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Callisaya MP, Fuentes DP, Braga VHA, Finzi-Quintão CM, Oliveira PV, Petri DFS. Harnessing carboxymethyl cellulose and Moringa oleifera seed husks for sustainable treatment of a multi-metal real waste. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118970. [PMID: 38642642 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate effective treatment strategies for laboratory waste with an initial pH of 1.0, containing Cr6+, Mn2+, Co2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Sr2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+ ions, focusing on flocculation, precipitation, and adsorption techniques. The study utilized microparticles derived from Moringa oleifera seed husks (MS), cryogels of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and hybrid cryogels combining CMC and MS (CMC-MS25 and CMC-MS50) as adsorbents. The optimal strategy involved raising the pH to 7 using NH4OH, leading to the partial precipitation of metal ions. The remaining supernatant was then passed through columns packed with the aforementioned adsorbents. Utilizing CMC-MS25 and CMC-MS50 adsorbents resulted in the simultaneous removal of over 90% of the targeted metal ions. The adsorption of Cu2+ ions onto the adsorbents was facilitated by electrostatic interactions between Cu2+ ions and carboxylate groups, as well as Cu-OH chelation, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Under optimized conditions, the fixed-bed column adsorption capacity was determined as 88.2 mg g-1. The CMC-MS25 adsorbents proved reusable at least 5 times, with the recovered Cu2+ ions potentially suitable for other processes. The scalability and feasibility of producing these novel adsorbents suggest a promising, cost-effective solution for treating complex matrices and recovering high-value metals, as copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleidy P Callisaya
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Dairon P Fuentes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Victor H A Braga
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane M Finzi-Quintão
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Ouro Branco, Brazil.
| | - Pedro V Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Denise F S Petri
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
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2
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Li X, Benstead M, Peeters N, Binnemans K. Recycling of metals from LiFePO 4 battery cathode material by using ionic liquid based-aqueous biphasic systems. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9262-9272. [PMID: 38505392 PMCID: PMC10949915 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00655k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries are essential for electric vehicles and energy storage devices. With the increasing demand for their production and the concomitant surge in waste generation, the need for an efficient and environmentally friendly recycling process has become imperative. This work presents a new approach for recycling of metals from the LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode material. The cathode material was first leached by a HCl solution without an oxidizing agent. Subsequently, an ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic system (IL-based ABS) was used for the separation of lithium and iron from leachate solutions, followed by a precipitation process. The influence of the acid concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio and leaching time on the leaching yield was investigated. UV-vis absorption spectra revealed the presence of mixed-valent iron in the leachate, with 83 ± 1% Fe(ii) and 17 ± 1% Fe(iii). The ABS systems comprised tributyltetradecylphosphonium chloride [P44414]Cl and a salting-out agent (HCl or NaCl). The extraction percentage of iron reached 90% and less than 1% of lithium was extracted under the studied optimal conditions. Further enhancement of iron extraction, reaching 98%, was achieved via a two-stage cross-current extraction process. Iron was precipitated from the loaded IL phase with an efficiency of 97% as Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3, using an aqueous ammonia solution. Lithium was precipitated as Li3PO4 with a lithium purity of 99.5% by adding K3PO4 solution. The ionic liquid used in the process was efficiently regenerated and used in four extraction cycles with no activity decline, with an extraction percentage of 90% of iron in each cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F, P. O. Box 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Maia Benstead
- Durham University, Department of Chemistry Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Nand Peeters
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F, P. O. Box 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F, P. O. Box 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
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3
