (AuDTC) compound induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in cancer cells. Efficacy of AuDTC in TNBC mouse models harboring mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) dependence and metabolic heterogeneity establishes its therapeutic potential following systemic delivery. This provides evidence that AuDTC is an effective modulator of mitochondrial respiration worthy of clinical development in the context of TNBC. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: Metabolic-targeting of triple-negative breast cancer by gold anticancer agent may provide efficacious therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tyler Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - Samuel Ofori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY 40506, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, USA
| | - Chibuzor Olelewe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY 40506, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, USA
| | - Paul J Kamitsuka
- Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, United States
| | - Gunnar F Kwakye
- Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, United States
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY 40506, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, USA.
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2
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Giuso V, Yang J, Forté J, Dossmann H, Daniel C, Gourlaouen C, Mauro M, Bertrand B. Binuclear Biphenyl Organogold(III) Complexes: Synthesis, Photophysical and Theoretical Investigation, and Anticancer Activity. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300303. [PMID: 37610058 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of four binuclear complexes of general formula [(C^C)Au(Cl)(L^L)(Cl)Au(C^C)], where C^C is 4,4'-diterbutylbiphenyl and L^L is either a bridging diphosphine or 4,4'-bipyridine, are synthetized with 52 to 72 % yield and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. The use of the chelating 1,2-diphenylphosphinoethane ligand in a 1 : 2 (P^P):Au stoichiometry leads to the near quantitative formation of a gold double-complex salt of general formula [(C^C)Au(P^P)][(C^C^)AuCl2 ]. The compounds display long-lived yellow-green phosphorescence with λem in the range of 525 to 585 nm in the solid state with photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) up to 10 %. These AuIII complexes are tested for their antiproliferative activity against lung adenocarcinoma cells A549 and results show that compounds 2 and 5 are the most promising candidates. The digold salt 5 shows anticancer activity between 66 and 200 nM on the tested cancer cell lines, whereas derivative 2 displays concentration values required to reduce by 50 % the cell viability (IC50 ) between 7 and 11 μM. Reactivity studies of compound 5 reveal that the [(C^C)Au(P^P)]+ cation is stable in the presence of relevant biomolecules including glutathione suggesting a structural mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Giuso
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jeannine Yang
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Forté
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Héloïse Dossmann
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Daniel
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177, Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177, Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Matteo Mauro
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoît Bertrand
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
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3
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de Andrade Querino AL, de Sousa AM, Thomas SR, de Lima GM, Dittz D, Casini A, do Monte-Neto RL, Silva H. Organogold(III)-dithiocarbamate compounds and their coordination analogues as anti-tumor and anti-leishmanial metallodrugs. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 247:112346. [PMID: 37536162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The limited chemical stability of gold(III)-based compounds in physiological environment has been a challenge in drug discovery, and organometallic chemistry might provide the solution to overcome this issue. In this work, four novel cationic organogold(III)-dithiocarbamate complexes of general structure [(C^N)AuIIIDTC]PF6 (C1a - C4a, DTC = dithiocarbamate, L1 - L4, C^N = 2-anilinopyridine) are presented, and compared to their coordination gold(III)-dithiocarbamate analogues [AuIIIDTCCl2] (C1b - C4b), as potential anti-cancer and anti-leishmanial drugs. Most of the complexes effectively inhibited cancer cell growth, notably C3a presented anti-proliferative effect in the nanomolar range against breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells with moderate selectivity. Pro-apoptotic studies on treated MCF-7 cells showed a high population of cells in early apoptosis. Reactivity studies of C3a towards model thiols (N-acetyl-L-cysteine) refer to a possible mode of action involving bonding between the organogold(III)-core and the thiolate. In the scope of neglected diseases, gold complexes are emerging as promising therapeutic alternatives against leishmaniasis. In this regard, all gold(III)-dithiocarbamate complexes presented anti-leishmanial activity against at least one Leishmania species. Complexes C1a, C4a, C1b, C4b were active against all tested parasites with IC50 values varying between 0.12 and 42 μM, and, overall, organometallic compounds presented more intriguing inhibition profiles. For C4a selectivity over 500-fold for L. braziliensis; even higher than the reference anti-leishmanial drug amphotericin B. Overall, our findings revealed that the organogold(III) moiety significantly amplified the anti-cancer and anti-leishmanial effects with respect to the coordination analogues; thus, showing the great potential of organometallic chemistry in metallodrug-based chemotherapy for cancer and leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza de Andrade Querino
- Laboratório de Síntese e Interações Bioinorgânicas (SibLab), Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching b. Munich, Germany.
