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Anselmo A, Veys P, Fumière O, Lecrenier MC, Cordonnier A, Michez D, Baeten V. Challenges related to the application of analytical methods to control insect meals in the context of European legislation. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37163652 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2211677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Since their approval for use in aquaculture in 2017, processed insect proteins have been extensively studied for their nutritional quality in animal feed. This new type of meal is highly promising but requires, as for other products used in animal feed, strict sanitary control in accordance with European legislation. Within this legal framework, light microscopy and PCR remain the official methods but have some analytical limitations that other methods could overcome. This paper aims to provide an overview of the European legislation concerning use of processed insect proteins, but also to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the official methods for their analysis. It also points out other analytical methods, which have already proved their worth for the analysis of processed animal proteins, which could be used as complementary methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigaël Anselmo
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
- University of Mons (UMons), Research Institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Veys
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Olivier Fumière
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marie-Caroline Lecrenier
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Cordonnier
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Denis Michez
- University of Mons (UMons), Research Institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Mons, Belgium
| | - Vincent Baeten
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Quality and Authentication of Products Unit (QAF), Gembloux, Belgium
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Zeng X, Lv B, Zhang K, Zhu Z, Li Q, Sheng B, Zhao D, Li C. Digestion Profiles of Protein in Edible Pork By-Products. Foods 2022. [PMCID: PMC9602065 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible pork by-products are widely consumed in many areas, whereas their digestion characteristics have rarely been evaluated. This work compared the digestibility of protein in boiled pork liver, heart, tripe and skin with tenderloin as a control. Cooked skin showed the highest digestibility in the simulated gastric digestion, whereas its gastric digests were less digested in the simulated intestinal stage. In contrast, cooked tripe showed the lowest gastric digestibility but relatively higher intestinal digestibility. All the edible by-products showed lower digestibility than tenderloin, especially for pork liver, in which large undigested fractions (>300 μm) could be observed. Corresponding to these results, larger amount of bigger peptides was found in the digests of pork liver and skin. In addition, peptides in tripe (average bioactive probability = 0.385) and liver digests (average bioactive probability = 0.386) showed higher average bioactive probability than other samples. Tripe digests contained the highest level of free Asp, Gln, Cys, Val, Phe, Pro, Ser, Thr, Ile and Asn, whereas heart digests contained the highest level of free Leu, Met and Arg. These results could help to reveal the nutrition value of pork by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Zeng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bowen Lv
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiuyue Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bulei Sheng
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Di Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-8439-5018
| | - Chunbao Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Kong D, Sun D, Qiu R, Zhang W, Liu Y, He Y. Rapid and nondestructive detection of marine fishmeal adulteration by hyperspectral imaging and machine learning. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 273:120990. [PMID: 35183858 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.120990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pure fishmeal (PFM) from whole marine-origin fish is an expensive and indispensable protein ingredient in most aquaculture feeds. In China, the supply shortage of domestically produced PFM has caused frequent PFM adulteration with low-cost protein sources such as feather meal (FTM) and fishmeal from by-products (FBP). The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and nondestructive detection method using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) combined with machine learning algorithms for the identification of PFM adulterated with FTM, FBP, and the binary adulterant (composed of FTM and FBP). A hierarchical modelling strategy was adopted to acquire a better classification accuracy. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and support vector machine (SVM) coupled with four spectral preprocessing methods were employed to construct classification models. The SVM with baseline offset (BO-SVM) model using 20 effective wavelengths selected by successive projections algorithm (SPA) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) achieved classification accuracy of 100% and 99.43% for discriminating PFM from the adulterants (FTM, FBP) and adulterated fishmeal (AFM), respectively. This study confirmed that NIR-HSI offered a promising technique for feed mills to identify AFM containing FTM, FBP, or binary adulterants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Kong
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dawei Sun