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Islam AF, Banerjee S. Toward Metal Extraction from Regolith: Theoretical Investigation of the Solvation Structure and Dynamics of Metal Ions in Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9985-9996. [PMID: 37944163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Lunar and Martian regoliths, containing feldspar, pyroxene, ilmenite, olivine, and aluminite minerals, are excellent sources of metals such as aluminum, sodium, magnesium, and iron. Ionic liquids (ILs), which are excellent solvents with extremely low vapor pressure and high electrochemical stability, can be potentially leveraged for extracting metals from regolith in an extra-terrestrial environment. A critical step in the solvation process, which determines the effectiveness of the IL solvent, is the formation of solvation shells around the metal cations. To determine the rigidity and stability of the solvation shells, which has a direct implication on the extraction of metals, we performed classical molecular dynamics simulations of dilute solutions comprising individual metal ions Na+, Mg2+, and Al3+ in two distinct ILs, [mppy][TFSI] and [mppy][HSO4]. Our results indicate that the compactness of the structure is directly related to the charge density of the metal cation and the relative size and symmetry of the IL anion. Potentials of the mean force of the metal cation with the solvating IL anion indicate the presence of energy minima with barriers that increase with the surface charge density of the cation. The increasing energy barrier leads to greater residence time of metal cations in the solvation shell, which was confirmed by evaluating corresponding autocorrelation functions. Overall, our calculations provide fundamental insights into key factors that influence the solvation of metals and can be useful in the screening of ILs for digestion of metal-containing minerals in lunar and Martian regoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmain F Islam
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman Washington 99164-2920, United States
| | - Soumik Banerjee
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman Washington 99164-2920, United States
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4
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Avdibegović D, Barbier E, Jaklič B, Škapin SD, Spreitzer M, Binnemans K. Removal of copper and iron from ethanolic solutions by an anion exchange resin and its implication to rare-earth magnet recycling. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138603. [PMID: 37028714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the recycling of end-of-life rare-earth magnets, the recovery of non-rare earth constituents is often neglected. In the present study, strong cation and anion exchange resins were tested batchwise for the recovery of the non-rare-earth constituents of permanent magnets (copper, cobalt, manganese, nickel and iron) from synthetic aqueous and ethanolic solutions. The cation exchange resin recovered most of metal ions from aqueous and ethanolic feeds, whereas the anion exchange resin could selectively recover copper and iron from ethanolic feeds. The highest uptake of iron and copper was found for 80 vol% and 95 vol% multi-element ethanolic feeds, respectively. A similar trend in selectivity of the anion resin was observed in breakthrough curve studies. Batch experiments, UV-Vis, FT-IR and XPS studies were performed to elucidate the ion exchange mechanism. The studies indicate that the formation of chloro complexes of copper and their exchange by the (hydrogen) sulfate counter ions of the resin have an important role in the selective uptake of copper from the 95 vol% ethanolic feed. Iron(II) was largely oxidized to iron(III) in ethanolic solutions and was expected to be recovered by the resin in the form of iron(II) and iron(III) complexes. The moisture content of the resin did not have a significant role on the selectivity for copper and iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dženita Avdibegović
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F - box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Elke Barbier
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F - box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Blaž Jaklič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Matjaž Spreitzer
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F - box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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5
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Macías M, Rodríguez de San Miguel E. On the Use of Polymer Inclusion Membranes for the Selective Separation of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) from Seawater. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13050512. [PMID: 37233573 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and optimization of polymeric inclusion membranes (PIMs) for the transport of Cd(II) and Pb(II) and their separation from Zn(II) in aqueous saline media are presented. The effects of NaCl concentrations, pH, matrix nature, and metal ion concentrations in the feed phase are additionally analyzed. Experimental design strategies were used for the optimization of PIM composition and evaluating competitive transport. Synthetic seawater with 35% salinity, commercial seawater collected from the Gulf of California (Panakos®), and seawater collected from the beach of Tecolutla, Veracruz, Mexico, were employed. The results show an excellent separation behavior in a three-compartment setup using two different PIMs (Aliquat 336 and D2EHPA as carriers, respectively), with the feed phase placed in the central compartment and two different stripping phases placed on both sides: one solution with 0.1 mol/dm3 HCl + 0.1 mol/dm3 NaCl and the other with 0.1 mol/dm3 HNO3. The selective separation of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) from seawater shows separation factors whose values depend on the composition of the seawater media (metal ion concentrations and matrix composition). The PIM system allows S(Cd) and S(Pb)~1000 and 10 < S(Zn) < 1000, depending on the nature of the sample. However, values as high as 10,000 were observed in some experiments, allowing an adequate separation of the metal ions. Analyses of the separation factors in the different compartments in terms of the pertraction mechanism of the metal ions, PIMs stabilities, and preconcentration characteristics of the system are performed as well. A satisfactory preconcentration of the metal ions was observed after each recycling cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Macías