| | - Alessandra Mara de Sousa
- RdM Lab - Biotechnology Applied to Pathogens Research Group, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sophie R Thomas
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching b. Munich, Germany
| | - Geraldo Magela de Lima
- Laboratório de Síntese e Interações Bioinorgânicas (SibLab), Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Dalton Dittz
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Angela Casini
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching b. Munich, Germany
| | - Rubens Lima do Monte-Neto
- RdM Lab - Biotechnology Applied to Pathogens Research Group, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Heveline Silva
- Laboratório de Síntese e Interações Bioinorgânicas (SibLab), Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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4
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Gukathasan S, Obisesan OA, Saryazdi S, Ratliff L, Parkin S, Grossman RB, Awuah SG. A Conformationally Restricted Gold(III) Complex Elicits Antiproliferative Activity in Cancer Cells. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13118-13129. [PMID: 37530672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Diamine ligands are effective structural scaffolds for tuning the reactivity of transition-metal complexes for catalytic, materials, and phosphorescent applications and have been leveraged for biological use. In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of a novel class of cyclometalated [C^N] Au(III) complexes bearing secondary diamines including a norbornane backbone, (2R,3S)-N2,N3-dibenzylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-diamine, or a cyclohexane backbone, (1R,2R)-N1,N2-dibenzylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine. X-ray crystallography confirms the square-planar geometry and chirality at nitrogen. The electronic character of the conformationally restricted norbornane backbone influences the electrochemical behavior with redox potentials of -0.8 to -1.1 V, atypical for Au(III) complexes. These compounds demonstrate promising anticancer activity, particularly, complex 1, which bears a benzylpyridine organogold framework, and supported by the bicyclic conformationally restricted diaminonorbornane, shows good potency in A2780 cells. We further show that a cellular response to 1 evokes reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and does not induce mitochondrial dysfunction. This class of complexes provides significant stability and reactivity for different applications in protein modification, catalysis, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailajah Gukathasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Oluwatosin A Obisesan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Setareh Saryazdi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Libby Ratliff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Robert B Grossman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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5
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Mertens RT, Gukathasan S, Arojojoye AS, Olelewe C, Awuah SG. Next Generation Gold Drugs and Probes: Chemistry and Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6612-6667. [PMID: 37071737 PMCID: PMC10317554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The gold drugs, gold sodium thiomalate (Myocrisin), aurothioglucose (Solganal), and the orally administered auranofin (Ridaura), are utilized in modern medicine for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis including rheumatoid and juvenile arthritis; however, new gold agents have been slow to enter the clinic. Repurposing of auranofin in different disease indications such as cancer, parasitic, and microbial infections in the clinic has provided impetus for the development of new gold complexes for biomedical applications based on unique mechanistic insights differentiated from auranofin. Various chemical methods for the preparation of physiologically stable gold complexes and associated mechanisms have been explored in biomedicine such as therapeutics or chemical probes. In this Review, we discuss the chemistry of next generation gold drugs, which encompasses oxidation states, geometry, ligands, coordination, and organometallic compounds for infectious diseases, cancer, inflammation, and as tools for chemical biology via gold-protein interactions. We will focus on the development of gold agents in biomedicine within the past decade. The Review provides readers with an accessible overview of the utility, development, and mechanism of action of gold-based small molecules to establish context and basis for the thriving resurgence of gold in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tyler Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Sailajah Gukathasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Adedamola S Arojojoye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Chibuzor Olelewe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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6
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Au(III) Cyclometallated Compounds with 2-Arylpyridines and Their Derivatives or Analogues: 34 Years (1989–2022) of NMR and Single Crystal X-ray Studies. INORGANICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics11030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A review paper on Au(III) cyclometallated compounds with 2-arylpyridines (2-phenylpyridine, 2-benzylpyridine, 2-benzoylpyridine, 2-phenoxypyridine, 2-phenylsulfanylpyridine, 2-anilinopyridine, 2-(naphth-2-yl)pyridine, 2-(9,9-dialkylfluoren-2-yl)pyridines, 2-(dibenzofuran-4-yl)pyridine, and their derivatives) and their analogues (2-arylquinolines, 1- and 3-arylisoquinolines, 7,8-benzoquinoline), with 113 references. A total of 554 species, containing κ2-N(1),C(6′)*-Au(III), or analogous moiety (i.e., chelated by nitrogen of the pyridine-like ring and the deprotonated ortho- carbon of the phenyl-like ring) and, thus, possessing a character intermediate between metal complexes and organometallics, studied in the years 1989–2022 by NMR spectroscopy and/or single crystal X-ray diffraction (207 X-ray structures), are described. The compounds for which biological or catalytic activity and the luminescence properties were studied are also quoted.
