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Prokvolit S, Mao E, Gray TG. Early events in the mechanism of single-source chemical vapor deposition of zirconium and hafnium diboride: a computational investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1217-1224. [PMID: 38099737 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05385g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of group 4 metal-diboride ceramics from a single source is a versatile technique that finds many applications from hypersonic flight to microelectronics. Though the kinetics of CVD have been studied extensively-allowing significant process improvements-a mechanistic understanding of the process has yet to be attained. Computations suggest two plausible reaction pathways-one higher-energy and the second lower-that correlate well with experimental results reported in the literature, explaining phenomena such as high-temperature deposition resulting in films overstoichiometric in boron. These insights offer a new perspective that may be instrumental in the rational design of new precursors for single-source CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Prokvolit
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
| | - Erqian Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
| | - Thomas G Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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2
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Ehn M, Bavol D, Bould J, Strnad V, Litecká M, Lang K, Kirakci K, Clegg W, Waddell PG, Londesborough MGS. A Window into the Workings of anti-B 18H 22 Luminescence-Blue-Fluorescent Isomeric Pair 3,3'-Cl 2-B 18H 20 and 3,4'-Cl 2-B 18H 20 (and Others). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114505. [PMID: 37298983 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The action of AlCl3 on room-temperature tetrachloromethane solutions of anti-B18H22 (1) results in a mixture of fluorescent isomers, 3,3'-Cl2-B18H20 (2) and 3,4'-Cl2-B18H20 (3), together isolated in a 76% yield. Compounds 2 and 3 are capable of the stable emission of blue light under UV-excitation. In addition, small amounts of other dichlorinated isomers, 4,4'-Cl2-B18H20 (4), 3,1'-Cl2-B18H20 (5), and 7,3'-Cl2-B18H20 (6) were isolated, along with blue-fluorescent monochlorinated derivatives, 3-Cl-B18H21 (7) and 4-Cl-B18H21 (8), and trichlorinated species 3,4,3'-Cl3-B18H19 (9) and 3,4,4'-Cl3-B18H19 (10). The molecular structures of these new chlorinated derivatives of octadecaborane are delineated, and the photophysics of some of these species are discussed in the context of the influence that chlorination bears on the luminescence of anti-B18H22. In particular, this study produces important information on the effect that the cluster position of these substitutions has on luminescence quantum yields and excited-state lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Ehn
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Dmytro Bavol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Jonathan Bould
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Strnad
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Dejvice, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Litecká
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Lang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Kaplan Kirakci
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - William Clegg
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Paul G Waddell
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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3
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Bould J, Tok O, Clegg W, Londesborough MG, Litecká M, Ehn M. The Metal-Mediated Coupling of the Diselenaundecaborate Anion [Se2B9H10]−. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bould J, Tok O, Litecká M, Londesborough MG, Ehn M. Two new macropolyhedral chalcogenaboranes: S2B16H18 and SeB16H18. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Bould J, Londesborough MGS, Litecká M, Macías R, Shea SL, McGrath TD, Clegg W, Kennedy JD. Macropolyhedral Chalcogenaboranes: Insertion of Selenium into the Isomers of B 18H 22. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1899-1917. [PMID: 35049289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High yields of novel macropolyhedral selenaboranes are reported. Reactions of the monoanions of the syn- and anti-isomers of B18H22 with powdered selenium in THF variously give new macropolyhedral selenaboranes: 19-vertex [SeB18H19]- anion 1, 19-vertex [SeB18H21]- anion 2, 20-vertex [Se2B18H19]- anion 3, and 19-vertex [Se2B17H18]- anion 4. Single-cluster [hypho-Se2B6H9]- anion 5 and neutral arachno-Se2B7H9 6 also result. All of the macropolyhedrals 1, 2, 3, and 4 are characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Anions 1 and 2 each consist of an 11-vertex subcluster joined by a common two-boron edge to a 10-vertex subcluster. Anion 3 consists of an 11-vertex subcluster joined by a common boron atom and an interboron link to an arachno-type 10-vertex subcluster. Unusually, anion 3 incorporates a hexagonal pyramidal intracluster structural motif in its 11-vertex subcluster. Anion 4 entails two arachno-type 10-vertex subclusters joined by a common boron atom, and with an additional intercluster boron-boron link. NMR data for syn-B18H22 and its mono- and dianions 7 and 8 and single-crystal X-ray diffraction results for these anions and also the monoanion 9 of anti-B18H22 are also reported. The oxaborane [μ-(8,9)-O-syn-B18H20]2- dianion 10 was serendipitously formed during the work and also characterized by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. Experimental NMR and structural findings are supported by DFT calculations throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bould
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic.,Departamento de Química Inorgánica, ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Michael G S Londesborough
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Litecká
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Ramón Macías
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Suzanne L Shea
- School of Chemistry of the University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas D McGrath
- School of Chemistry of the University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
| | - William Clegg