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez de San Miguel
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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6
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Nguyen VT, Deferm C, Caytan W, Riaño S, Jones PT, Binnemans K. Conversion of Lithium Chloride into Lithium Hydroxide by Solvent Extraction. JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE METALLURGY 2022; 9:107-122. [PMID: 36937828 PMCID: PMC10015601 DOI: 10.1007/s40831-022-00629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A hydrometallurgical process is described for conversion of an aqueous solution of lithium chloride into an aqueous solution of lithium hydroxide via a chloride/hydroxide anion exchange reaction by solvent extraction. The organic phase comprises a quaternary ammonium chloride and a hydrophobic phenol in a diluent. The best results were observed for a mixture of the quaternary ammonium chloride Aliquat 336 and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (1:1 molar ratio) in the aliphatic diluent Shellsol D70. The solvent extraction process involves two steps. In the first step, the organic phase is contacted with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The phenol is deprotonated, and a chloride ion is simultaneously transferred to the aqueous phase, leading to in situ formation of a quaternary ammonium phenolate in the organic phase. The organic phase, comprising the quaternary ammonium phenolate, is contacted in the second step with an aqueous lithium chloride solution. This contact converts the phenolate into the corresponding phenol by protonation with water extracted to the organic phase, followed by a transfer of hydroxide ions to the aqueous phase and chloride ions to the organic phase. As a result, the aqueous lithium chloride solution is transformed into a lithium hydroxide solution. The process has been demonstrated in continuous counter-current mode in mixer-settlers. Solid battery-grade lithium hydroxide monohydrate was obtained from the aqueous solution by crystallization or by antisolvent precipitation with isopropanol. The process consumes no chemicals other than sodium hydroxide. No waste is generated, with the exception of an aqueous sodium chloride solution. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40831-022-00629-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Tu Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Clio Deferm
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ward Caytan
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofía Riaño
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Tom Jones
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Factors driving metal partition in ionic liquid-based acidic aqueous biphasic systems. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Li X, van de Ven JJ, Li Z, Binnemans K. Separation of Rare Earths and Transition Metals Using Ionic-Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Zheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Cai C, Hanada T, Fajar ATN, Goto M. Novel Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic System with Amino Acids for Critical Metal Recovery from Lithium-Ion Batteries. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Cai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hanada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Adroit T. N. Fajar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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10
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Vereycken W, De Belder M, Riaño S, Van Gerven T, Binnemans K. Extraction Behavior and Purification of Germanium Using an Undiluted Quaternary Ammonium Ionic Liquid in Combination with a Complexing Agent. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willem Vereycken
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. box 2404, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Maxim De Belder
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. box 2404, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Sofía Riaño
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. box 2404, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Tom Van Gerven
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. box
2424, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. box 2404, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
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11