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7
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Moreno-Alcántar G, Picchetti P, Casini A. Gold Complexes in Anticancer Therapy: From New Design Principles to Particle-Based Delivery Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218000. [PMID: 36847211 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the medicinal properties of gold complexes has fuelled the design and synthesis of new anticancer metallodrugs, which have received special attention due to their unique modes of action. Current research in the development of gold compounds with therapeutic properties is predominantly focused on the molecular design of drug leads with superior pharmacological activities, e.g., by introducing targeting features. Moreover, intensive research aims at improving the physicochemical properties of gold compounds, such as chemical stability and solubility in the physiological environment. In this regard, the encapsulation of gold compounds in nanocarriers or their chemical grafting onto targeted delivery vectors could lead to new nanomedicines that eventually reach clinical applications. Herein, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art progress of gold anticancer compounds, andmore importantly we thoroughly revise the development of nanoparticle-based delivery systems for gold chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Moreno-Alcántar
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Pierre Picchetti
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Angela Casini
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching b. München, Germany
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8
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Varghese N, Jose JR, Krishna PM, Philip D, Joy F, Vinod TP, Prathapachandra Kurup MR, Nair Y. In vitro
Analytical Techniques as Screening Tools to investigate the Metal chelate‐DNA interactions. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Varghese
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560 029 Karnataka India
| | - Joyna Reba Jose
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560 029 Karnataka India
| | - P. Murali Krishna
- Department of Chemistry Ramaiah institute of technology MSRIT Post, M S Ramaiah Nagar Bengaluru 560054 Karnataka India
| | - Darit Philip
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560 029 Karnataka India
| | - Francis Joy
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560 029 Karnataka India
| | - T. P. Vinod
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560 029 Karnataka India
| | | | - Yamuna Nair
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru 560 029 Karnataka India
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9
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Kim JH, Ofori S, Tagmount A, Vulpe CD, Awuah SG. Genome-wide CRISPR Screen Reveal Targets of Chiral Gold(I) Anticancer Compound in Mammalian Cells. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:39197-39205. [PMID: 36340096 PMCID: PMC9631916 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based drugs, such as cisplatin and auranofin, are used for the treatment of cancer and rheumatoid arthritis, respectively. Auranofin and other gold-derived compounds have been shown to possess anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic activity in preclinical and clinical trials. Unlike platinum agents which are known to target DNA, the target of gold is not well elucidated. To better understand the targets and effects of gold agents in mammalian cells, we used a targeted CRISPR (ToxCRISPR) screen in K562 cancer cells to identify genes that modulate cellular sensitivity to gold. We synthesized a novel chiral gold(I) compound, JHK-21, with potent anticancer activity. Among the most sensitizing hits were proteins involved in mitochondrial carriers, mitochondrial metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation. Further analysis revealed that JHK-21 induced inner mitochondria membrane dysfunction and modulated ATP-binding cassette subfamily member C (ABCC1) function in a manner distinct from auranofin. Characterizing the therapeutic effects and toxicities of metallodrugs in mammalian cells is of growing interest to guide future drug discovery, and cellular and preclinical/clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Samuel Ofori
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Abderrahmane Tagmount
- Department
of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Chris D. Vulpe
- Department
of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Samuel G. Awuah
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Markey
Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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10
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The role of tridentate ligands on the redox stability of anticancer gold(III) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 236:111970. [PMID: 36049259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gold(III) complexes are promising compounds for cancer chemotherapy, whose action depends on their redox stability. In this context, the choice of ligands is crucial to adjust their reactivity and biological response. The present study addressed the effect of the gold coordination sphere on the reduction potential (Eo) for ten gold(III) complexes containing five or six-membered rings tridentate ligands - [AuIII(trident)Cl]3+n (trident = N^N^N, C^N^N, C^C^N, C^N^C, and N^C^N). The calculated Eo covered a broad range of 2500 mV with the most stable complexes containing two AuC bonds (Eo = -1.85 V for [AuIII(C^C^N)Cl] - f). For complexes with one AuC bond, the N^C^N ligands stabilize the gold(III) complex more efficiently than N^N^C; however, the inclusion of the non-innocent ligand bipy (2,2'-bipyridine) in N^N portion provides an extra stabilization effect. Among the derivatives with one AuC bond, [AuIII(N^N^C)Cl]+ (N^N = bipy) (a) showed Eo = -1.20 V. For the complexes with N^N^N ligands, Eo was positive and almost constant (+0.60 V). Furthermore, the kinetics for ligand exchange reactions (Cl-/H2O, H2O/Cys and Cl-/Cys) were monitored for the most stable compounds and the energy profiles compared to the reduction pathways.