- Institute of Agricultural Equipment, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ruicheng Qiu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Liu Z, Wang X, Yan Z, Chu B, Wang W, Liu B. A universal primer distinguishable PCR (UP-D-PCR) method for simultaneous identification and differentiation of bovine- and ovine/caprine-derived ingredients in ruminant feeds. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-03984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Belghit I, Varunjikar M, Lecrenier MC, Steinhilber A, Niedzwiecka A, Wang Y, Dieu M, Azzollini D, Lie K, Lock EJ, Berntssen M, Renard P, Zagon J, Fumière O, van Loon J, Larsen T, Poetz O, Braeuning A, Palmblad M, Rasinger J. Future feed control – Tracing banned bovine material in insect meal. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lecrenier MC, Marien A, Veys P, Belghit I, Dieu M, Gillard N, Henrottin J, Herfurth UM, Marchis D, Morello S, Oveland E, Poetz O, Rasinger JD, Steinhilber A, Baeten V, Berben G, Fumière O. Inter-laboratory study on the detection of bovine processed animal protein in feed by LC-MS/MS-based proteomics. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tetracyclines in Processed Animal Proteins: A Monitoring Study on Their Occurrence and Antimicrobial Activity. Foods 2021; 10:foods10040696. [PMID: 33805905 PMCID: PMC8064312 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2013, the European Union (EU) lifted the feed ban restriction, authorizing the use of non-ruminant (NR) processed animal proteins (PAPs) as ingredient in aquafeed. A further relaxation is soon expected, and NR PAPs will be allowed in next future in poultry and pig feed, avoiding cannibalism. Other potential hazards linked to PAPs as raw material should be evaluated. Antibiotics administered along the lifecycle of animals may leave residue in tissues and bones and still be present in PAPs. This monitoring study aimed to determine tetracyclines (TCLs), known to cumulate in bones, in PAPs and their possible residual antibiotic activity (RAC). A sensitive Liquid Chromatography coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of TCLs in PAPs was developed and applied to 55 PAPs from EU manufactures. Most PAP samples (n = 40) contained TCLs (concentrations 25.59 ÷ 456.84 µg kg−1). Among samples containing more than 25 µg kg−1 for at least three TCLs, three PAPs were chosen for RAC test before and after TCLs extraction procedure applying an in vitro acidic digestion: in two out of those three samples, RAC was observed after in vitro digestion. TCLs were determined in the digested PAPs (concentrations 26.07 ÷ 64.55 µg kg−1). The detection of TCLs in PAPs should promptly target the risk assessments of this unconsidered way of exposure to antibiotic residues.
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Saad V, Gutschmann B, Grimm T, Widmer T, Neubauer P, Riedel SL. Low-quality animal by-product streams for the production of PHA-biopolymers: fats, fat/protein-emulsions and materials with high ash content as low-cost feedstocks. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:579-587. [PMID: 33367969 PMCID: PMC7873092 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-03065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The rapid accumulation of crude-oil based plastics in the environment is posing a fundamental threat to the future of mankind. The biodegradable and bio-based polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) can replace conventional plastics, however, their current production costs are not competitive and therefore prohibiting PHAs from fulfilling their potential. RESULTS Different low-quality animal by-products, which were separated by thermal hydrolysis into a fat-, fat/protein-emulsion- and mineral-fat-mixture- (material with high ash content) phase, were successfully screened as carbon sources for the production of PHA. Thereby, Ralstonia eutropha Re2058/pCB113 accumulated the short- and medium-chain-length copolymer poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyhexanoate) [P(HB-co-HHx)]. Up to 90 wt% PHA per cell dry weight with HHx-contents of 12-26 mol% were produced in shake flask cultivations. CONCLUSION In future, the PHA production cost could be lowered by using the described animal by-product streams as feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Saad
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Gutschmann
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian L Riedel
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Gao B, Xu X, Han L, Liu X. A novel near infrared spectroscopy analytical strategy for meat and bone meal species discrimination based on the insight of fraction composition complexity. Food Chem 2020; 344:128645. [PMID: 33229158 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the meat and bone meal (MBM) matrix complexity from the perspective of fraction composition diversity and a classification strategy was proposed to accurately and rapidly identify the MBM species based on near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Partial Least Squares-Discrimination Analysis (PLS-DA) based on full samples, meat meal (MM), MBM and bone meal (BM) performed with decreasing classification errors of 0.115, 0.079, 0.044 and 0.039 which were partly caused by wide sample range; bone fraction content had positive correlation with most of MBM species differences reflected by principal component scores; and PLS-DA classification errors among MM, MBM and BM were lower than 0.013. To take fully advantage of the above results, a sequential classification strategy was proposed; near infrared spectra were selected (belong to MM, MBM or BM) and then species discrimination analysis was conducted based on the specific PLS-DA model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lujia Han
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xian Liu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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