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Wen J, Ning P, Sun Z, Jia W, Yang H, Han Q, Yang J, Cao H. Quantitative tuning of ionic metal species for ultra-selective metal solvent extraction toward high-purity vanadium products. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127756. [PMID: 34883375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The essence behind metal solvent extraction is the interaction between metal species and organic extractants. Aqueous metal species tuning at the molecular level is critical to improve the extraction efficiency and selectivity of the target metal. Herein, we demonstrate a quantitative metal species tuning strategy which is capable of extracting the most critical metals (e.g., V, W, and Mo) in extraction systems constructed by amines. We reveal the superior activities of V4 and V10 species among various V and Cr species by calculations and experiments. In addition, the contribution of various Vn species was quantitatively evaluated via Ion Species Contribution Evaluation (ISCE). Our tuning strategy is rationally designed by bridging species characteristics and routine aqueous conditions with extraction activities. Consequently, a three-dimensional model of V and Cr solvent extraction is established for the prediction of reaction regions, and the reactivities of nearly 20 kinds of typical metal species are compared and predicted. Our strategy serves for industrial solvent extraction, and may provide inspiration for the traditional hydrometallurgical revolutionary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wen
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Pengge Ning
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhi Sun
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenting Jia
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hailun Yang
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingzhen Han
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hongbin Cao
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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12
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Enhanced interfacial salt effect on extraction and separation of Er(III) from Mg(II), Al(III), Fe(III) sulfate aqueous solutions using bubble-supported organic liquid membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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13
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van Stee J, Adriaenssens P, Kuhn S, Binnemans K, Van Gerven T. Liquid-liquid mass transfer in microfluidic reactors: Assumptions and realities of non-ideal systems. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Amjad RS, Torkaman R, Asadollahzadeh M. Evaluation of effective parameters on the non-aqueous solvent extraction of samarium and gadolinium to n-dodecane/D2EHPA. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2021.104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Xanthopoulos P, Bevandić S, Spooren J, Binnemans K, Kukurugya F. Recovery of copper, zinc and lead from photovoltaic panel residue. RSC Adv 2022; 12:2351-2360. [PMID: 35425251 PMCID: PMC8979222 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09268e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in photovoltaic panel installations in Europe will generate vast amounts of waste in the near future. Therefore, it is important to develop new technologies that allow the recycling of end-of-life photovoltaic panels. This material can serve as a secondary resource, not only for precious metals (e.g. silver), but also for base metals. In this work, the extraction and recovery of the base metals copper, zinc and lead from a copper-rich photovoltaic panel residue was investigated. The material was first leached at 80 °C under microwave irradiation with a mixture of hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride and hydrogen peroxide solutions. Based on the Box-Behnken factorial design optimization, it was possible to extract 81.2% of Cu, 96.4% of Zn and 77.6% of Pb, under the following leaching conditions: [HCl] = 0.5 mol L-1, [NaCl] = 200 g L-1, [H2O2] = 7.5 wt% and t = 60 min. Cementation with iron powder at a 1.2 iron-to-copper stoichiometric ratio allowed the recovery of copper nearly quantitatively (99.8%) as a copper-iron sediment. The gas-liquid separation technique of ion flotation was employed to separate lead and zinc from the dilute copper-free leachate. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant, selectively recovered lead (99.4%) over zinc as lead(ii) tetrachloro cetyltrimethylammonium colloid, after eight ion flotation stages and [CTAB]total = 7.2 mmol L-1. The zinc that remained in the solution after the ion flotation step was recovered by precipitation and by adding sodium sulfide at 110% of the stoichiometric amount after removing iron as ferric hydroxide by slowly raising the pH to 3.7.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Srećko Bevandić
- KU Leuven, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Celestijnenlaan 200E B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Jeroen Spooren
- Waste Recycling Technologies, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, VITO N.V. Boerentang 200 2400 Mol Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F-Box 2404 B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Frantisek Kukurugya
- Waste Recycling Technologies, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, VITO N.V. Boerentang 200 2400 Mol Belgium
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16