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11
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Arojojoye AS, Kim JH, Olelewe C, Parkin S, Awuah SG. Chiral gold(III) complexes: speciation, in vitro, and in vivo anticancer profile. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10237-10240. [PMID: 36004570 PMCID: PMC10317552 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03081k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging synthetic development of chiral gold(III) complexes has prompted new opportunities in catalysis and material science with limited utility in biomedicine. Here, we demonstrate potential chemotherapeutic capability of [C^N]Au(III)Cl(R-DuPhos) (1-7) complexes, containing 1,2-bis[(2R,5R)-2,5-dialkylphospholano]benzene, which shows good stabilty, potent anticancer activity, and tolerability in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jong H Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Chibuzor Olelewe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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12
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Lu Y, Ma X, Chang X, Liang Z, Lv L, Shan M, Lu Q, Wen Z, Gust R, Liu W. Recent development of gold(I) and gold(III) complexes as therapeutic agents for cancer diseases. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5518-5556. [PMID: 35699475 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00933h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexes have demonstrated significant antitumor activities and platinum complexes are well established in the clinical application of cancer chemotherapy. However, the platinum-based treatment of different types of cancers is massively hampered by severe side effects and resistance development. Consequently, the development of novel metal-based drugs with different mechanism of action and pharmaceutical profile attracts modern medicinal chemists to design and synthesize novel metal-based agents. Among non-platinum anticancer drugs, gold complexes have gained considerable attention due to their significant antiproliferative potency and efficacy. In most situations, the gold complexes exhibit anticancer activities by targeting thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) or other thiol-rich proteins and enzymes and trigger cell death via reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, gold complexes were recently reported to elicit biochemical hallmarks of immunogenic cell death (ICD) as an ICD inducer. In this review, the recent progress of gold(I) and gold(III) complexes is comprehensively summarized, and their activities and mechanism of action are documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Lu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xingyu Chang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Zhenlin Liang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Lin Lv
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Min Shan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Qiuyue Lu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Zhenfan Wen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Ronald Gust
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Wukun Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China. .,State key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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13
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Kinetics and mechanism of gold anode corrosion in a weakly basic aqueous solution of triethylenetetramine. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Martín J, Gómez‐Bengoa E, Genoux A, Nevado C. Synthesis of Cyclometalated Gold(III) Complexes via Catalytic Rhodium to Gold(III) Transmetalation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116755. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Martín
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Enrique Gómez‐Bengoa
- Department of Organic Chemistry I University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Manuel Lardizabal 3 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Alexandre Genoux
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nevado
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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15
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Sumrra SH, Zafar W, Imran M, Chohan ZH. A review on the biomedical efficacy of transition metal triazole compounds. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2059359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wardha Zafar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Hylland KT, Schmidtke IL, Wragg DS, Nova A, Tilset M. Synthesis of substituted (N,C) and (N,C,C) Au(III) complexes: the influence of sterics and electronics on cyclometalation reactions. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5082-5097. [PMID: 35262546 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00371f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometalated Au(III) complexes are of interest due to their catalytic, medicinal, and photophysical properties. Herein, we describe the synthesis of derivatives of the type (N,C)Au(OAcF)2 (OAcF = trifluoroacetate) and (N,C,C)AuOAcF by a cyclometalation route, where (N,C) and (N,C,C) are chelating 2-arylpyridine ligands. The scope of the synthesis is explored by substituting the 2-arylpyridine core with electron donor or acceptor substituents at one or both rings. Notably, a variety of functionalized Au(III) complexes can be obtained in one step from the corresponding ligand and Au(OAc)3, eliminating the need for organomercury intermediates, which is commonly reported for similar syntheses. The influence of substituents in the ligand backbone on the resulting complexes was assessed using DFT calculations, 15N NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. A correlation between the electronic properties of the (N,C) ligands and their ability to undergo cyclometalation was found from experimental studies combined with natural charge analysis, suggesting the cyclometalation at Au(III) to take place via an electrophilic aromatic substitution-type mechanism. The formation of Au(III) pincer complexes from tridentate (N,C,C) ligands was investigated by synthesis and DFT calculations, in order to assess the feasibility of C(sp3)-H bond activation as a synthetic pathway to (N,C,C) cyclometalated Au(III) complexes. It was found that C(sp3)-H bond activation is feasible for ligands containing different alkyl groups (isopropyl and ethyl), although the C-H activation is less energetically favored compared to a ligand containing tert-butyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut T Hylland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. .,Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1126 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inga L Schmidtke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. .,Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1126 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - David S Wragg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. .,Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1126 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ainara Nova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. .,Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1126 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.,Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.,UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mats Tilset