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - John D Kennedy
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic.,School of Chemistry of the University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Nandi C, Kar K, Roy A, Ghosh S. Metallaboranes and metallaheteroboranes: An overview of single-cage and condensed polyhedral clusters. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Mills HA, Alsarhan F, Ong TC, Gembicky M, Rheingold AL, Spokoyny AM. Icosahedral m-Carboranes Containing Exopolyhedral B-Se and B-Te Bonds. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19165-19174. [PMID: 34855370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chalcogen-containing carboranes have been known for several decades and possess stable exopolyhedral B(9)-Se and B(9)-Te σ bonds despite the electron-donating ability of the B(9) vertex. While these molecules are known, little has been done to thoroughly evaluate their electrophilic and nucleophilic behavior. Herein, we report an assessment of the electrophilic reactivity of m-carboranylselenyl(II), -tellurenyl(II), and -tellurenyl(IV) chlorides and establish their reactivity pattern with Grignard reagents, alkenes, alkynes, enolates, and electron-rich arenes. These electrophilic reactions afford unique electron-rich B-Y-C (Y = Se, Te) bonding motifs not commonly found before. Furthermore, we show that m-carboranylselenolate, and even m-carboranyltellurolate, can be competent nucleophiles and participate in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Arene substitution chemistry is shown to be further extended to electron-rich species via palladium-mediated cross-coupling chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison A Mills
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Fadi Alsarhan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ta-Chung Ong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Milan Gembicky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alexander M Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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8
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Bould J, Londesborough MGS, Passarelli V, Clegg W, Waddell PG, Cvačka J, Macías R. A simple and high-yield route to iridium, rhodium, osmium and ruthenium nido-6-metalladecaborane compounds. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16751-16764. [PMID: 34762089 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02971a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a high-yield heterogeneous solid/liquid phase synthetic method to a series of nido-6-metalladecaboranes. The hydridoirida- and hydridorhoda-decaboranes, [6,6,6-H(PPh3)2-nido-6-MB9H13] [M = Ir (1), Rh (2)] are isolatable in 98% yields from the reaction of the square-planar M(I) complexes, [MCl(PPh3)3] (M = Rh, Ir), with K[B9H14]. The same synthetic procedure, but using [MCl(CO)H(PPh3)3] (M = Ru, Os) as metal starting reagents produces the CO-ligated clusters, [6,6,6-(CO)(PPh3)2-nido-6-MB9H13] [M = Ru (3), Os (4)], in yields of 83% and 95%, respectively. These highly convenient syntheses permit the investigation of the reaction chemistry of the new nido-6-metalladecaboranes. Thus, the CO-ligated compounds, 3 and 4, react with the square-planar platinum(II) complex, [PtCl2(PMe2Ph)2], in the presence of potassium triethylborohydride, to give the bimetallic clusters, [1,1,1-(CO)H(PPh3)-isocloso-1-RuB9H8-μ-(1,2)-{Pt(PMe2Ph)2}] (5) and [7,7-(PMe2Ph)2-9,9,9-(CO)(PPh3)2-nido-7,9-PtOsB9H11] (6), and the monometallic nido-5-osamadecaborane, [5,5,5-(PPh3)2(CO)-nido-5-OsB9H13] (7). This reactivity illustrates the potential of polyhedral boron-based clusters as molecular scaffolds ("B-frames") for the construction of multimetallic species. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses have revealed the molecular structures of 3, 5, 6 and 7; the compounds are also studied by multielement NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, and in some cases computationally. Futhermore, the rotation of the {M(X)(PR3)2} moiety (X = H, CO), as PH3-ligated models, is studied by means of DFT-calculated relaxed potential energy surface scans, giving some insight into the lability of the metal-to-borane fragment interaction and of the exo-polyhedral ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bould
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Husinec-Řež 250 68, Czech Republic. .,Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogenea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Michael G S Londesborough
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Husinec-Řež 250 68, Czech Republic.
| | - Vincenzo Passarelli
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogenea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - William Clegg
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Paul G Waddell
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ramón Macías
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogenea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Anderson KP, Waddington MA, Balaich GJ, Stauber JM, Bernier NA, Caram JR, Djurovich PI, Spokoyny AM. A molecular boron cluster-based chromophore with dual emission. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16245-16251. [PMID: 32379258 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00826e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bromination of the luminescent borane, anti-B18H22, via electrophilic substitution using AlCl3 and Br2, yields the monosubstituted derivative 4-Br-anti-B18H21 as an air-stable crystalline solid. In contrast to the unsubstituted parent compound, 4-Br-anti-B18H21 possesses dual emission upon excitation with UV light and exhibits fluorescence at 410 nm and phosphorescence at 503 nm, with Φtotal = 0.07 in oxygen-free cyclohexane. Increased oxygen content in cyclohexane solution quenches the phosphorescence signal. The fluorescent signal intensity remains unaffected by oxygen, suggesting that this molecule could be used as a ratiometric oxygen probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kierstyn P Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Prakash R, Nanda Pradhan A, Ghosh S. Chemistry of bimetallic hexaborane(10) analogues: A combined experimental and theoretical study. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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