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Li Z, Dewulf B, Binnemans K. Nonaqueous Solvent Extraction for Enhanced Metal Separations: Concept, Systems, and Mechanisms. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021; 60:17285-17302. [PMID: 34898845 PMCID: PMC8662634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and sustainable separation of metals is gaining increasing attention, because of the essential roles of many metals in sustainable technologies for a climate-neutral society, such as rare earths in permanent magnets and cobalt, nickel, and manganese in the cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries. The separation and purification of metals by conventional solvent extraction (SX) systems, which consist of an organic phase and an aqueous phase, has limitations. By replacing the aqueous phase with other polar solvents, either polar molecular organic solvents or ionic solvents, nonaqueous solvent extraction (NASX) largely expands the scope of SX, since differences in solvation of metal ions lead to different distribution behaviors. This Review emphasizes enhanced metal extraction and remarkable metal separations observed in NASX systems and discusses the effects of polar solvents on the extraction mechanisms according to the type of polar solvents and the type of extractants. Furthermore, the considerable effects of the addition of water and complexing agents on metal separations in terms of metal ion solvation and speciation are highlighted. Efforts to integrate NASX into metallurgical flowsheets and to develop closed-loop solvometallurgical processes are also discussed. This Review aims to construct a framework of NASX on which many more studies on this topic, both fundamental and applied, can be built.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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17
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Li X, Li Z, Binnemans K. Closed-loop process for recovery of metals from NdFeB magnets using a trichloride ionic liquid. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Lommelen R, Binnemans K. Hard-Soft Interactions in Solvent Extraction with Basic Extractants: Comparing Zinc and Cadmium Halides. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:27924-27935. [PMID: 34722992 PMCID: PMC8554786 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solvent extraction is often applied to separate and purify metals on an industrial scale. Nevertheless, solvent extraction processes are challenging to develop because of the complex chemistry involved. For basic extractants, much of the chemical behavior remains poorly understood due to the conditions far from thermodynamic ideality. To elucidate the extraction mechanism, we studied the speciation and extraction of zinc(II) and cadmium(II) from chloride, bromide, and iodide media by using a basic extractant consisting of a trioctylmethylammonium cation and, respectively, a chloride, bromide, or iodide anion. These systems were specifically selected to increase the understanding of the less-studied bromide and iodide media and to focus on the effect of hard-soft interactions on solvent extraction systems. It was observed that, in general, a metal is more efficiently extracted when its hydration in the aqueous phase is lower and its stabilization in the organic phase is higher. In the investigated systems, these conditions are obtained by forming metal complexes with a lower charge density by coordinating the right number of halide anions and by selecting a halide with a lower charge density. In the organic phase, the stability of the metal complex can be increased by forming strong metal-anion bonds and by decreasing the water content. These insights might be of interest in the development and optimization of separation schemes for metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayco Lommelen
- Department of Chemistry, KU
Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, P.O. box 2404, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU
Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, P.O. box 2404, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
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19
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Biswas FB, Rahman IMM, Nakakubo K, Yunoshita K, Endo M, Mashio AS, Taniguchi T, Nishimura T, Maeda K, Hasegawa H. Comparative evaluation of dithiocarbamate-modified cellulose and commercial resins for recovery of precious metals from aqueous matrices. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126308. [PMID: 34329039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Economic and ecological issues motivate the recovery of precious metals (PMs: Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt) from secondary sources. From the viewpoint of eco-friendliness and cost-effectiveness, biomass-based resins are superior to synthetic polymer-based resins for PM recovery. Herein, a detailed comparative study of bio-sorbent dithiocarbamate-modified cellulose (DMC) and synthetic polymer-based commercial resins (Q-10R, Lewatit MonoPlus TP 214, Diaion WA30, and Dowex 1X8) for PM recovery from waste resources was conducted. The performances and applicability of the selected resins were investigated in terms of sorption selectivity, effect of competing anions, sorption isotherms, impact of temperature, and PM extractability from industrial wastes. Although the sorption selectivity toward PMs in acidic solutions by DMC and other resins was comparable, the sorption efficiency of commercial resins was adversely affected by competing anions. The sorption of PMs fitted the Langmuir model for all the studied resins, except Q-10R, which followed the Freundlich model. The maximum sorption capacity of DMC was 2.2-42 times higher than those of the resins. Furthermore, the PM extraction performance of DMC from industrial wastes exceeded that of the commercial resins, with a sorption efficiency ≥99% and a DMC dosage of 5-40 times lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foni B Biswas
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh.