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. .,Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1126 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.,Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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17
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Martín J, Gómez‐Bengoa E, Genoux A, Nevado C. Synthesis of Cyclometalated Gold(III) Complexes via Catalytic Rhodium to Gold(III) Transmetalation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Martín
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Enrique Gómez‐Bengoa
- Department of Organic Chemistry I University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Manuel Lardizabal 3 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Alexandre Genoux
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nevado
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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18
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Vedenyapina MD, Kulaishin SA, Kuznetsov VV, Makhova NN, Kazakova MM. Kinetics and mechanism of gold anode corrosion in a weakly basic aqueous solution of hexamethylenetetramine (urotropine). Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Marloye M, Inam H, Moore CJ, Mertens TR, Ingels A, Koch M, Nowicki MO, Mathieu V, Pritchard JR, Awuah SG, Lawler SE, Meyer F, Dufrasne F, Berger G. Self-assembled ruthenium and osmium nanosystems display a potent anticancer profile by interfering with metabolic activity. Inorg Chem Front 2022; 9:2594-2607. [PMID: 36311556 PMCID: PMC9610622 DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00423b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic ruthenium and osmium complexes auto-assemble to nanosystems that poison mitochondria and show highly promising in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Marloye
- Microbiology, Bioorganic & Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Haider Inam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Connor J. Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tyler R. Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Aude Ingels
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marilin Koch
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michal O. Nowicki
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Véronique Mathieu
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- ULB Cancer Research Center (UCRC), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Justin R. Pritchard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Samuel G. Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Sean E. Lawler
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Franck Meyer
- Microbiology, Bioorganic & Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Dufrasne
- Microbiology, Bioorganic & Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gilles Berger
- Microbiology, Bioorganic & Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Khodjoyan S, Remadna E, Dossmann H, Lesage D, Gontard G, Forté J, Hoffmeister H, Basu U, Ott I, Spence P, Waller ZAE, Salmain M, Bertrand B. [(C C)Au(N N)] + Complexes as a New Family of Anticancer Candidates: Synthesis, Characterization and Exploration of the Antiproliferative Properties. Chemistry 2021; 27:15773-15785. [PMID: 34436799 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A library of eleven cationic gold(III) complexes of the general formula [(C C)Au(N N)]+ when C C is either biphenyl or 4,4'-ditertbutyldiphenyl and N N is a bipyridine, phenanthroline or dipyridylamine derivative have been synthesized and characterized. Contrasting effects on the viability of the triple negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 was observed from a preliminary screening. The antiproliferative activity of the seven most active complexes were further assayed on a larger panel of human cancer cells as well as on non-cancerous cells for comparison. Two complexes stood out for being either highly active or highly selective. Eventually, reactivity studies with biologically meaningful amino acids, glutathione, higher order DNA structures and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) revealed a markedly different behavior from that of the well-known coordinatively isomeric [(C N C)Au(NHC)]+ structure. This makes the [(C C)Au(N N)]+ complexes a new class of organogold compounds with an original mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Khodjoyan
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Edwyn Remadna
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Héloïse Dossmann
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Denis Lesage
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Geoffrey Gontard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Forté
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Henrik Hoffmeister
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Uttara Basu
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philip Spence
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Zoë A E Waller
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.,UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1 N, UK
| | - Michèle Salmain
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Bertrand
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 75005, Paris, France
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21
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Hyun Kim J, Ofori S, Mertens RT, Parkin S, Awuah SG. Water-Soluble Gold(III)-Metformin Complex Alters Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Breast Cancer Cells. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3222-3230. [PMID: 34159760 PMCID: PMC8526394 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical control of mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics can unravel fundamental biological mechanisms and therapeutics for several diseases including, diabetes and cancer. We synthesized stable, water-soluble gold(III) complexes (Auraformin) supported by biguanide metformin or phenylmetformin for efficacious inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. The new compounds were characterized following the reaction of [C N]-cyclometalated gold(III) compounds with respective biguanides. Auraformin is solution stable in a physiologically relevant environment. We show that auraformin decreases mitochondrial respiration efficiently in comparison to the clinically used metformin by 100-fold. The compound displays significant mitochondrial uptake and induces antiproliferative activity in the micromolar range. Our results shed light on the development of new scaffolds as improved inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Samuel Ofori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - R Tyler Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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22
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Gukathasan S, Parkin S, Black EP, Awuah SG. Tuning Cyclometalated Gold(III) for Cysteine Arylation and Ligand-Directed Bioconjugation. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14582-14593. [PMID: 34402302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-based approaches to selectively modify proteins hold promise in addressing challenges in chemical biology. Unique bioorthogonal chemistry can be achieved with preformed metal-based compounds; however, their utility in native protein sites within cells remain underdeveloped. Here, we tune the ancillary ligands of cyclometalated gold(III) as a reactive group, and the gold scaffold allows for rapid modification of a desired cysteine residue proximal to the ligand binding site of a target protein. Moreover, evidence for a ligand association mechanism toward C-S bond formation by X-crystallography is established. The observed reactivity of cyclometalated gold(III) enables the rational design of a cysteine-targeted covalent inhibitor of mutant KRAS. This work illustrates the potential of structure-activity relationship studies to tune kinetics of cysteine arylation and rational design of metal-mediated ligand affinity chemistry (MLAC) of native proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailajah Gukathasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Esther P Black