| | - Ismail M M Rahman
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Nakakubo
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Koki Yunoshita
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masaru Endo
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Daicel Corporation, 1239 Shinzaike, Aboshi-ku, Himeji-Shi, Hyogo 671-1283, Japan
| | - Asami S Mashio
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Taniguchi
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishimura
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Maeda
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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20
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Vereycken W, van Stee J, Riaño S, Van Gerven T, Binnemans K. Non-equilibrium solvent extraction in milliflow reactors: Precious and base metal separations with undiluted ionic liquids. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Nayak S, Kumal RR, Liu Z, Qiao B, Clark AE, Uysal A. Origins of Clustering of Metalate-Extractant Complexes in Liquid-Liquid Extraction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:24194-24206. [PMID: 33849269 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c23158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Effective and energy-efficient separation of precious and rare metals is very important for a variety of advanced technologies. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is a relatively less energy intensive separation technique, widely used in separation of lanthanides, actinides, and platinum group metals (PGMs). In LLE, the distribution of an ion between an aqueous phase and an organic phase is determined by enthalpic (coordination interactions) and entropic (fluid reorganization) contributions. The molecular scale details of these contributions are not well understood. Preferential extraction of an ion from the aqueous phase is usually correlated with the resulting fluid organization in the organic phase, as the longer-range organization increases with metal loading. However, it is difficult to determine the extent to which organic phase fluid organization causes, or is caused by, metal loading. In this study, we demonstrate that two systems with the same metal loading may impart very different organic phase organizations and investigate the underlying molecular scale mechanism. Small-angle X-ray scattering shows that the structure of a quaternary ammonium extractant solution in toluene is affected differently by the extraction of two metalates (octahedral PtCl62- and square-planar PdCl42-), although both are completely transferred into the organic phase. The aggregates formed by the metalate-extractant complexes (approximated as reverse micelles) exhibit a more long-range order (clustering) with PtCl62- compared to that with PdCl42-. Vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy and complementary atomistic molecular dynamics simulations on model Langmuir monolayers indicate that the two metalates affect the interfacial hydration structures differently. Furthermore, the interfacial hydration is correlated with water extraction into the organic phase. These results support a strong relationship between the organic phase organizational structure and the different local hydration present within the aggregates of metalate-extractant complexes, which is independent of metalate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Nayak
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Raju R Kumal
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Baofu Qiao
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Aurora E Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Ahmet Uysal
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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22
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Lommelen R, Binnemans K. Thermodynamic Modeling of Salting Effects in Solvent Extraction of Cobalt(II) from Chloride Media by the Basic Extractant Methyltrioctylammonium Chloride. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:11355-11366. [PMID: 34056291 PMCID: PMC8153924 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The design and optimization of solvent extraction processes for metal separations are challenging tasks due to the large number of adjustable parameters. A quantitative predictive solvent extraction model could help to determine the optimal parameters for solvent extraction flow sheets, but such predictive models are not available yet. The main difficulties for such models are the large deviations from ideal thermodynamic behavior in both the aqueous and organic phases due to high solute concentrations. We constructed a molecular thermodynamic model for the extraction of CoCl2 from different chloride salts by 0.2 mol L-1 trioctylmethylammonium chloride in toluene using the OLI mixed-solvent electrolyte (OLI-MSE) framework. This was accomplished by analyzing the water and hydrochloric acid content of the organic phase, measuring the water activity of the system, and using metal complex speciation and solvent extraction data. The full extractant concentration range cannot be modeled by the OLI-MSE framework as this framework lacks a description for reversed micelle formation. Nevertheless, salting effects and the behavior of hydrochloric acid can be accurately described with the presented extraction model, without determining specific Co(II)-salt cation interaction parameters. The resulting model shows that the salting effects originate from indirect salt cation-solvent interactions that influence the availability of water in the aqueous and organic phases.
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23
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Avdibegović D, Binnemans K. Chromatographic separation of rare earths from aqueous and ethanolic leachates of NdFeB and SmCo magnets by a supported ionic liquid phase. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8207-8217. [PMID: 35423291 PMCID: PMC8695077 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09766g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The separation of rare-earth elements (REEs) from other components of end-of-life NdFeB and SmCo magnets was investigated by column chromatography. A carboxylic-acid functionalized supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) was studied as a stationary phase. The magnets were firstly leached with a dilute aqueous or ethanolic hydrochloric acid solution at room temperature. Leaching of REEs from a NdFeB magnet was similarly efficient with both lixiviants, but the REEs were more efficiently leached from a SmCo magnet with the ethanolic lixiviant. The SILP exhibited a high affinity towards trivalent cations of REEs, which were successfully recovered from the aqueous and ethanolic leachates of magnets. Divalent cations of iron and cobalt, which were the major components of the acidic aqueous leachates of magnets, were rejected by the SILP. Iron and cobalt were present as negatively charged chloro complexes in the ethanolic leachates of magnets, and were not recovered by the cation-exchanging SILP. A versatile column chromatography method is developed, suitable for the separation of REEs from iron and cobalt, either from aqueous or ethanolic leachates of permanent magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dženita Avdibegović
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, P. O. Box 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, P. O. Box 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
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24
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Vargas SJR, Passos H, Schaeffer N, Coutinho JAP. Integrated Leaching and Separation of Metals Using Mixtures of Organic Acids and Ionic Liquids. Molecules 2020; 25:E5570. [PMID: 33260955 PMCID: PMC7729566 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the aqueous phase diagram for the mixture of the hydrophilic tributyltetradecyl phosphonium ([P44414]Cl) ionic liquid with acetic acid (CH3COOH) is determined, and the temperature dependency of the biphasic region established. Molecular dynamic simulations of the [P44414]Cl + CH3COOH + H2O system indicate that the occurrence of a closed "type 0" biphasic regime is due to a "washing-out" phenomenon upon addition of water, resulting in solvophobic segregation of the [P44414]Cl. The solubility of various metal oxides in the anhydrous [P44414]Cl + CH3COOH system was determined, with the system presenting a good selectivity for CoO. Integration of the separation step was demonstrated through the addition of water, yielding a biphasic regime. Finally, the [P44414]Cl + CH3COOH system was applied to the treatment of real waste, NiMH battery black mass, being shown that it allows an efficient separation of Co(II) from Ni(II), Fe(III) and the lanthanides in a single leaching and separation step.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicolas Schaeffer
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.J.R.V.); (H.P.); (J.A.P.C.)
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25
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Nayak S, Lovering K, Uysal A. Ion-specific clustering of metal-amphiphile complexes in rare earth separations. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:20202-20210. [PMID: 32969439 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04231e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The nanoscale structure of a complex fluid can play a major role in the selective adsorption of ions at the nanometric interfaces, which is crucial in industrial and technological applications. Here we study the effect of anions and lanthanide ions on the nanoscale structure of a complex fluid formed by metal-amphiphile complexes, using small angle X-ray scattering. The nano- and mesoscale structures we observed can be directly connected to the preferential transfer of light (La and Nd) or heavy (Er and Lu) lanthanides into the complex fluid from an aqueous solution. While toluene-based complex fluids containing trioctylmethylammonium-nitrate (TOMA-nitrate) always show the same mesoscale hierarchical structure regardless of lanthanide loading and prefer light lanthanides, those containing TOMA-thiocyanate show an evolution of the mesoscale structure as a function of the lanthanide loading and prefer heavy lanthanides. The hierarchical structure indicates the presence of attractive interactions between ion-amphiphile aggregates, causing them to form clusters. A clustering model that accounts for the hard sphere repulsions and short-range attractions between the aggregates has been adapted to model the X-ray scattering results. The new model successfully describes the nanoscale structure and helps in understanding the mechanisms responsible for amphiphile assisted ion transport between immiscible liquids. Accordingly, our results imply different mechanisms of lanthanide transport depending on the anion present in the complex fluid and correspond with anion-dependent trends in rare earth separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Nayak
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Kaitlin Lovering
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Ahmet Uysal
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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26
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Lommelen R, Onghena B, Binnemans K. Cation Effect of Chloride Salting Agents on Transition Metal Ion Hydration and Solvent Extraction by the Basic Extractant Methyltrioctylammonium Chloride. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:13442-13452. [PMID: 32857504 PMCID: PMC7529323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