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States.,Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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23
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Zhang J, Jiang M, Li S, Zhang Z, Sun H, Yang F, Liang H. Developing a Novel Anticancer Gold(III) Agent to Integrate Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6777-6791. [PMID: 34000198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To effectively treat gastric cancer, we innovatively attempted to develop a metal agent to integrate immunotherapy and chemotherapy by dual targeting the cellular components in the tumor microenvironment (TME) based on the specific residue of human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles (NPs). We synthesized a series of Au(III) α-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazone compounds and obtained a Au agent (5b) with remarkable cytotoxicity to gastric cancer cells; moreover, we successfully constructed a novel HSA-5b complex NP delivery system. Importantly, the in vivo results showed that 5b/HSA-5b NPs effectively inhibited gastric tumor growth and HSA-5b NPs enhanced the therapeutic efficiency, bioavailability, and targeting ability compared with those of 5b alone. Furthermore, the in vitro/in vivo results revealed that 5b/HSA-5b NPs could integrate chemotherapy and immunotherapy by synergistically attacking two different cellular components in TME at the same time, namely, polarizing the tumor-associated macrophages and inducing apoptosis of gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juzheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P. R. China
| | - Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P. R. China
| | - Shanhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P. R. China
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P. R. China
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24
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Kim JH, Ofori S, Parkin S, Vekaria H, Sullivan PG, Awuah SG. Anticancer gold(iii)-bisphosphine complex alters the mitochondrial electron transport chain to induce in vivo tumor inhibition. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7467-7479. [PMID: 34163837 PMCID: PMC8171344 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01418h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Expanding the chemical diversity of metal complexes provides a robust platform to generate functional bioactive reagents. To access an excellent repository of metal-based compounds for probe/drug discovery, we capitalized on the rich chemistry of gold to create organometallic gold(iii) compounds by ligand tuning. We obtained novel organogold(iii) compounds bearing a 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene ligand, providing structural diversity with optimal physiological stability. Biological evaluation of the lead compound AuPhos-89 demonstrates mitochondrial complex I-mediated alteration of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) to drive respiration and diminish cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mechanism-of-action efforts, RNA-Seq, quantitative proteomics, and NCI-60 screening reveal a highly potent anticancer agent that modulates mitochondrial ETC. AuPhos-89 inhibits the tumor growth of metastatic triple negative breast cancer and represents a new strategy to study the modulation of mitochondrial respiration for the treatment of aggressive cancer and other disease states where mitochondria play a pivotal role in the pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - Samuel Ofori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - Hemendra Vekaria
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky USA
- Lexington Veterans' Affairs Healthcare System USA
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA
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25
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Mertens RT, Jennings WC, Ofori S, Kim JH, Parkin S, Kwakye GF, Awuah SG. Synthetic Control of Mitochondrial Dynamics: Developing Three-Coordinate Au(I) Probes for Perturbation of Mitochondria Structure and Function. JACS AU 2021; 1:439-449. [PMID: 34467306 PMCID: PMC8395693 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial structure and organization is integral to maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and an emerging biological target in aging, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cancer. The study of mitochondrial structure and its functional implications remains challenging in part because of the lack of available tools for direct engagement, particularly in a disease setting. Here, we report a gold-based approach to perturb mitochondrial structure in cancer cells. Specifically, the design and synthesis of a series of tricoordinate Au(I) complexes with systematic modifications to group 15 nonmetallic ligands establish structure-activity relationships (SAR) to identify physiologically relevant tools for mitochondrial perturbation. The optimized compound, AuTri-9 selectively disrupts breast cancer mitochondrial structure rapidly as observed by transmission electron microscopy with attendant effects on fusion and fission proteins. This phenomenon triggers severe depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane in cancer cells. The high in vivo tolerability of AuTri-9 in mice demonstrates its preclinical utility. This work provides a basis for rational design of gold-based agents to control mitochondrial structure and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Tyler Mertens
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - William C. Jennings
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Samuel Ofori
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Gunnar F. Kwakye
- Department
of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Samuel G. Awuah
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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26