addition of a nonextractable salt has an important influence
on the solvent extraction of metal ions, but the underlying principles
are not completely understood yet. However, relating solute hydration
mechanisms to solvent extraction equilibria is key to understanding
the mechanism of solvent extraction of metal ions as a whole. We have
studied the speciation of Co(II), Zn(II), and Cu(II) in aqueous solutions
containing different chloride salts to understand their extraction
to the basic extractant methyltrioctylammonium chloride (TOMAC). This
includes the first speciation profile of Zn(II) in chloride media
with the three Zn(II) species [Zn(H2O)6]2+, [ZnCl3H2O]−, and
[ZnCl4]2–. The observed differences in
extraction efficiency for a given transition metal ion can be explained
by transition metal ion hydration due to ion–solvent interactions,
rather than by ion–solute interactions or by differences in
speciation. Chloride salting agents bearing a cation with a larger
hydration Gibbs free energy reduce the free water content more, resulting
in a lower hydration for the transition metal ion. This destabilizes
the transition metal chloro complex in the aqueous phase and increases
the extraction efficiency. Salting agents with di- and trivalent cations
reduce the transition metal chloro complex hydration less than expected,
resulting in a lower extraction efficiency. The cations of these salting
agents have a very large hydration Gibbs free energy, but the overall
hydration of these salts is reduced due to significant salt ion pair
formation. The general order of salting-out strength for the extraction
of metal ions from chloride salt solutions is Cs+ <
Rb+ < NH4+ ≈ K+ < Al3+ ≈ Mg2+ ≈ Ca2+ ≈ Na+ < Li+. These findings can
help in predicting the optimal conditions for metal separation by
solvent extraction and also contribute to a broader understanding
of the effects of dissolved salts on solutes. Addition of a nonextractable salt influences the stability
and solvent extraction efficiency of metal complexes. Cations of different
chloride salts reduce the solution free water content as a function
of their increasing hydration energy and decreasing tendency for ion
pair formation with chloride anions. These ion−solvent interactions
reduce the hydration of metal complexes, increasing their distribution
ratios. These effects influence aqueous transition metal complexes
more than direct ion−solute interactions and changes in complex
speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayco Lommelen
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bieke Onghena
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Li Z, Binnemans K. Hydration counteracts the separation of lanthanides by solvent extraction. AIChE J 2020; 66:e16545. [PMID: 35859698 PMCID: PMC9285791 DOI: 10.1002/aic.16545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The extraction of lanthanides from aqueous nitrate solutions by quaternary ammonium nitrate ionic liquids (e.g., [A336][NO3]) shows a negative sequence (i.e., light lanthanides are more efficiently extracted than heavy lanthanides), which conflicts with the lanthanide contraction. In this study, we explored the origin of the negative sequence by investigating the extraction of lanthanides from ethylammonium nitrate by [A336][NO3]. The extraction shows a positive sequence, which is converted to a negative sequence with the addition of water. The transformation from positive to negative sequences reveals that the negative sequence is caused by the hydration of lanthanide ions: hydration of lanthanide ions counteracts the extraction. Therefore, the use of solvents that have weak solvation with lanthanide ions might enhance the separation of the elements by solvent extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of ChemistryKU Leuven Heverlee Belgium
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28
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Xiang YQ, Yao X, Lin JH, Ou XJ, Li R, Zhou YS, Yu DH, Xiao JC. Extraction Behavior of Acidic Phosphorus-Containing Compounds to Some Metal Ions: A Combination Research of Experimental and Theoretical Investigations. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5033-5041. [PMID: 32436382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To provide feasible methods for the extraction of valuable metals from spent batteries or low-grade primary ores, the extraction behavior of some representative acidic phosphorus-containing compounds (APCCs) as extractants is evaluated from the perspective of experimental and theoretical investigations in this work. Aqueous solutions containing five metal ions, Ca(II), Co(II), Mg(II), Mn(II), and Ni(II), were made to simulate leaching liquids, and the extraction of these metals was investigated. A simplified calculated model was used to evaluate the interaction between each extractant and metal ions. The calculation results agree well with the experimental tests in trend. This work not only provides potential extractants for the extraction of valuable metals from spent batteries or low-grade primary ores but also demonstrates the practicability of the simplified calculation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qing Xiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.,Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xu Yao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jin-Hong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Ou
- Ltd. Laterite Leaching Project Team, Jinchuan Group, 98 Jinchuan Road, Jinchang, Gansu 737104, China
| | - Rong Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Dong-Hai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ji-Chang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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