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Zhou XQ, Carbo-Bague I, Siegler MA, Hilgendorf J, Basu U, Ott I, Liu R, Zhang L, Ramu V, IJzerman AP, Bonnet S. Rollover Cyclometalation vs Nitrogen Coordination in Tetrapyridyl Anticancer Gold(III) Complexes: Effect on Protein Interaction and Toxicity. JACS AU 2021; 1:380-395. [PMID: 34056633 PMCID: PMC8154207 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.0c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a pair of gold(III) complexes derived from the analogous tetrapyridyl ligands H2biqbpy1 and H2biqbpy2 was prepared: the rollover, bis-cyclometalated [Au(biqbpy1)Cl ([1]Cl) and its isomer [Au(biqbpy2)Cl ([2]Cl). In [1]+, two pyridyl rings coordinate to the metal via a Au-C bond (C∧N∧N∧C coordination) and the two noncoordinated amine bridges of the ligand remain protonated, while in [2]+ all four pyridyl rings of the ligand coordinate to the metal via a Au-N bond (N∧N∧N∧N coordination), but both amine bridges are deprotonated. As a result, both complexes are monocationic, which allowed comparison of the sole effect of cyclometalation on the chemistry, protein interaction, and anticancer properties of the gold(III) compounds. Due to their identical monocationic charge and similar molecular shape, both complexes [1]Cl and [2]Cl displaced reference radioligand [3H]dofetilide equally well from cell membranes expressing the Kv11.1 (hERG) potassium channel, and more so than the tetrapyridyl ligands H2biqbpy1 and H2biqbpy2. By contrast, cyclometalation rendered [1]Cl coordinatively stable in the presence of biological thiols, while [2]Cl was reduced by a millimolar concentration of glutathione into metastable Au(I) species releasing the free ligand H2biqbpy2 and TrxR-inhibiting Au+ ions. The redox stability of [1]Cl dramatically decreased its thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibition properties, compared to [2]Cl. On the other hand, unlike [2]Cl, [1]Cl aggregated into nanoparticles in FCS-containing medium, which resulted in much more efficient gold cellular uptake. [1]Cl had much more selective anticancer properties than [2]Cl and cisplatin, as it was almost 10 times more cytotoxic to human cancer cells (A549, A431, A375, and MCF7) than to noncancerous cells (MRC5). Mechanistic studies highlight the strikingly different mode of action of the two compounds: while for [1]Cl high gold cellular uptake, nuclear DNA damage, and interaction with hERG may contribute to cell killing, for [2]Cl extracellular reduction released TrxR-inhibiting Au+ ions that were taken up in minute amounts in the cytosol, and a toxic tetrapyridyl ligand also capable of binding to hERG. These results demonstrate that bis-cyclometalation is an appealing method to improve the redox stability of Au(III) compounds and to develop gold-based cytotoxic compounds that do not rely on TrxR inhibition to kill cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Quan Zhou
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Imma Carbo-Bague
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jonathan Hilgendorf
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Uttara Basu
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rongfang Liu
- Division
of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vadde Ramu
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division
of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Pettenuzzo A, Vezzù K, Di Paolo ML, Fotopoulou E, Marchiò L, Via LD, Ronconi L. Design, physico-chemical characterization and in vitro biological activity of organogold(III) glycoconjugates. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8963-8979. [PMID: 34110336 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01100f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To develop new metal-based glycoconjugates as potential anticancer agents, four organometallic gold(iii)-dithiocarbamato glycoconjugates of the type [AuIII(2-Bnpy)(SSC-Inp-GlcN)](PF6) (2-Bnpy: 2-benzylpyridine; Inp: isonipecotic moiety; GlcN: amino-glucose scaffold; Au3-Au6) and the corresponding model non-glycosylated counterparts [AuIII(2-Bnpy)(SSC-Inp-R)](PF6) (R: OEt (Au1), NH2 (Au2)) have been generated and characterized by means of several analytical techniques (elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H-/13C-NMR, ESI-MS, UV-Vis, X-ray crystallography). Their stability under physiologically-relevant conditions (PBS solution) and n-octanol/PBS distribution coefficient (D7.4) have also been evaluated. Gold(iii) glycoconjugates showed an antiproliferative effect against ovarian carcinoma A2780 cells, with GI50 values in the low micromolar range. Remarkably, their cell growth inhibitory effect increases upon the addition of a glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) inhibitor, thus ruling out the involvement of GLUT1 in their transport inside the cell. Additional mechanistic studies have been carried out in A2780 cells, supporting the hypothesis of a facilitated diffusion mechanism (possibly mediated by glucose transporters other than GLUT1), and revealing their capability to act as topoisomerase I and II inhibitors and to disrupt mitochondrial membrane integrity, leading to the generation of ROS, thus resulting in the promotion of oxidative stress and, eventually, cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pettenuzzo
- National University of Ireland Galway, School of Chemistry, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland.
| | - Keti Vezzù
- University of Padova, Department of Industrial Engineering, Via F. Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Di Paolo
- University of Padova, Department of Molecular Medicine, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Eirini Fotopoulou
- National University of Ireland Galway, School of Chemistry, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland.
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Lisa Dalla Via
- University of Padova, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Luca Ronconi
- National University of Ireland Galway, School of Chemistry, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland.
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28
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Arojojoye AS, Mertens RT, Ofori S, Parkin SR, Awuah SG. Synthesis, Characterization, and Antiproliferative Activity of Novel Chiral [QuinoxP*AuCl 2] + Complexes. Molecules 2020; 25:E5735. [PMID: 33291802 PMCID: PMC7730091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein is reported the synthesis of two Au(III) complexes bearing the (R,R)-(-)-2,3-Bis(tert-butylmethylphosphino)quinoxaline (R,R-QuinoxP*) or (S,S)-(+)-2,3-Bis(tert-butylmethylphosphino)quinoxaline (S,S-QuinoxP*) ligands. By reacting two stoichiometric equivalents of HAuCl4.3H2O to one equivalent of the corresponding QuinoxP* ligand, (R,R)-(-)-2,3-Bis(tert-butylmethylphosphino)quinoxalinedichlorogold(III) tetrachloroaurates(III) (1) and (S,S)-(+)-2,3-Bis(tert-butylmethylphosphino)quinoxalinedichlorogold(III) tetrachloroaurates(III) (2) were formed, respectively, in moderate yields. The structure of (S,S)-(+)-2,3-Bis(tert-butylmethylphosphino)quinoxalinedichlorogold(III) tetrachloroaurates(III) (2) was further confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The antiproliferative activities of the two compounds were evaluated in a panel of cell lines and exhibited promising results comparable to auranofin and cisplatin with IC50 values between 1.08 and 4.83 µM. It is noteworthy that in comparison to other platinum and ruthenium enantiomeric complexes, the two enantiomers (1 and 2) do not exhibit different cytotoxic effects. The compounds exhibited stability in biologically relevant media over 48 h as well as inert reactivity to excess glutathione at 37 °C. These results demonstrate that the Au(III) atom, stabilized by the QuinoxP* ligand, can provide exciting compounds for novel anticancer drugs. These complexes provide a new scaffold to further develop a robust and diverse library of chiral phosphorus Au(III) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedamola S. Arojojoye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (A.S.A.); (R.T.M.); (S.O.); (S.R.P.)
| | - R. Tyler Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (A.S.A.); (R.T.M.); (S.O.); (S.R.P.)
| | - Samuel Ofori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (A.S.A.); (R.T.M.); (S.O.); (S.R.P.)
| | - Sean R. Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (A.S.A.); (R.T.M.); (S.O.); (S.R.P.)
| | - Samuel G. Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (A.S.A.); (R.T.M.); (S.O.); (S.R.P.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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29
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Zhang J, Zhang Z, Jiang M, Li S, Yuan H, Sun H, Yang F, Liang H. Developing a Novel Gold(III) Agent to Treat Glioma Based on the Unique Properties of Apoferritin Nanoparticles: Inducing Lethal Autophagy and Apoptosis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13695-13708. [PMID: 33185442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Effective delivery of anticancer agents across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) required innovative strategies to achieve glioma regression. To resolve this problem, we proposed to develop a metal agent that target and treat glioma based on the unique property of apoferritin (AFt) nanoparticles (NPs). Thus, we synthesized a series of Au(III) 3-(4-metyl piperidine)thiosemicarbazides compounds and analyzed their structure-activity relationships, obtaining a Au agent (C6) with remarkable cytotoxicity in glioma. Moreover, we confirmed that C6 kills glioma cells by inducing lethal autophagy and apoptosis. Importantly, our results revealed that the successfully constructed apoferritin-C6 NPs (AFt-C6 NPs) can effectively cross the BBB, inhibit glioma growth, and selectively accumulate in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juzheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China. Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541003, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China. Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541003, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China. Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541003, China
| | - Shanhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China. Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541003, China
| | - Haoliang Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China. Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541003, China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China. Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541003, China
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30
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Mertens RT, Parkin S, Awuah SG. Cancer cell-selective modulation of mitochondrial respiration and metabolism by potent organogold(iii) dithiocarbamates. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10465-10482. [PMID: 34094305 PMCID: PMC8162438 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03628e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a key cancer hallmark that has led to the therapeutic targeting of glycolysis. However, agents that target dysfunctional mitochondrial respiration for targeted therapy remains underexplored. We report the synthesis and characterization of ten (10) novel, highly potent organometallic gold(iii) complexes supported by dithiocarbamate ligands as selective inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration. The structure of dithiocarbamates employed dictates the biological stability and cellular cytotoxicity. Most of the compounds exhibit 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) in the low-micromolar (0.50-2.9 μM) range when tested in a panel of aggressive cancer types with significant selectivity for cancer cells over normal cells. Consequently, there is great interest in the mechanism of action of gold chemotherapeutics, particularly, considering that DNA is not the major target of most gold complexes. We investigate the mechanism of action of representative complexes, 1a and 2a in the recalcitrant triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, MDA-MB-231. Whole-cell transcriptomics sequencing revealed genes related to three major pathways, namely: cell cycle, organelle fission, and oxidative phosphorylation. 2a irreversibly and rapidly inhibits maximal respiration in TNBC with no effect on normal epithelial cells, implicating mitochondrial OXPHOS as a potential target. Furthermore, the modulation of cyclin dependent kinases and G1 cell cycle arrest induced by these compounds is promising for the treatment of cancer. This work contributes to the need for mitochondrial respiration modulators in biomedical research and outlines a systematic approach to study the mechanism of action of metal-based agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall T Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40536 USA
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31
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Radisavljević S, Petrović B. Gold(III) Complexes: An Overview on Their Kinetics, Interactions With DNA/BSA, Cytotoxic Activity, and Computational Calculations. Front Chem 2020; 8:379. [PMID: 32509724 PMCID: PMC7251155 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, metallodrugs play a key role in the development of medicinal chemistry. The choice of metal ion, its oxidation state and stability, and the choice of inert and labile ligands are just some of the very important facts which must be considered before starting the synthesis of complexes with utilization in medicinal purpose. As a result, a lot of compounds of different transition metal ions found application for diagnostic and therapeutic purpose. Beside all, gold compounds have attracted particular attention. It is well-known that gold compounds could be used for the treatment of cancer, HIV, rheumatoid arthritis (chrysotherapy), and other diseases. This metal ion has unoccupied d-sublevels and possibility to form compounds with different oxidation states, from -1 to +5. However, gold(I) and gold(III) complexes are dominant in chemistry and medicine. Especially, gold(III) complexes are of great interest due to their structural similarity with cisplatin. Accordingly, this review summarizes the chemistry of some mononuclear and polynuclear gold(III) complexes. Special attention is given to gold(III) complexes with nitrogen-donor inert ligands (aliphatic or aromatic that have a possibility to stabilize complex) and their kinetic behavior toward different biologically relevant nucleophiles, mechanism of interaction with DNA/bovine serum albumin (BSA), cytotoxic activity, as well as computational calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snežana Radisavljević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Biljana Petrović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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32
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Tabrizi L, Abyar F. Conjugation of a gold(iii) complex with vitamin B1 and chlorambucil derivatives: anticancer evaluation and mechanistic insights. Metallomics 2020; 12:721-731. [DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00304e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A gold(iii) complex containing vitamin B1 and chlorambucil derivatives was investigated for mechanistic insights in colon and breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Tabrizi
- School of Chemistry
- National University of Ireland, Galway
- Galway
- Ireland
| | - Fatemeh Abyar
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Ardakan University
- Ardakan
- Iran
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33
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Dennis EK, Kim JH, Parkin S, Awuah SG, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Distorted Gold(I)–Phosphine Complexes as Antifungal Agents. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2455-2469. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Dennis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Samuel G. Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
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